Critical Control Points - CA-NV AWWA

CriticalControlPointsAssessment to Quantify Robustness and Reliability ofMultiple Treatment Barriers for a DPR Scheme

Direct Potable Reuse - The water mental BufferEngineered StorageWater TreatmentIndirectPotableDirectPotableReuseReuse2

DPR- Raising the StakesConvincing a skeptical publicConvincing regulatorsCan We Trust theTechnology?WRRF 13-03Can We TrustOperations?Trust but VerifyCritical Control Point Assessment to QuantifyRobustness and Reliability of Multiple TreatmentBarriers of a DPR Scheme4WRRF 13-13Development of Operation and MaintenancePlan and Training and CertificationFramework for Direct Potable Reuse (DPR)Systems

Can We Trust theTechnology?WRRF-13-03:Critical Control Point Assessment toQuantify Robustness and Reliability ofMultiple Treatment Barriers of a DPRScheme5

Hazard Analysis and Critical ControlPoints (HACCP) Systematic preventative approach to FoodSafety.Common with TQM – focuses on processbarriers rather than end of pipe quality.FDA/USDA mandatory for juice and meat.Applied to drinking water treatment.A number of examples for IPR and otherrecycled water productionConceived in 1960s by Pillsbury for NASADefined in ISO 22000 – Food Safety6

The 7 HACCP Principles1Conduct a HazardAnalysis2Determine CriticalControl Points563Establish CriticalLimits4Establish System toMonitor the Control of aCCP77Establish Corrective Action tobe Taken When Monitoring a CCPis Not Under ControlEstablish Procedures forVerification to Confirm thatHACCP System is workingeffectivelyEstablish DocumentationConcerning All Procedures andRecords Appropriate to ThesePrinciples and Their Application

HACCP Approach Applied to RecyclingCritical ousContaminantsIdentifyHazardousEventsCritical Control PointsIdentify CriticalControl PointsIdentifyHazardousEventsIdentify CriticalValidation ValidationControl PointsDetermine andRank RisksDetermine andRank RisksIdentifyDetermine andSourceof RisksIdentifyRankSourceContaminantsofIdentify WaterQuality TestingContaminantsAnalysisCritical Control PointsIdentify WaterQuality TestingVerificationVerificationProcedures olCorrectivePoints resProceduresIdentify WaterQuality TestingOngoingAnalysis andAssessmentOngoingAnalysis andAssessmentMonitoringHazard AnalysisMonitoringHazard AnalysisMonitoring

Select Critical Control Points – Control HazardsClear methodology forCritical Control PointSelectionHalliwell et al WRRF 09-03

CCP 5Example – Western Corridor Recycled WaterChlorine DoseCCP 1(CT)PlantCCP 4Activated Sludge Process(On Line Ammonia)CCP 2Advanced Oxidation(Peroxide Dose and UV Dose)Microfiltration(Pressure Decay Integrity Test)CCP 3Reverse Osmosis(Permeate conductivity)

Establish Critical LimitsThe HACCP team establishes critical limits to assess whether aparticular control measure is effective.If this critical limit is exceeded or not met, it triggers the need for acorrective action.The critical limit can be either a numerical limit (e.g., chlorine residualconcentration, system pressure) or a yes/no type response on whethera particular control measure was completed .Example limit – Western Corridor Qld Australia

Operational Response

Where has HACCP been Used inRecycling Western Corridor Recycled Water Project, Brisbane Australia (ISO22000 Certified). PUB, Singapore SS 444:998 (Singapore Standard) Melbourne Water SA Water (South Australia) Elements in the US, but current concern is additional requirements.13

Our Project - Team 13-03Troy WalkerHazen and SawyerPICedric Robillot PhDHeadstart DevelopmentCo PI14Shane Snyder PhDUniversity of ArizonaCo PIStuart Khan PhDUniversity of NSWCo-PIJim VickersSeparation Processes IncBen Stanford PhDHazen and SawyerCo PI

Utility and Other PartnersWater Campus

Goals for 13-03Conduct a hazard assessment to identify health risks,identify water quality objectives and identify criticalcontrol points for 2 treatment trains.Full AdvancedTreatment (FAT)16Non MembraneTreatment

FAT - MF/UF – RO – UV/H2O2 – Cl2 – Engineered Storage17

Non FAT - O3 – BAC – GAC – UV – Cl2 – EngineeredStorageOZONEBACWASTEWATERTREATMENT PLANTCHLORINEGACUV REACTORCHLORINECONTACTORENGINEEREDSTORAGEDRINKING WATER PLANTOR DISTRIBUTION18

Conduct a Hazard Analysis Identify hazards and hazardous events. Assess and quantify those risks. Describe how hazards and hazardousevents are to be managed and whichcontrol measures need to beimplemented.Critical Control PointsProcedures &Corrective ActionsSource Water dousEventsIdentify CriticalControl PointsValidationIdentify WaterQuality TestingVerificationDevelop CCPResponseProceduresDetermine andRank RisksIdentifySource ofContaminantsHazard Analysis19MonitoringOngoingAnalysis andAssessment

Identify Source Water HazardsBegan with a literature review Source concentrations inliterature.Reviewing data fromparticipating utilities.20

Determined our Treated WaterQuality ObjectivesTarget water quality -EPA primary drinking water regulationsand included California Drinking Water Regulations.Used lower of the two values where applicableFocus on action levels and notification levels.The team agreed not to include secondary standards unless anargument can be made for specific individual constituents.

Identify Hazardous EventsAccidentalcontamination ofthe catchmentDisease outbreak –high pathogenloadFormation of DBPsin the processtrainHigh rainfall event– bypassedtreatmentOverdosing,underdosing orcontamination ofchemicals22Failure ofbiologicalprocessesCatastrophicmembraneintegrity breach

Semi Quantitative Risk AssessmentWe established a model source waterbased on CA facilitiesContaminant23Risk before treatmentRisk post treatment

CCPs – FAT TrainNDMA ControlMicro-organismsMicro-organismsChemicals of ConcernMicro-organismsMicro-organismsChemicals of Concern25Lead/copper leaching indistribution system.

CCPs – Non FAT TrainTreat as CombinedCCP and Risk Assessment Highlight Need for Process ModificationMicro-organismsTOCParticle RemovalMicro-organismsTOC, DBP, DBPPrecursorsMicro-organismsMicro-organisms

How Reliable are these CCPs?Quantify Reliability with Statistical AnalysisMonte Carlo Simulation fromFull Scale Operating Data27

TOC time series

TOC lognormal probability plot

TOC Rejection (%) by RO𝑪𝒇 𝑪𝒑𝑹 % 𝟏𝟎𝟎𝑪𝒇

RO rejection (%) by Monte Carlo simulation

Where to From Here.Conduct Bench/Pilot Level Challenge Test Studies Identify gaps following review of full scale plants. Planned full scale plant tests (Scottsdale Water Campus) Additional bench scale for gaps if required.32

Develop Standard DesignApproaches and ResponseStrategiesAlert limit is exceededCritical limit is exceededCheck analyser as perWI-GWA-WCB-2232.Check SCADA reading isconsistent with analyser reading.Check presence of significant airbubbles in the associatedde-bubbling column.MF plant auto shut downCheck analyser as perWI-GWA-WCB-2232.Check SCADA reading isconsistent with analyser reading.Check presence of significant airbubbles in the associatedde-bubbling column.Alert limit is still exceeded?Check the common header andunit selectable turbidity analyserstrends. Look for failure ofindividual MF units.NOYESPut back online the units that areproducing acceptable filtratequality. Leave others offline.Monitor RO feed turbidityanalysers (1A AIT 2004-1 or1B AIT 1921)YESShut down the MF plant if ROturbidity analyser exceeds 0.2NTU for more than 15 minutesCritical limit is stillexceeded?Notify Plant SupervisorNOManually initiate a PDTPDT and start pressure areacceptable?YESNORefer to CCP 5 / PDTRecord

WRRF-13-13:Can We TrustOperations?Development of Operation andMaintenance Plan and Training andCertification Framework for DirectPotable Reuse (DPR) Systems34

Successful Operations Designed correctly. Operation must be realistic and practical. Assets and Infrastructure Maintained and HighlyReliable.The Human ElementRobust and reliable operational plans and systemsto understand and manage operational risks.35

Our TeamTroy WalkerHazen and SawyerPIJim DeWolfeHazen and SawyerDebbie BurrisDDB EngineeringCo PIJohn CaughlinOperator Star36Jim VickersSeparation Processes IncBen Stanford PhDHazen and SawyerCo PI

Utility and Other Partners

Phase 1: Develop a StandardOperations and MaintenancePlan for DPR workOperatorCertificationProgram

WRRF 13-03Critical Control PointAssessment toQuantify Robustnessand Reliability ofMultiple TreatmentBarriers of a DPRSchemeWRRF 13-13Development ofOperation andMaintenance Plan andTraining andCertificationFramework for DirectPotable Reuse (DPR)Systems39Operational FrameworkWRRF 13-03

CA Regulations and DPR?CCR Title 17, Division 1, Chapter 5, Group 4Cross Connection/Backflow ConnectionCCR Title 22, Division 4, Chapter 3Water Recycling Criteria (IPR Orange County GWRS)Groundwater RechargeSurface Water (pending)DPR ?40

Evaluation of the California Code of Regulations and RecommendationsGap analysis of existing regulations and recommendationsGap Analysis is Under way28Title 22, Article 5, Section 60314The methods of operation of a dual plumbed recycled water systemshall be described to assure avoidance of cross-connectionsbetween the recycled water and potable water piping systems.Who should the permitting authority be?41

Phase 2: Develop a DPR Trainingand Certification CurriculumFramework for DPR SystemOperators42

Recommend DPR System StaffingBenchmark Staffing fromIPR UtilitiesInclude anticipatedregulatory requirementsIncorporate HACCPRequirements43

How Does Operator Certification Fit?Certification for drinking water, wastewater and distribution.Where should DPR fit?IPRWastewaterWater ReuseDPRDistribution44DrinkingWater

Develop Recommended Operator Staff Training and CertificationFramework Based on gap analysispreviously conducted. Technology and importantoperationalsystems/processes. Training co-ordinationexperience .45

Can We Trust theTechnology?Can We TrustOperations?Trust but VerifyYES13-03Technical Validation46YES13-13Operational Validation

Thank YouTroy WalkerSenior Associate & Water Practice Leader Hazen and Sawyer480 340 3270 (cell)twalker@hazenandsawyer.comBen Stanford, PhDDirector of Applied Research Hazen and Sawyer, P.C.919 863-1027 (direct) 646 599-3164 (cell)bstanford@hazenandsawyer.com47

Bull Pen – Log Removals48FATChloramineMFROUV/AOPStabCl2VirusNon 9

Bull Pen – RiskAssessmentMethodology49

Bull Pen – RiskAssessmentMethodology50

FDA/USDA mandatory for juice and meat. Applied to drinking water treatment. A number of examples for IPR and other recycled water production Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Points (HACCP) 6 Conceived in 1960s by Pil