The College Payoff
The College PayoffMore Education Doesn’t Always Mean More EarningsAnthony P. CarnevaleBan CheahEmma Wenzinger2021Explore the DataVisit cew.georgetown.edu/collegepayoff2021 for more informationon lifetime earnings broken down by education, major, occupation,industry, gender, race and ethnicity, and location.
AcknowledgmentsWe are grateful to the individuals and organizationswhose generous support has made this reportpossible: Lumina Foundation (Jamie Merisotisand Courtney Brown); the Bill & Melinda GatesFoundation (Patrick Methvin, Jamey Rorison, andJennifer Engle); the Joyce Foundation (StephanieBanchero and Sameer Gadkaree); and the AnnieE. Casey Foundation (Allison Gerber and PatriceCromwell). We are honored to be their partners inour shared mission of promoting postsecondaryaccess, completion, and career success for allAmericans.The staff of the Georgetown University Center onEducation and the Workforce was instrumental inthe production of this report from conception topublication. In particular, we would like to thank Jeff Strohl for research direction; Nicole Smith for economic methodology; Gayle Cinquegrani for editorial and qualitativefeedback; Hilary Strahota, Emma Wenzinger, Fan Zhang,Johnna Guillerman, Sabrina Alsaffar, andConnor Brandi for communications efforts,including design development and publicrelations; and Andrew Debraggio, Coral Castro, and JessicaFuentes-Diaz for assistance with logistics andoperations.Many others contributed their thoughts andfeedback throughout the production of this report.We especially are grateful to our talented designers,editorial advisors, and printers, whose efforts werevital to its successful completion.The views expressed in this publication are thoseof the authors and do not necessarily representthose of Lumina Foundation, the Bill & MelindaGates Foundation, the Joyce Foundation, or theAnnie E. Casey Foundation, or any of their officersor employees. All errors and omissions are theresponsibility of the authors.Acknowledgmentsiii
Reprint PermissionThis work is licensed under the CreativeCommons Attribution-Noncommercial4.0 International License.You are free to share or adapt this material underthe following terms:Attribution — You must give appropriatecredit, provide a link to the license, andindicate if changes were made. Youmay do so in any reasonable manner,but not in any way that suggests thatthe Georgetown University Center onEducation and the Workforce endorsesyou or your use.Noncommercial — You may not use thematerial for commercial purposes.No additional restrictions — You may not applylegal terms or technological measures that legallyrestrict others from doing anything the licensepermits.ivReprint PermissionThis summary is not a substitute for the full legaltext of the license. To view the full legal text, / orsend a letter to Creative Commons, PO Box 1866,Mountain View, CA 94042, USA.Our suggested citation for this material is:ContentsIntroduction1Earnings Generally Increase with More Education2Gaps in Earnings Widen with Age8Anthony P. Carnevale, Ban Cheah, and EmmaWenzinger. The College Payoff: More EducationDoesn’t Always Mean More Earnings. Washington,DC: Georgetown University Center on Educationand the Workforce, 2021. cew.georgetown.edu/collegepayoff2021.Earnings Vary Substantially by Undergraduate Major10Some STEM and Health Occupations Pay Better12Earnings Disparities Persist by Gender and Race and Ethnicity16Please email cewgeorgetown@georgetown.edu withany questions or to share your adaptations of thismaterial.Earnings Vary Across States22Conclusion30References31Appendix: Data Source and Methodology32Contentsv
Figures and TablesFigure 1. Median earnings rise with each additional level of education.3Figure 2. Substantial variations in earnings within education levels mean that some workers with less education can earn more than others with more education.5Figure 3. Sixteen percent of high school diploma holders and 28 percent of associate's degree holders earn more than half of workers with bachelor’s degrees.6Figure 4. After age 30, professional degree holders have the highest median earnings by education level.9Figure 5. Architecture and engineering majors lead to the highest median lifetime earnings for bachelor’s degree holders.10Figure 6. Computer and mathematical, health practice, and architecture and engineering are the top-paying occupations across education levels.13Figure 7. Among workers in the same occupations, such as sales, those with more education tend to earn more, but there is still significant overlap in earnings across education levels.15Figure 8. Men have higher median lifetime earnings than women at every corresponding level of education, but women’s and men’s earnings still overlap significantly.17Figure 9. Depending on the education level, Asian or White workers have the highest median lifetime earnings, but there is still significant overlap among racial and ethnic groups.18Figure 10. Wyoming, Alaska, and North Dakota have the highest median lifetime earnings for workers with no more than a high school diploma/GED.22Figure 11. Alaska has the highest median lifetime earnings for associate’s degree holders.24Figure 12. Earnings for bachelor’s degree holders are highest in the District of Columbia, with Connecticut, Virginia, Maryland, Illinois, and Ohio not far behind.26Figure 13. Virginia, the District of Columbia, Maryland, and Connecticut are the highest-earning states for master’s degree holders.28
IntroductionWorkers with more education generally earn more,and they may also benefit from greater economicstability throughout their careers. Associate’s degreeholders earn more at the median than those withno more than a high school diploma. Similarly,bachelor’s degree holders typically earn morethan those with associate’s degrees, and master’sdegree holders earn more than those with bachelor’sdegrees. During the most recent recessions, joblosses were concentrated among workers with lowerlevels of education. Nearly all the jobs created inthe Great Recovery after the 2008 recession werefor workers with at least some postsecondaryeducation.1 More recently, workers with moreeducation were more likely to keep their jobs andwork remotely during the COVID-19 pandemicthan were workers with less education.2Higher levels of education do not alwayscorrespond with higher earnings, however. Thirtyone percent of workers with no more than a highschool diploma earn more than half of workerswith an associate’s degree. Likewise, 28 percent ofworkers with an associate’s degree earn more thanhalf of workers with a bachelor’s degree, and 36percent of workers with a bachelor’s degree earnmore than half of workers with a master’s degree.Earnings also vary by field of study and occupation.Workers with a bachelor’s degree in architectureand engineering have median lifetime earningsof 3.8 million, well above the median lifetimeearnings of 3.2 million for all master’s degree1.2.3.viiiIntroductionholders. Associate’s degree holders working incomputer and mathematical occupations havemedian lifetime earnings of 2.8 million, the sameas median lifetime earnings for all bachelor’sdegree holders.In addition, earnings gaps persist by gender andrace and ethnicity. Men earn more than women atthe median at each level of education. Generally,women need one more degree than men to have thesame earnings.3 Among racial and ethnic groups,White workers have the highest median earningsamong workers with no more than a high schooldiploma and workers with a bachelor’s degree,while Asian workers have the highest medianearnings at the master’s degree level.Furthermore, even when earnings are adjusted forthe cost of living, workers earn more in some statesthan others. High school diploma holders earnthe most in Wyoming, Alaska, and North Dakota,while bachelor’s degree holders earn the most in theDistrict of Columbia and Connecticut.While it is generally true that higher educationalattainment correlates with higher earnings, thereare many exceptions. As we will show in moredetail, there are variations based on age, field ofstudy, occupation, gender, race and ethnicity, andgeography. As a result, some workers earn lessdespite having more education, while others earnmore despite having less education.Carnevale et al., America’s Divided Recovery, 2016.Carnevale and Fasules, “Who’s Working From Home,” 2020.Carnevale et al., Women Can’t Win, 2018.Introduction1
Figure 1. Median earnings rise with each additional level of education.Explore the DataData on lifetime earnings broken down by education level and major, occupation,industry, gender, race and ethnicity, and location are available in interactive onlinetools at cew.georgetown.edu/collegepayoff2021. 4.7MIn some instances in this report, we provide a few data points as examples toillustrate our points. However, the interactive online tools have data for educationlevels and categories not included in these examples. 4MEarnings Generally Increasewith More EducationHaving more education typically pays off.Completing high school puts workers ontrack to earn a median of 1.6 million duringtheir lifetimes, roughly 33 percent more thanthe 1.2 million that they would earn if theyhad not graduated (Figure 1). The payoffincreases with each additional level ofeducation. At the median, those with somecollege education but no degree earn 1.9million during a career, averaging 47,500per year. This is an earnings boost ofabout 19 percent over high school diplomaholders. An associate’s degree increaseslifetime earnings over a high school diplomaby 25 percent. Associate’s degree holdersearn a median of 2 million during theirlifetimes, averaging 50,000 per year.Today, workers with bachelor’s degrees earn75 percent more than those with no morethan a high school diploma. A bachelor’sdegree holder earns, at the median, 2.8million during a lifetime, which translatesinto average annual earnings of about 70,000. 3.2M 2.8M 1.9M 2M 1.6M 1.2MLess thanhigh schooldiplomaHigh ssionaldegreeSource: Georgetown University Center on Education and the Workforce analysis of the US Census Bureau,American Community Survey (ACS), 2009–2019.Note: The figure is based on data for 25- to 64-year-olds working full-time, full-year.2Earnings Generally Increase with More EducationEarnings Generally Increase with More Education3
Figure 2. Substantial variations in earnings within education levels mean thatsome workers with less education can earn more than others with more education.2.9MProfessionaldegreeMedian lifetime earnings continue to rise withattainment of master’s, doctoral, and professionaldegrees. Master’s degree holders have medianlifetime earnings of 3.2 million, or 80,000 inaverage annual earnings, and they earn 14 percentmore than the median for bachelor’s degreeholders. Doctoral degree holders earn a median of 4 million over their lifetimes, which translatesinto average annual earnings of 100,000, anearnings boost of 43 percent over bachelor’s degreeholders. Professional degree holders earn a medianof 4.7 million over their lifetimes, with averageannual earnings of 117,500, and their earningsare 68 percent higher than those of workers withbachelor’s degrees.Even though workers with more education tendto earn more, there is substantial variation inearnings at each level of education. A higher levelof education does not guarantee higher earnings,while less education does not always result inlower earnings. For example, workers with no morethan a high school diploma make 2.2 million inlifetime earnings at the 75th percentile—more thanthe median for workers with an associate’s degree(Figure 2). In other words, at least one quarter ofhigh school diploma holders without additionaleducation earn more than half of the workers withassociate’s degrees. Likewise, at the 75th percentile,workers with an associate’s degree earn 2.9 millionover their lifetimes, more than the median for aworker with a bachelor’s degree. This means thatat least one quarter of workers with an associate’sdegree earn more than half the workers with abachelor’s degree. At the 75th percentile, those witha bachelor’s degree earn 4.1 million over theirlifetimes, more than the median for workers with amaster’s or doctoral degree. In other words, at leastone quarter of workers with a bachelor’s degreeearn more than half of the workers with master’s ordoctoral degrees over their lifetimes. Much of thevariation in earnings within education levels resultsfrom differences in field of study and occupation.2.8MDoctoraldegree2.3M M 1.9M 2.7MSome collegeHigh schooldiploma/GEDLess thanhigh school1.1M 1.6M 2.2M0.9M rcentileSource: Georgetown University Centeron Education and the Workforce analysisof the US Census Bureau, AmericanCommunity Survey (ACS), 2009–2019.Note: The figure is based on data for 25- to64-year-olds working full-time, full-year.4Earnings Generally Increase with More EducationEarnings Generally Increase with More Education5
With more education, median lifetime earningsincrease, as does the spread in earnings. Towardthe high end (75th percentile) of earnings, workerswith professional and doctoral degrees make 8.4million and 5.9 million, respectively, over theirlifetimes. Master’s and bachelor’s degree holdershave lifetime earnings of 4.7 million and 4.1million, respectively, at the 75th percentile. Forworkers with less than a bachelor’s degree, earningsat the 75th percentile are consistently below 3million. Data on individual lifetime earnings arenot available. Nevertheless, the variation in medianannual earnings shows that some workers with lesseducation have higher earnings than workers withmore education. Among high school diploma holders, 37 percentearn more than half of workers with some collegeeducation, 31 percent earn more than half ofworkers with an associate’s degree, and 16 percentearn more earn more than half of workers with abachelor’s degree (Figure 3).Figure 3. Sixteen percent of high school diploma holders and 28 percent ofassociate's degree holders earn more than half of workers with bachelor’s degrees.Full-time, full-yearworkers with33% Among bachelor’s degree holders, 36 percent earnmore than half of workers with a master’s degree,23 percent earn more than half of workers with adoctoral degree, and 20 percent earn more than halfof workers with a professional degree.High school diploma24%Some college20%Less than highschool diplomaAssociate’s degree9%Bachelor’s degree5%Master’s degree2%Doctoral degree2%Professional degree37%31%Bachelor’s degree9%Master’s degree4%Doctoral degree3%Professional degree40%23%Master’s degree7%Doctoral degree6%Professional degree28%Bachelor’s degree17%Master’s degree8%Doctoral degree6%Professional degree36%Bachelor’s degree23%6Earnings Generally Increase with More EducationMaster’s degreeDoctoral degree20%Master’s degreeAssociate’s degreeBachelor’s degree14%Some collegeAssociate’s degreeSome collegeAssociate’s degree16%High school diploma Among workers with some college education,40 percent earn more than half of workers with anassociate’s degree, and 23 percent earn more thanhalf of workers with a bachelor’s degree. Among associate’s degree holders, 28 percent earnmore than half of workers with a bachelor’s degree.Earn more than halfof workers withProfessional degree33%29%Doctoral degreeProfessional degreeSource: Georgetown University Center on Education and the Workforce analysis of theUS Census Bureau, American Community Survey (ACS), 2017–2019.Note: The figure is based on data for 25- to 64-year-olds working full-time, full-year.Earnings Generally Increase with More Education7
Figure 4. After age 30, professional degree holders have the highest median earnings by education level. 160,000 140,000 120,000 100,000 80,000 60,000Gaps in Earnings Widen with AgeDifferences in earnings by education levelstart small and grow over the course ofa career. While professional, doctoral,master’s, and bachelor’s degree holders seesignificant growth in earnings, especiallyin their 30s, workers with lower levels ofeducation see relatively modest growth inearnings.By age 30, earnings for adults withprofessional degrees begin to surpass thoseof workers at all other education levels. Byage 40, professional degree holders typicallyexperience the greatest growth in earningscompared to workers with less education,with a 131 percent increase over theirearnings at age 25 (Figure 4). On the lowerend of educational attainment, the earningsof those with less than a high schooldiploma grew only 20 percent between theages of 25 and 40. 40,000 20,000 025354555Less than high school diplomaHigh school diploma/GEDSome collegeAssociate's degreeBachelor's degreeMaster's degreeDoctoral degreeProfessional degreeSource: Georgetown University Center on Education and the Workforce analysis of the US Census Bureau,American Community Survey (ACS), 2009–2019.Note: The figure is based on data for 25- to 64-year-olds working full-time, full-year.8Gaps in Earnings Widen with AgeGaps in Earnings Widen with Age9
Figure 5. Architecture and engineering majors lead to the highest medianlifetime earnings for bachelor’s degree holders.2.6MArchitecture andengineeringEarnings VarySubstantially byUndergraduate MajorThe courses that students take in college helpdetermine their lifetime earnings. While bachelor’sdegree holders typically earn more than those withless education, their earnings vary substantiallydepending on their undergraduate major.For instance, undergraduate majors in architectureand engineering lead to the highest-paying careersat the median ( 3.8 million); followed by majors incomputers, statistics, and mathematics ( 3.6 million);and majors in business ( 3 million) (Figure 5).Undergraduate majors in education; psychology andsocial work; arts; humanities and liberal arts; andindustrial arts, consumer services, and recreation aretypically on the low end of earnings at the median.For workers with a bachelor’s degree, educationis the lowest-earning field of study ( 2 million),followed by psychology and social work ( 2.2million), and the arts ( 2.3 million).2.4MComputers,statistics, nces1.9M2.8MBiology andlife sciences1.9M2.8MAgriculture andnatural resourcesLaw and public policy1.8M4M2.7M4.1M3.7M1.8M2.6M3.7MHumanities andliberal arts1.7MEducation4.4M2.6M1.7MPsychology andsocial work3.8M1.8MIndustrial arts,consumer services,and and 3.7M2.3M1.6M 2.2M1.5M 2MNevertheless, there is significant earnings overlapamong fields of study. A typically high-earningundergraduate major does not guarantee highearnings for everyone with that major, so studentswith majors that typically lead to lower earningscan still earn more than workers with other majors.For example, bachelor’s degree holders who studycommunications and journalism earn 4.1 millionat the 75th percentile, more than the median forbachelor’s degree holders in the highest-earning field,architecture and engineering. In other words, at leasta quarter of workers who majored in communicationsand journalism outearn half the workers who majoredin architecture and n)75thpercentile3.2M2.7MSource: Georgetown University Center on Education andthe Workforce analysis of the US Census Bureau, AmericanCommunity Survey (ACS), 2009–2019.Note: The figure is based on data for 25- to 64-year-olds workingfull-time, full-year.10Earnings Vary Substantially by Undergraduate MajorEarnings Vary Substantially by Undergraduate Major11
Figure 6. Computer and mathematical, health practice, and architecture and engineering are the top-payingoccupations across education levels.Some STEM and HealthOccupations Pay BetterLifetime earnings vary even more by theoccupation that workers enter after theyfinish school. Computer and mathematical,architecture and engineering, and healthpractice are the highest-earning occupationsacross education levels.a bachelor’s degree and 4.2 million witha master’s degree). Occupations includingfood preparation and serving, personalcare and service, and building and groundscleaning are among the lowest-paying forworkers with a master’s degree or less.For workers with a high school diploma,computer and mathematical occupationslead to the highest median lifetime earnings( 2.6 million), followed by architectureand engineering ( 2.4 million), and thenmanagement ( 2.2 million) (Figure 6).Associate's degree holders earn the most inhealth practice occupations ( 2.9 million),followed by computer and mathematical( 2.8 million) and architecture andengineering occupations ( 2.7 million).Bachelor’s and master’s degree holdersobtain the highest median lifetimeearnings when working in architecture andengineering occupations ( 3.9 million witha bachelor’s degree and 4.4 million with amaster’s degree), followed by computer andmathematical ( 3.8 million with a bachelor’sdegree and 4.3 million with a master’sdegree) and management ( 3.7 million withFor doctoral degree holders, the highestpaying occupations are architecture andengineering ( 5.3 million lifetime earnings),computer and mathematical ( 5.1 million),and health practice ( 5 million). Healthpractice is the highest-paying occupation forprofessional degree holders ( 6.5 millionlifetime earnings) followed by legal ( 5.4million) and management ( 4.5 million).Lower-paying occupations for these degreelevels include office and administrativesupport, community and social service, andeducation.Computer and mathematical occupationsArchitecture and engineering occupationsManagement occupationsHealth practice occupationsLegal occupationsLess thanhigh schooldiplomaHigh ssionaldegreeSource: Georgetown University Center on Education and the Workforce analysis of the US Census Bureau,American Community Survey (ACS), 2009–2019.Note: The figure is based on data for 25- to 64-year-olds working full-time, full-year. Earnings are not includedfor those in legal occupations with less than a high school diploma because of insufficient data.12Some STEM and Health Occupations Pay BetterSome STEM and Health Occupations Pay Better13
Figure 7. Among workers in the same occupations, such as sales, those withmore education tend to earn more, but there is still significant overlap inearnings across education egreeBachelor’sdegreeWhile some occupations lead to higher medianearnings than other occupations, there is stillsignificant overlap in earnings among occupations.There is also earnings overlap among workers acrosseducation levels within the same occupations. Forexample, earnings data from sales occupationsillustrate that at the 75th percentile, sales workerswith bachelor’s degrees can earn 4.8 million overtheir lifetime—more than the median for salesworkers with master’s degrees, which is 3.7 million(Figure 7). In other words, at least one quarter ofsales workers with bachelor’s degrees earn more thanhalf of sales workers with master’s degrees. Havingmore education provides an earnings advantagewithin an occupation, but workers with lower levelsof education can have lifetime earnings above theirmore highly educated counterparts in the sameoccupation.14Some STEM and Health Occupations Pay M3.7M3M6.6M5.9M4.8M1.3M 1.9M 2.9M1.3M 1.9M 2.9MSome collegeHigh schooldiploma/GEDLess thanhigh schooldiploma1M 1.6M 2.3M25thpercentile0.8M 1.2M 1.8M50thpercentile(median)75thpercentileSource: Georgetown University Centeron Education and the Workforce analysisof the US Census Bureau, AmericanCommunity Survey (ACS), 2009–2019.Note: The figure is based on data for 25- to64-year-olds working full-time, full-year.Some STEM and Health Occupations Pay Better15
Figure 8. Men have higher median lifetime earnings than women at every corresponding level of education,but women’s and men’s earnings still overlap significantly.2.6MEarnings Disparities Persist byGender and Race and EthnicityWomen outnumber men at all levels ofpostsecondary education, but they areconcentrated in lower-paying fields ofstudy, such as education and counseling.Even within the same major occupationalgroups, however, women typically earn lessthan their male counterparts.4 Women havelower median lifetime earnings than menat every level of education. For example,women earn 1.3 million compared to 1.8million for men among those with a highschool diploma, 1.8 million compared to 2.3 million for men among those with anassociate’s degree, 2.4 million comparedto 3.3 million for men among those witha bachelor’s degree, and 2.8 millioncompared to 3.9 million for men amongthose with a master’s degree (Figure 8).Gaps in earnings demonstrate how muchfurther out in the earnings distributionwomen must go to attain earnings equalto men’s median earnings. At the 75thpercentile, women with bachelor’s degreeshave lifetime earnings of 3.4 million,more than the median for men withbachelor’s degrees, which is 3.3 million.Likewise, at the 75th percentile, womenwith professional degrees earn 6.2 millionover their lifetimes, well above the medianearnings for men with the same level ofeducation, which is 5.4 2.8M1.7M2.4MAssociate’sdegree1.8M1.6M1.1MSome 4.3M2.6MBachelor’sdegree5.4M3.6M2.9M2.1MWhile much of the variation in lifetimeearnings is connected to education level,field of study, and occupation, there are alsodifferences in earnings by gender and raceand ethnicity. Across all education levels,men earn more than women at the medianduring their lifetimes. Depending on theeducation level, Asian and White workersearn more than workers who are Black,Latino, Native Hawaiian/Pacific Islander, orNative American/Alaskan .2M2.2M3.1M0.9M 1.3M 1.8MHigh schooldiploma/GEDLess thanhigh schooldiploma1.3M 1.8M2.5MWomen0.7M 1M 1.4M1M hpercentileSource: Georgetown University Center on Education and the Workforce analysis of the US Census Bureau,American Community Survey (ACS), 2009–2019.Note: The figure is based on data for 25- to 64-year-olds working full-time, full-year.4.16Carnevale et al., Women Can't Win, 2018.Earnings Disparities Persist by Gender and Race and EthnicityEarnings Disparities Persist by Gender and Race and Ethnicity17
Figure 9. Depending on the education level, Asian or White workers have thehighest median lifetime earnings, but there is still significant overlap amongracial and ethnic groups.High school noBlack/African AmericanNative American/Alaskan NativeNative Hawaiian/Pacific Islander5.181.2M 1.7M0.9M 1.4M1.1M1.6M1.1M 1.5M1M 1.4M2.4M2M2.3M2.2M2MAssociate’s degree1.5M1.3M1.4M1.3M1.3M2.1M2.8M1.9M2.7M1M 1.4M1.2M 1.7M1.1M 1.5M2.1M1.3M1.9MEarnings Disparities Persist by Gender and Race and M3.2M3.2M2.7M4M2.5M2.3M2.3M4.2M2.7M2.3MMaster’s degree4.3M2.9M1.8M2.4MIn this report, we use the term Black to refer to people who identify as Black or African American and the term Latino to refer to people whoidentify as Hispanic or Latino, including people who identify racially as Black and ethnically as Latino. In charts, tables, and related referencesto data, we use the terms White, Black/African American, and Hispanic/Latino.2.9M1.8M2.9M1.9M1.2M 1.7M2M2.9M2MWhile Asian workers with a master’s degree have higher medianearnings than other racial and ethnic groups at the same educationlevel, Asian workers with less education have relatively low medianearnings. At the high school level, for example, Asian workers earn amedian of 1.4 million over their lifetimes, 18 percent less than Whiteworkers, the highest-earning group.Bachelor’s degree3M2M1M 1.4M 1.9M2.1MLifetime earnings also vary by race and ethnicity.5 Asian workers havehigher median lifetime earnings than other racial and ethnic groups atthe master’s degree level ( 4 million) (Figure 9). White workers havethe highest median lifetime earnings among workers with no more thana high school diploma ( 1.7 million), among associate’s degree holders( 2.1 million), and among bachelor’s degree holders ( 2.9 million).4.4M3M2.7M2.5M4.2M3.7M3.5Minsufficient dataSource: Georgetown University Center on Education and the Workforce analysis of the US Census Bureau,American Community Survey (ACS), 2009–2019.Note: The figure is based on data for 25- to 64-year-olds working full-time, full-year. Earnings for NativeHawaiian/Pacific Islander workers are not included at the master’s degree level because of insufficient data.Earnings Disparities Persist by Gender and Race and Ethnicity19
Black workers with a high school diploma,associate’s degree, or bachelor’s degreeearn medians of 1.4 million, 1.7 million,and 2.3 million, respectively—18 percent,19 percent, and 21 percent less than themedian for White workers, the highestearning group at these education levels.The earnings gap jumps at the master’sdegree level, with Black workers earning 2.7 million, which is 33 percent less atthe median than for Asian workers, thehighest-earning group among master’sdegree holders.For Latino workers, median earnings are 1.4 million
Wenzinger. The College Payoff: More Education Doesn't Always Mean More Earnings. Washington, DC: Georgetown University Center on Education and the Workforce, 2021. cew.georgetown.edu/ collegepayoff2021. Please email cewgeorgetown@georgetown.edu with any questions or to share your adaptations of this material. Reprint Permission Introduction
May 02, 2018 · D. Program Evaluation ͟The organization has provided a description of the framework for how each program will be evaluated. The framework should include all the elements below: ͟The evaluation methods are cost-effective for the organization ͟Quantitative and qualitative data is being collected (at Basics tier, data collection must have begun)
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