Demographic And Health Survey - Ministry Of Health
GhanaDemographicand Health Survey1988Ghana Statistical Service DHSDemographic and Health SurveysInstitute for Resource Development/Macro Systems, Inc.
GhanaDemographic andHealth Survey1988Ghana Statistical ServiceAccra, GhanaInstitute for Resource Development/Macro Systems, Inc.Columbia, Maryland USASeptember 1989
This report presents the findings of the Ghana Demographic and Health Survey (GDHS). The survey was acollaborative effort between the Ghana Statistical Service and the Institute for Resource Devalopment/MacroSystems, Inc. (IRD). The survey is part of the worldwide Demographic and Health Surveys Program, which isdesigned to collect data on fertility, family planning, and maternal and child health. Funding for the survey wasprovided by the U.S. Agency for International Development (Contract No. DPE-3023-C-00-4083-00), theGovernment of Ghana and the United Nations Population Fund. The United Nations Children's Fund loanedvehicle* for use during the survey fieldwork. Additional information on the GDHS can be obtained from the GhanaStatistical Service, P.O. Box 1098, Accra, Ghana. Additional information about the DHS Program can be obtainedby writing to: DHS Program, IRD/Macro Systems, Inc., 8850 Stanford Blvd., Suite 4000, Columbia, ME) 21045,USA (Telephone: 301-290-2800; Telex: 87775; Fax: 301-290-2999).
CONTENTSPageCONTENTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .LIST OF TABLESLIST OF FIGURESiii.vii.xviiPREFACE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .xixSUMMARY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .xxiMAP OF GHANACHAPTER 1.BACKGROUNDxxiv.11.1HISTORY, G E O G R A P H Y A N D E C O N O M Y1.2EDUCATION1.3POPULATION AND FAMILY PLANNING PROGRAMME . . . . . . . . . . . .21.4H E A L T H PRIORITIES A N D P R O G R A M M E S31.5OBJECTIVES OF T H E S U R V E Y1.6O R G A N I S A T I O N OF THE S U R V E Y . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .41.7B A C K G R O U N D C H A R A C T E R I S T I C S OF S U R V E Y R E S P O N D E N T S . . . . .5N U P T I A L I T Y A N D E X P O S U R E T O T H E RISK OF PREGNANCY9CHAPTER 2.1.2.4.2.1CURRENT MARITAL STATUS92.2POLYGYNY .102.3AGE AT FIRST UNION112.4BREAST t EDING A N D P O S T P A R T U M I N S U S C E P T I B I L I T Y2.5M E A N D U R A T I O N OF BREASTI EEDING A N D P O S T P A R T U MINSUSCEPTIBILITY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .iii.1215
PageFERTILITY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .19C U R R E N T A N D C U M U L A T I V E F E R T I L I T Y BY B A C K G R O U N DCHARACTERISTICS .193.2FERTILITY TRENDS213.3CHILDREN EVER BORN3.4CHILDREN EVER BORN AND AGE AT FIRST MARRIAGE3.5A G E A T F I R S T BIRTH3.6A G E A T F I R S T BIRTH BY B A C K G R O U N D C H A R A C I ' E R I S T I C SCHAPTER 33.1.24.26.26.27FERTILITY REGULATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .294.1KNOWLEDGE OF METHODS AND SOURCE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .304.2K N O W L E D G E O F M O D E R N M E T H O D S A N D S O U R C E BYBACKGROUND CHARACTERISTICS .314.3A C C E P T A B I L I T Y OF M E T H O D . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .324.4KNOWLEDGE OF SUPPLY SOURCES344.5E V E R U S E OF C O N T R A C E P T I O N4.6CURRENT USE OF CONTRACEPTION4.7C U R R E N T U S E BY B A C K G R O U N D C H A R A C T E R I S T I C S4.8N U M B E R OF C H I L D R E N A T F I R S T U S E.404.9K N O W L E D G E OF THE F E R T I L E PERIOD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .404.10S O U R C E OF S U P P L Y OF C O N T R A C E P T I O N . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .424.11ATTITUDE TOWARD BECOMING PREGNANT424.12REASONS FOR NONUSE4.13FUTURE USE .454.14PREFERRED METHOD454.15A C C E P T A B I L I T Y O F M E D I A M E S S A G E S ON F A M I L Y P L A N N I N G4.16ATTITUDE TOWARD FAMILY PLANNING .CHAPTER 4.34.37.iv3844. . . 4647
Page4.174.18CHAPTER 5A T T I T U D E T O W A R D F A M I L Y P L A N N I N G BY B A C K G R O U N DCHARACTERISTICS .48D I S C U S S I O N OF F A M I L Y P L A N N I N G48FERTILITY PREFERENCES.515.1DESIRE F O R C H I L D R E N515.2NEED FOR FAMILY PLANNING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .555.3IDEAL FAMILY SIZE565.4FERTILITY PLANNING.58M O R T A L I T Y AND HEALTH . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .616.1MORTALITY DATA616.2MORTALITY TRENDS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .626.3MORTALITY DIFFERENTIALS646.4PRENATAL CARE AND DELIVERY ASSISTANCE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .676.5CHILDHOOD IMMUNISATIONS706.6DIARRHOEA PREVALENCE AND TREATMENT6.7P R E V A L E N C E A N D T R E A T M E N T OF F E V E R A N D R E S P I R A T O R YILLNESS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .76N U T R I T I O N A L S T A T U S OF C H I L D R E N . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .79HUSBAND'S SURVEY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .897.1C H A R A C T E R I S T I C S OF THE S A M P L E . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .897.2MARRIAGE.917.3FERTILITY.937.4CONTRACEPTIVE KNOWLEDGE AND USE7.5PROBLEMS WITH METHODS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .987.6SOURCE FOR METHOD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .98CHAPTER 66.8CHAPTER 7.V.7394
Page7.7NUMBER O F C H I L D R E N A T F I R S T U S E . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7.8INTENTION TO USE7.9ATTITUDE TOWARD FAMILY PLANNING .1007.10FERTILITY PREFERENCES .105.99100REFERENCES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .111APPENDIX ASURVEY PERSONNELAPPENDIX BSAMPLE DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION.113.117B.1DESCRIPTION OF SAMPLE DESIGNB.2SAMPLING PROBABILITIES .119B.3SAMPLE IMPLEMENTATION120APPENDIX CSAMPLINGAPPENDIX DQUESTIONNAIRESERRORS.vi119123149
LIST OF TABLESPageTable 1.1Table 1.2Table 1.3Table 2.1Table 2.2Table 2.3Table 2.4Table 2.5Table 2.6Table 3.1Table 3.2Table 3.3Percentage Distribution of Women by Age, Urban-RuralResidence, Region and Level of Education, GDHS, 1988 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7Percentage Distribution of Women of Reproductive Age, 1984Census and 1988 GDHS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8Percentage Distribution of Women by Level of Education,According to Age, Urban-Rural Residence, and Region, GDHS,1988 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8Percentage Distribution of Women by Current Marital Status,According m Age, GDHS, 1988 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9Percentage of Currently Married Women in a Polygynous Union,by Age and Selected Background Characteristics, GDHS, 1988 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .11Percentage Distribution of Women by Age at First Unionand Median Age at First Union, According to Current Age,GDHS, 1988 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .12Median Age at First Union Among Women Aged 20-49 Years, byCurrent Age and Selected Background Characteristics, GDHS,1988 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .13Percentage of Births Where Mothers are Still Breastfeeding,Postpartum Amenorrhoeic, Abstaining, and Insusceptible, byNumber of Months Since Birth, GDHS, 1988 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .14Mean Number of Months of Breastfeeding, PostpartumAmenorrboea, Postpartum Abstinence, and PostpartumInsusceptibility, by Selected Background Characteristics, GDHS,1988 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .15Total Fertility Rate (TFR) for Calendar Year Periods and for FiveYears Preceding the Survey, and Mean Number of Children EverBorn to Women 40-49 Years of Age, by Selected BackgroundCharacteristics, GDHS, 1988 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .20Percentage of All Women Who are Currently Pregnant by Age,GDHS, 1988 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .22Age-Period Fertility Rate (Per 1000 Women) by Age of Woman atBirth of Child, GDHS, 1988 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .22vii
PageTable 3.4Table 3.5Table 3.6Table 3.7Table 4.1Table 4.2Table 4.3Table 4.4Table 4.5Table 4.6Table 4.7Table 4.8Table 4.9Percentage Distribution of Children Ever Bom (CEB) to AllWomen and to Currently Married Women, According to Age,GDHS, 1988 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .25Mean Number of Children Ever Born to Ever-Married Women, byAge at First Marriage and Years Since First Marriage, GDHS,1988 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .26Percentage Distribution of Women by Age at First Birth, andMedian Age at First Birth, According to Current Age, GDHS,1988 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .27Median Age at First Birth Among Women Aged 20-49 Years, byCurrent Age and Selected Background Characteristics, GDHS,1988 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .28Percentage of All Women and Currently Married WomenKnowing Any Contraceptive Method and Knowing a Source (ForInformation or Services), by Specific Method, GDHS, 1988 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .30Percentage of Currently Married Women Knowing at Least OneModem Method, and Knowing a Source for a Modem Method bySelected Background Characteristics, GDHS, 1988 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .32Percentage Distribution of Women Who Have Ever Heard of aContraceptive Method by Main Problem Perceived in Using theMethod, According to Specific Method, GDHS, 1988 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .33Percentage Distribution of Women Knowing a ContraceptiveMethod by Supply Source Named, According to Specific Method,GDHS, 1988 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .34Percentage of All Women and Currently Married Women WhoHave Ever Used a Contraceptive Method, by Specific Method andAge, GDHS, 1988 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .35Percentage Distribution of All Women and Currently MarriedWomen, by Contraceptive Method Currently Used, According toAge, GDHS, 1988 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .36Percentage of Currently Married Women Currently UsingContraception by Method, 1979 and 1988 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .37Percentage Distribution of Currently Married Women byContraceptive Method Currently Used, According to SelectedBackground Characteristics, GDHS, 1988 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .39Percentage Distribution of Ever-Married Women by Number ofLiving Children at Time of First Use of Contraception, Accordingto Current Age, GDHS, 1988 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .41viii
PageTable 4.10Table 4.11Table 4.12Table 4.13Table 4.14Table 4.15Table 4.16Table 4.17Table 4.18Table 4.19Table 5.1Percentage Distribution of All Women and Women Who HaveEver Used Periodic Abstinence by Knowledge of the FertilePeriod During the Ovulatory Cycle, GDHS, 1988 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .41Percentage Distribution of Current Users by Most Recent Sourceof Supply or Information, According to Specific Method, GDHS,1988 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .42Percentage Distribution of Non-Pregnant Women Who AreSexually Active and Who Are Not Using Any ContraceptiveMethod by Attitude Toward Becoming Pregnant in the Next FewWeeks, According to Number of Living Children, GDHS, 1988 . . . . . . . . . . . . . .43Percentage Distribution of Non-Pregnant Women Who AreSexually Active and Who Are Not Using Any ContraceptiveMethod and Who Would be Unhappy if They Became Pregnant byMain Reason for Nonuse, According to Age, GDHS, 1988 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .44Percentage Distribution of Currently Married Women Who AreNot Currently Using Any Contraceptive Method by Intention toUse in the Future, According to Number of Living Children,GDHS, 1988 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .45Percentage Distribution of Currently Married Women Who AreNot Using a Contraceptive Method but Who Intend to Use in theFuture by Preferred Method, According to Whether They Intend toUse in the Next 12 Months or Later, GDHS, 1988 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .46Percentage of All Women Who Believe That it is Acceptable toHave Messages About Family Planning on the Radio, by Age andSelected Background Characteristics, GDHS, 1988 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .47Percentage Distribution of Currently Married Women Knowing aContraceptive Method by the Husband and Wife's AttitudeToward the Use of Family Planning, GDHS, 1988 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .48Percentage of Currently Married Women Knowing aContraceptive Method Who Approve of Family Planning and WhoSay their Husband Approves of Family Planning, by SelectedBackground Characteristics, GDHS, 1988 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .49Percentage Distribution of Currently Married Women Knowing aContraceptive Method by Number of Times Discussed FamilyPlanning with Husband, According to Current Age, GDHS, 1988 . . . . . . . . . . . . .50Percentage Distribution of Currently Married Women by Desirefor Children, According to Number of Living Children, GDHS,1988 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .52ix
PageTable 5.2Table 5.3Table 5.4Table 5.5Table 5.6Table 5.7Table 6.1Table 6.2Table 6.3Table 6.4Table 6.5Table 6.6Table 6.7Percentage Distribution of Currently Married Women by Desirefor Children, According to Age, GDHS, 1988 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .53Percentage of Currently Married Women Who Want No MoreChildren (including sterilised) by Number of Living Children andSelected Background Characteristics, ODHS, 1988 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .54Percentage of Currently Married Women Who Are in Need ofFamily Planning and the Percentage Who Are in Need and WhoIntend to Use Contraception in the Future by Selected BackgroundCharacteristics, GDHS, 1988 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .55Percentage Distribution of All Women by Ideal Number ofChildren and Mean Ideal Number of Children for All Women andCurrently Married Women, According to Number of LivingChildren, GDHS, 1988 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .57Mean Ideal Number of Children for All Women by Age andSelected Background Characteristics, GDHS, 1988 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .58Percentage of Women Who Had a Birth in the Last 12 Months byFertility Planning Status and Birth Order, GDHS, 1988 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .59Indices for Detecting Underreporting of Infant Deaths, GDHS,1988 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .62Distribution of Child Deaths Occurring Between 6 and 24 Monthsof Age by Calendar Period and Age at Death When Reported, inMonths and Years, GDHS, 1988 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .63Infant and Childlioood Mortality for Calendar Periods, GDHS,1988 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .63Infant and Childhood Mortality by Socioeconomic Characteristics,GDHS, 1988 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .65Infant and Childhood Mortality by Demographic Characteristics,GDHS, 1988 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .66Mean Number of Children Ever Bom, Surviving, and Dead, andProportion of Children Dead Among Ever Born by Age of Mother,GDHS, 1988 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .67Percentage Distribution of Births in the Last 5 Years by Type ofPrenatal Care for the Mother and Percentage of Births WhoseMother Received a Tetanus Toxoid Injection, According toSelected Background Characteristics, GDHS, 1988 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .68
PageTable 6.8Table 6.9Table 6.10Table 6.11Table 6.12Table 6.13Table 6.14Table 6.15Percentage Distribution of Births in the Last 5 Years by Type ofAssistance During Delivery, According to Selected BackgroundCharacteristics, GDHS, 1988 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Among All Children Under 5 Years of Age, the Percentage withHealth Cards, the Percentage Who Are Immunised as Recorded ona Health Card or as Reported by the Mother and, Among ChildrenWith Health Cards, the Percentage for Whom BCG, DPT, Polioand Measles Immunisations Are Recorded on the Health Card, byAge, GDHS, 1988 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Among All Children 12-23 Months, the Percentage with HealthCards, the Percentage Who Are Immunised as Recorded on aHealth Card or as Reported by the Mother and, Among ChildrenWith Health Cards, the Percentage for Whom BCG, DPT, Polioand Measles Immunisations Are Recorded on the Health Card, byBackground Characteristics, GDHS, 1988 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .697172Among Children Under 5 Years of Age, the Percentage Reportedby the Mother to Have Had Diarrhoea in the Past 24 Hours and thePast Two Weeks, by Selected Background Characteristics, GDHS,1988 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .74Among Children Under 5 Years of Age Who Had Diarrhoea in thePast two weeks, the Percentage Consulting a Medical Facility andthe Percentage Receiving Different Treatments as Reported by theMother, by Selected Background Characteristics, GDHS, 1988 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .75Among Mothers of Children Under 5 Years of Age, thePercentage Who Know About ORT by Education, and SelectedBackground Characteristics, GDHS, 1988 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .76Among Children Under 5 Years of Age, the Percentage Who AreReported by the Mother as Having Had Fever in the Past FourWeeks, and, Among Children Who Had Fever in the Past FourWeeks, the Percentage Consulting a Medical Facility and thePercentage Receiving Various Treatments, by SelectedBackground Characteristics, GDHS, 1988 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .77Among Children Under 5 Years of Age, the Percentage Who AreReported by the Mother as Having Suffered from Severe Coughwith Difficult or Rapid Breathing in the Past Four Weeks, and,Among Children Who Suffered from Severe Cough with DifficultBreathing, the Percentage Consulting a Medical Facility and thePercentage Receiving Various Treatments, by SelectedBackground Characteristics, GDHS, 1988 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .78xi
PageTable 6.16Table 6.17Table 6.18Table 7.1Table 7.2Table 7.3Table 7.4Table 7.5Table 7.6Table 7.7Table 7.8Table 7.9Percentage Distribution of Children Aged 3-36 Months byPercentage in Each Standard Deviation Category ofHeight-for-Age, Using the NCHS/CDC/WHO InternationalStandard (Children With Exact Dates of Birth), According toSelected Background Characteristics, GDHS, 1988 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .81Percentage Distribution of Children Aged 3-36 Months byStandard Deviation Category of Weight-for-Height, Using theNCHS/CDC/WHO International Standard (Children With ExactDates of Birth), According to Selected BackgroundCharacteristics, GDHS, 1988 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .84Percentage Distribution of Children Aged 3-36 Months, byStandard Deviation Category of Weight-for-Age, Using theNCHS/CDC/WHO Intemational Standard (Children With ExactDates of Birth), According to Selected BackgroundCharacteristics, GDHS, 1988 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .85Percentage Distribution of Husbands by BackgroundCharacteristics, GDHS, 1988 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .90Percentage Distribution of Husbands by Level of Education,According to Age, Urban-Rural Residence and Region, GDHS,1988 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .91Percentage of Husbands in a Polygamous Union, by Age, andSelected Background Characteristics, GDHS, 1988 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .92Percentage Distribution of Husbands by Number of Wives,According to Age, GDHS, 1988 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .92Percentage Distribution of the Age Difference Between Spousesand Mean Age Difference Between Spouses in the Sample ofMarried Couples, According to Wife's Age, GDHS, 1988 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .93Percentage Distribution of Husbands by Number of LivingChildren, According to Age and Mean Number of LivingChildren, GDHS, 1988 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .93Percentage of Husbands Who Know a Contraceptive Method,Who Know a Source for a Method, Who Have Ever Used aMethod, and Who Are Currently Using a Method, by SpecificMethod, GDHS, 1988 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .95Knowledge of Contraception Among Married Couples by Method,GDHS, 1988 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .96Percentage of Husbands Who Are Currently Using Any Methodand Any Modem Method of Contraception, by BackgroundCharacteristics, GDHS, 1988 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .97xii
PageTable 7.10Table 7.11Table 7.12Table 7.13Table 7.14Table 7.15Table 7.16Table 7.17Table 7.18Table 7.19Table 7.20Table 7.21Table 7.22Percentage Distribution of Husbands Who Have Ever Heard of aMethod by Main Problem Perceived in Using the Method,According to Specific Method, GDHS, 1988 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .98Percentage Distribution of Husbands Knowing a ContraceptiveMethod by Supply Source Named, According to Specific Method,GDHS, 1988 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .99Percentage Distribution of Husbands by Number of LivingChildren at Time of First Use of Contraception, According to Age,GDHS, 1988 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .99Percentage Distribution of Husbands Who Are Not CurrentlyUsing Any Contraceptive Method by Intention to Use in theFuture, According to Number of Living Children, GDHS, 1988 . . . . . . . . . . . . . .100Percentage Distribution of Husbands Who Are Not CurrentlyUsing a Contraceptive Method But Who Intend to Use in theFuture by Preferred Method, According to Whether They Intend toUse in the Next 12 Months or Later, GDHS, 1988 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .100Percentage of Husbands Who Believe That It Is Acceptable toHave Messages About Family Planning on the Radio, by Age, andSelected Background Characteristics, GDHS, 1988 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .101Percentage of Husbands Knowing a Method Who Approve ofFamily Planning by Age and Selected Background Characteristics,GDHS, 1988 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .102Percentage Distribution of Husbands Knowing a ContraceptiveMethod by Number of Times Discussed Family Planning WithWife, According to Age, GDHS, 1988 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .103Among Married Couples, Husband's Approval of Family Planningand Wife's Perception of Husband's Approval, GDHS, 1988 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .104Percentage Distribution of Husbands by Desire For Children,According to Number of Living ChUdren, GDHS, 1988 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .105Percentage of Husbands Who Want No More Children by Numberof Living Children and Selected Background Characteristics,GDHS, 1988 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .105Percentage Distribution of Couples by Desire For More Children,According to Number of Living Children, GDHS, 1988 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .106Percentage Distribution of Husbands by Ideal Number of Childrenand Mean Ideal Number of Children, According to Number ofLiving Children, GDHS, 1988 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .106xiii
PagePercentage Distribution of Wives by Husband's Ideal Number ofChildren, According to Wife's Ideal Number of Children, GDHS,1988 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .107Mean Ideal Number of Children by Age and Selected BackgroundCharacteristics, GDHS, 1988 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .108Percentage Distribution of Households and Eligible Women in theGDHS Sample by Results of the Interview ana Response Rates,According to Residence and Region, GDHS, 1988 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .121Table C. 1List of Selected Variables with Sampling Errors, GDHS, 1988 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .127Table C.2Sampling Errors for the Total Population, GDHS, 1988 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .128Table C.3.1Sampling Errors for the Urban Population, GDHS, 1988 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .129Table C.3.2Sampling Errors for the Rural Population, GDHS, 1988 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .130Table C.4.1Sampling Errors for Women Aged 15-24, GDHS, 1988 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .131Table C.4.2Sampling Errors for Women Aged 25-34, GDHS, 1988 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .132Table C.4.3Sampling Errors for Women Aged 35-49, GDHS, 1988 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .133Table C.5.1Sampling Errors for Westem Region, GDHS, 1988 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .134Table C.5.2Sampling Errors for Central Region, GDHS, 1988 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .135Table C.5.3Sampling Errors for Greater Accra, GDHS, 1988 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .136Table C.5.4Sampling Errors for Eastern Region, GDHS, 1988 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .137Table C.5.5Sampling Errors for Volta Region, GDHS, 1988 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .138Table C.5.6Sampling Errors for Ashanti Region, GDHS, 1988 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .139Table C.5.7Sampling Errors for Brong Ahafo Region, GDHS, 1988 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .140Table C.5.8Sampling Errors for Upper West, East and Northern Regions,GDHS, 1988 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .141Sampling Errors for Total Population of Husbands . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .142Table 7.23Table 7.24APPENDIX
designed to collect data on fertility, family planning, and maternal and child health. Funding for the survey was provided by the U.S. Agency for International Development (Contract No. DPE-3023-C-00-4083-00), the Government of Ghana and the United Nations Population Fund. The United Nations Children's Fund loaned
National Demographic and Health Survey, please contact The 2017 Philippines National Demographic and Health Survey (NDHS 2017) is the sixth Demographic and Health Survey (DHS) conducted in the Philippines as part of The DHS Program and the 11 national demographic survey conducted since 1968. The survey is designed to provide
Demographic and Health Survey . 2015-16 . Key Indicators Report. Ministry of Health and Sports . Nay Pyi Taw, Myanmar . (MOHS) and ICF International. 2016. Myanmar Demographic and Health Survey 2015-16: Key Indicators Report. Nay Pyi Taw, Myanmar, and Rockville, Maryland, USA: Ministry of Health and . Table 3.18 Hemoglobin 8.0 g/dl in .
ME – Ministry of Economics MES – Ministry of Education and Science MEPRD – Ministry of Environmental Protection and Regional Development MF – Ministry of Finance MH – Ministry of Health MI – Ministry of the Interior MJ – Ministry of Justice MRDLG – Ministry of Regional Development and Local Government MT – Ministry of Transport
The 2006-07 Swaziland Demographic and Health Survey (SDHS) was designed to provide data for moni-toring the population and health situation in Swaziland. The 2006-07 SDHS is the fi rst Demographic and Health Survey conducted in Swaziland. The objective of the survey was to provide up-to-date in-
1. A recruitment survey (public survey) will be used to recruit subjects in the study. Public survey link. 2. If a participant agrees to participate, a demographic survey (private survey) will be sent to the participant to fill out. Automatic survey invitation. 3. Based on the answer in the demographic survey, the
Ministry of Justice 35 Fiji Corrections Service 37 Ministry of Communications 40 Ministry of Civil Service 43 . Ministry of Health and Medical Services 60 Ministry of Housing and Community Development 64 Ministry of Women, Children and Poverty Alleviation 68 Ministry of Youth and Sports 73 Tertiary Scholarships and Loans Schemes 77 Ministry .
Ministries/Departments of the Government of India, namely, Department of Space, Ministry of Agriculture, Ministry of Chemicals and Fertilizers, Ministry of Coal, Ministry of Commerce and Industry, Ministry of Communications and Information Technology, Ministry of Drinking Water and Sanitation, Ministry of Earth
4 CONTENTS Introduction to the Outreach Ministry Guides Series 6 Introduction to the Men's Ministry Volunteer Handbook 8 Section 1 Men's Ministry Foundations Chapter 1 Why Men's Ministry 12 Chapter 2 Ways The Bible Speaks To Men's Ministry 17 Chapter 3 9 Foundations Of An Effective Men's Ministry 21 Section 2 The Anatomy Of An Effective Men's Ministry
