PHYS 3330: Modern Experimental Optics - Cornell University

PHYS 3330: Modern Experimental OpticsProfessor Ivan BazarovPhysics Department / CornellResearch: Bright Electron BeamsJordan Moxon (TA)Today’s outline: Course goals & logistics Light physics paradigms Experimental practices Integrity in research1IntroductionP3330 Exp OpticsFA’2016

Course Goals Explore physics of light; Acquire proper experimental skills; Write scientific papers/reports.2IntroductionP3330 Exp OpticsFA’2016

Logistics3Course website:www.blackboard.cornell.edu(schedule, lab policy, course docs, etc.)Texts:P3330 Lab Manual (required)Hecht, Optics (optional)Saleh & Teich, Fundamentals of Photonics (optional)Labs:Mon/Wed 1:25-4:25PM Clark 4051st lab this MondayGrade:75% lab reports & performance10% qiuzzes attendance15% two final quizzes (thy & exp)IntroductionP3330 Exp OpticsFA’2016

Physics of lightQuantumquantum optics: photons,entanglementE&ME&M optics: polarization,non-linear effectsWavescalar wave optics: interference, coherence, diffractionRaygeometric optics: lenses,ray tracing, imagingthis course – except no nonlinear optics4IntroductionP3330 Exp OpticsFA’2016

Postulates* of optics*from Latin “a request, demand”: a self-evident propositionPostulate Essence of a Nature’s Law, everything else follows from itRay Optics: Fermat’s Principle for raysWave Optics: scalar wave equation a.k.a. Helmholtz equationE&M Optics: vector fields satisfy Maxwell equationsQuantum Optics: quantum electrodynamics (QED)We’ll be introducing concepts as needed for the lab.5IntroductionP3330 Exp OpticsFA’2016

E.g. Fastest Fourier Transform 100M supercomputer vs. 2x 20 lenses:same speed to compute the Fourier Transform/correlation!6IntroductionP3330 Exp OpticsFA’2016

Scientific Method – the Vehicle of ScienceoutputScientific Theory“building blocks of science”Q: Why do science? A tool for well-being (pragmatic view) Quest for knowledge (has an intrinsic value)7IntroductionP3330 Exp OpticsFA’2016

Scientific Experiment Must be verifiable, repeatableQ: can all knowledge be reduced to repeatable/verifiable? Must account for errors (uncertainties)- both statistical (e.g Higgs boson: 100 counts)- and systematic (e.g. 2011 faster-than-light neutrinos) In this course, your record/writing of the experiments will be in theform of logbook and lab reports8IntroductionP3330 Exp OpticsFA’2016

Logbook (or lab notebook) Essential scientific tool! (graphed, labeled, page #’s) Each to maintain his/her own record/data/etc. (even if working in pairs) History note: dead-reckoning to reconstruct ship’s path using a ship log. A book with such records logbookor captain’s log. Only the captain had access to it. Messing with it capital offense! Watch a video on thehistorical context of logbooks https://youtu.be/Bd oMOkHf74 Keeps track of all original data, “your scientific path” (don’t eraseanything! may find it useful later) Should be dated, with useful sketches, and reasonably tidy9IntroductionP3330 Exp OpticsFA’2016

Lab reports (papers/publications) You will produce 6 lab reports Essential skill to develop! (most of the grade) Both the format and breakdown must follow the guidelines Refer to the Lab Manual for the paper’s breakdown (p.6) All raw data must be preserved (in logbook), initialed by theTA. In case of a question, logbook is used to prove a point. 10(pdf)LaTeX (best to steer away from MS Word!)IntroductionP3330 Exp OpticsFA’2016

Integrity in research/lab We are subjective beings in search of objective knowledge. Basic rules for responsible conduct of research:NOFabrication proper book-keeping (logbook,computer data)Falsification experimental verification (errorpropagation, full disclosure)Plagiarism proper attribution: do not pretend thatideas and work of others to be your ownmisconduct11responsible conduct of researchIntroductionP3330 Exp OpticsFA’2016

The Perfect Storm: The Rise and Fall ofHendrik SchonTwo NanotechnologiesNano CarbonSlides courtesy Profs. PaulMcEwen and David Muller12Strongest mat’l in worldHigher mobility than SiTruly molecular scaleIntroductionP3330 Exp OpticsFA’2016

Nature 413, 713 (2001).FollowingVGs courtesy ofDavid MullerGate Modulation 10513P-Channel g 10 mA/VIntroductionP3330 Exp OpticsFA’2016

A Single-Molecule TransistorBell Labs scientists usher in new era of molecular-scale electronicsFOR RELEASE WEDNESDAY OCTOBER 17, 2001Tiny organic transistors may lead to less expensiveand more powerful chips"The molecular-scale transistors that we havedeveloped may very well serve as the historical'bookend' to the transistor legacy started by BellLabs in 1947,“ Federico Capasso, physical researchvice president at Bell Labs.14IntroductionP3330 Exp OpticsFA’2016

Superconducting PlasticGate-induced superconductivity in asolution-processed organic polymer filmJ. H. Schön1, A. Dodabalapur1, Z. Bao1, Ch.Kloc1, O. Schenker2 & B. Batlogg1,3Nature 410, 189-192 (8 March 2001)15IntroductionP3330 Exp OpticsFA’2016

First Electrically-Pumped Organic LaserFirst electrically powered organic laser may lead to morewidespread use of lasers for various applicationsFOR RELEASE FRIDAY JULY 28, 200016IntroductionP3330 Exp OpticsFA’2016

“Magic Hands” 1 Paper every 8 days in 2001! With 25 coauthors 6 patent filings numerous international awardsBraunschweig PrizeScience Magazine:17IntroductionP3330 Exp OpticsFA’2016

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Repeatable/verifiable? Meanwhile here at Cornell: trouble reproducing Schon’s results by thelocal nanocarbon experts “What are we doing wrong?!”McEuen Group NanocarbonElectronics19IntroductionP3330 Exp OpticsFA’2016

Falsification?Duplicate Noise in Different PapersSuperconducting PlasticNature 410, 189-192 (8 March 2001)20IntroductionP3330 Exp OpticsFA’2016

Duplicate CurvesDuplicate Curves21IntroductionP3330 Exp OpticsFA’2016

Independent Commission: May 2002Physics Today:Bell Labs Convenes Committee to Investigate Questions of Scientific MisconductIs there an innocent explanation for the appearance of similar figures in different publications? External Panel of scientists examine all papers Interviews all coauthors Off limits: Patents, Management responsibilityScience:22IntroductionP3330 Exp OpticsFA’2016

Sep 2002http://publish.aps.org/reports/ Only Schön made devices No coauthors ever witnessed an experiment No laboratory records were kept Original data (if it existed)was deleted from the computersNearly every rule of scientific documentation violated.23IntroductionP3330 Exp OpticsFA’2016

All Papers retractedAll coauthors agreed(except by Hendrik Schon)24IntroductionP3330 Exp OpticsFA’2016

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The Dark Secret ofHendrik SchonBBC DocumentaryThe Science Channel26IntroductionP3330 Exp OpticsFA’2016

dia.org/wiki/Fourier optics#/media/File:4F de/images/scientific-method.jpg27IntroductionP3330 Exp OpticsFA’2016

Hecht, Optics (optional) Saleh & Teich, Fundamentals of Photonics (optional) Labs: Mon/Wed 1:25-4:25PM Clark 405 1st lab this Monday . this course - except no nonlinear optics. 5 Introduction P3330 Exp Optics FA'2016 Postulates* of optics *from Latin "a request, demand": a self-evident proposition .