Guidance For Gender Based Violence (GBV) Monitoring And .

Recognizing the importance of gender integration,a variety of U.S. and international agencies anddonor organizations have developed specific policiesmandating gender integrated programming (See Box3). As a result, sectors such as agriculture and foodsecurity, nutrition, economic empowerment, education,and water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) areincreasingly paying attention to gender disparitiesand their influence on program outcomes and viceversa. It is primarily due to this heightened focus ongender integration in all sectors of development thatprogrammatic staff have become more aware of GBV asa critical issue affecting their target populations andthus program implementation and results. Three notableareas where GBV and sectoral programs have been foundto intersect include:1. GBV as a barrier to achieving project goals.Some programs involve participation or recruitmentstrategies that leave women and girls vulnerable toGBV, making them reluctant to partake in activitiesthat may be integral to the success of the program.For example, in both urban and rural contexts, womenand girls regularly face harassment and fear sexualassault and rape when going to the toilet – especiallyafter dark. As a result, they may be less likely touse the WASH facilities in their communities, and/orthey may delay eating and drinking in order to waitfor an opportune time to relieve themselves.17 Also,school-related GBV – in the form of sexual, physicalor psychological violence – is one of the overarchingreasons that girls’ primary school completion ratesoften lag behind that of boys’, as does their rateof transition to secondary school.18 Furthermore,programmers and researchers alike have found thatGBV is a fundamental indicator of gender inequality,as well as a major obstacle for programs to begender transformative. It is negatively correlated,for instance, with predictors of gender equity,including a woman’s decision-making power, herrepresentation within the community, and hercontrol over household assets.19Box 3:Policies on Gender IntegrationA variety of bilateral and multilateral agenciesand donors organizations have developed specificpolicies promoting gender integration throughoutthe planning, implementation, and monitoring andevaluation of development initiatives across alltechnical sectors. Examples include: The United States Agency for InternationalDevelopment (USAID) adopted the GenderEquality and Female Empowerment Policyin 2012 to reform budgeting and reportingrequirements in order to track outputs andoutcomes related to gender equality andfemale empowerment.25 The Millennium Development Goals (MDGs),provide global guidance on addressing genderissues in health and development programs.Specifically, Goal 3 of the MDGs seeks to promotegender equality and empower women.26 The World Bank adopted a strategy formainstreaming gender responsive action intotheir development assistance work in 2001.27 The Global Forum on Agricultural Research(GFAR) initiated the Gender in AgriculturePartnership (GAP) in 2013 to “place genderequity and women’s empowerment at theheart of agricultural policy, research l-building agendas.” 28 TheUnitedKingdom’sDepartmentforInternational Development (DFID) first shiftedfrom “women in development” to a genderand development (GAD) approach in 1985.However, following an intense period of policydevelopment, DFID published their mostcurrent and thorough policy on gender equality,2. GBV as an unintended program effect: All programs,“Poverty Eradication and the Empowermentby their very presence, potentially create bothof Women.” In 2014, a new law was passeddirect and/or indirect changes in their targetedrequiring attention to gender equality in UKcommunities. These changes are often a combinationforeign assistance programs.29

of intended and unintended outcomes. Also, it is important to note that when a program is working to altersocietal/structural factors that challenge existing gender roles and norms, GBV can emerge as an unintentionalprogrammatic consequence. At times, this outcome can occur despite specific programmatic attempts to positivelyinfluence gender norms. For example, when programs seek to improve gender equality by including women inprogrammatic processes, women may take on more culturally traditional male roles, such as being part of a programcommittee or accepting a paid task. As a result, women may face psychological abuse, like becoming the subjectof scorn by community members who are threatened by their new role, or they may be subject to physical violencefrom partners who do not appreciate how women’s new responsibilities reduce their time to tend to duties athome.20 Similarly, when programs aim to empower women by improving their access to and control over economicresources, they may succeed in putting resources in women’s hands, but the resulting challenge to normativehousehold power dynamics may cause higher incidents of GBV overall.213. Personal safety and health of project staff: Even if a program does not have an explicit focus on addressingGBV, people experiencing GBV in a targeted community may disclose their experiences to program staff in thecourse of program activities and interactions. While it is necessary for project staff to be trained to respondappropriately in these encounters,22 they may also face threats to their personal safety (for “interfering” insensitive family and/or community issues if they get involved) and/or emotional trauma through listening tosurvivors’ stories.23 Additionally, project staff in the field may be at risk of GBV themselves in the course of sitevisits and travel.Why do we Need this Guidance?Providing GBV-related support and services is a logical extension of many women’s health services and humanitarianprograms, because providers in both of these sectors deal with the immediate consequences of GBV. However,the relationship between GBV and programmatic streams in other sectors is less direct as most sectoral staff arenot individual health service providers and do not have specific training around GBV monitoring and mitigation.However, in light of the emergent nature of gender integration and the needed attention to GBV in all sectors,practical guidance on GBV monitoring and mitigation is needed even for sectoral programs that do not have a GBVfocus or programmatic stream.For example, the WASH sector has made recent strides towards providing this type of guidance for WASH-specificprograms in a toolkit released in 2014, Violence, Gender & WASH: A Practitioner’s Toolkit.24 Ideally other sectors suchas agriculture and food security, nutrition, economic empowerment, and education will be able to engage in a similarprocess to develop sector-specific toolkits. In the interim, this guidance aims to fill the gap and provide genericguidance across sectors.Who is the Intended Audience for this Guidance?This guidance is designed for program staff who lead the design and implementation of programs in the sectors ofagriculture and food security, economic empowerment, nutrition, and education. We assume that these programs do nothave GBV as a primary or exclusive focus: GBV may arise as an issue in the course of implementing program interventions,but it is not an explicit component of the program with funding and indicators attached to it from the outset.4September 2014 : Guidance for Gender Based Violence (GBV) Monitoring and Mitigation

What was the Process forDeveloping this Guidance?Design PhaseBefore A Program StartsThe guidance was developed in three stages:1. An extensive literature review was completedon all available guidance and protocols for GBVrelated programming. A synopsis of the primarydocuments on the existing guidance around themonitoring, mitigation, and evaluation of programsto address GBV – developed primarily for the healthand humanitarian sectors – is presented in theCARE GBV Wiki page.30 The following summarizesthe key types of existing health and humanitarianguidance reviewed in document that pertainsto conducting GBV-related programming andresearch (these documents are largely used fortraining and educational purposes): Ethical and safety principles for conductingGBV research Tools for GBV data collection withindifferent populations (e.g., women, children,criminalized populations, etc.) Guidance on GBV indicators that have beendeveloped as part of global collaborationsinvolving multi- and bi-lateral donors,foundations, scientists, independentresearchers, NGOs and civil societies Clinical management protocols forGBV survivors Addressing GBV within the contextof humanitarian settings2. CARE convened an Expert Group Meeting on GBVMonitoring & Mitigation in Sector Programs onMarch 17-18, 2014. The aim of the meeting was togenerate recommendations for non-humanitariansector programs on good practices for monitoringand mitigating GBV risk throughout the programcycle, adhering to the Do No Harm framework.The meeting also sought to explore additionalrecommendations for specific published or grayliterature guidelines or reports not immediatelyidentified in the primary literature review. Expertsprovided recommendations based on theirexperience working in both sectoral programsand GBV.3. The information from existing guidance and theinput from experts were synthesized into thecurrent document.Learn about GBV ContextCreate a Referral ListEngage the CommunityInclude GBV Indicators in M&EAdd GBV Prevention ActivitiesAllocate GBV ResourcesImplementation PhaseStaff TrainingInvestigate Community ReactionProtocol for Dealing with GBVOrganizational PoliciesExplicit Support for GBV SurvivorsZero ToleranceAccountability to Prevent Sexual HarrassmentCommunications Policies

Part Ii: Recommendations for Sectoral Program StaffGender-integrated sectoral programs (or those that are in the process of integrating gender) that do not have anexplicit focus on GBV should take steps to monitor and mitigate GBV. What steps to take depends on several factors,such as the stage of program design and implementation and the extent of gender integration into the program. ThatGBV takes place everywhere has been supported by decades of research. Thus, it is safe to assume that somelevel of GBV exists in the intended program area where you work. Given the high prevalence of GBV, ideally allprograms should consider possible unintended consequences related to GBV. These effects can be both sectorspecific and/or general to all sectors, depending on the socio-cultural context in which the program is taking place.While high-quality gender integration into a program is a fundamental step towards preventing and/or mitigatingGBV, there are particular actions a program can take in addition to their gender integration efforts to ensure they arepaying particular attention to GBV.31Regardless of the starting point, plans for the monitoring and mitigation of GBV can be made in small phases thatare feasible to implement and that build up to what seems logical within the context of the program. Below aresuggested guidance for steps that can be taken during program design and implementation.Design Phase: Before A Program StartsLearn about GBV ContextCreate a Referral ListEngage the CommunityInclude GBV Indicators in M&EAdd GBV Prevention ActivitiesAllocate GBV ResourcesSTEP 1: Learn about GBV norms and prevalence as part of the alreadyplanned gender analysis process for the program.Conducting a gender analysis is one of the key steps to integrating gender into sectoral program implementation. Agender analysis is a systematic way of examining the roles and norms assigned to people based on what sex they are, andexploring the power differentials that exist between women and men, and girls and boys.32,33 While techniques can varyacross organizations and sectors, there are some simple things you can do to learn about GBV during any gender analysis: Ensure that the data are collected, analyzed, and reported separately for different age groups and for women andmen, girls and boys. This type of sex and age stratified approach will allow you to explore the specific inequitiesbased on gender in the community and understand what existing gender related hierarchies your program mightbe challenging.6September 2014 : Guidance for Gender Based Violence (GBV) Monitoring and Mitigation

Table 1: Sources for obtaining GBV-related informationType of InformationThe prevalence of GBVSource Demographic Health Survey (DHS)38 Quantitative and qualitative studies39GBV context(attitudes, norms,legal context) Services availablefor GBV survivors Qualitative data from NGOs Local women’s organizations and key informants Resource mapping activitiesQualitative data from non-governmental organizations (NGOs)Local women’s organizations and key informantsDHS40International Men and Gender Equality Survey (IMAGES)41Quantitative and qualitative studies42Policy and legal context data43Participatory data collection activities Look to existing data sources to understand prevalence estimates of different types of GBV. Research on the prevalenceof GBV in 90 countries shows varying levels of the problem worldwide.34 Existing data are available for most countriesthrough either the Demographic and Health Surveys,35 or the WHO Multi-County Study.36 Also check to see if anycommunity-based quantitative or qualitative studies have been conducted that speak to the prevalence of GBV in thespecific area where your program will be implemented.37 If you cannot find any specific data on GBV prevalence for thecountry, region, or community in which the program will be implemented, remember that GBV takes place everywhere,thus it is safe to assume that some level of GBV exists in the area where you will be working. Learn about GBV and gender norms related to GBV in the project community as a part of your gender analysis activities.Most gender analysis processes include activities and steps to understand gender norms that are linked toachieving your sector specific project goals. This is already a first step in understanding gender norms relatedto GBV, as some of what you are already exploring is also linked to GBV. To uncover GBV norms and additionalgender norms related to GBV in the project community, remember: The same sources used to identify GBV prevalence can also offer good information on norms [See Table 1].For example, attitudes about the acceptability of wife beating, often comprised of at least five items, arean excellent way of gauging gender norms that are directly correlated with levels of violence against womenand girls across regions. These items appear as standard questions asked in the core questionnaire in theDemographic and Health Surveys.44 There is value in using qualitative data to explore community context.– Reach out and speak to women’s organizations and key informants from the project area as they canoffer much richer information on community context than quantitative data and can provide valuableinformation about the local patterns and norms related to GBV.September 2014 : Guidance for Gender Based Violence (GBV) Monitoring and Mitigation7

– Integrate questions about GBV context into planned assessments for other aspects of program planning.Ask community informants about norms, how cases are handled, available resources, and other aspectsof GBV that pertain to the community. You can use different kinds of participatory methods such ascommunity storytelling45 and role-playing46 as tools to gather this kind of information. This approachdoes not and should not include asking individuals about their own experiences of violence.47 As a part of your gender analysis, you might already be looking at the policy and legal environment aroundspecific areas of women’s and girls’ rights relevant to your sector. While doing that, also try to understandthe policy and legal environment for GBV at the country, state, and/or provincial level. For example, be sureto assess legal structure versus customary law (many countries have dual systems).48 It will help you have abetter understanding of the larger GBV context that then plays out in the project community.8September 2014 : Guidance for Gender Based Violence (GBV) Monitoring and Mitigation

STEP 2: Create or find a referral list of community resourcesand services for people experiencing GBV.A referral list should be readily available to all program staff so that they understand what GBV resources are availablein the project community and are prepared if GBV emerges or is disclosed as an issue during project activities. A referrallist usually provides the name of each resource, the support it provides, and how they can be reached. The referral list canbe organized in a notebook, in a box of file cards, or in a computer file and printed and bound for use. There are sampletemplates for resource directories and referral flowcharts,49 however, generally, the list of resources should include: Formal support systems: health facilities or personnel in case medical treatment is necessary; police forofficial reports, if a court case will ensue and for ensuring personal safety; social welfare resources, such assafe places to stay; counselors for psychological support; and other services provided by other organizationsin the community that engage in the prevention of and response to GBV, including other NGOs and communityorganizations working in areas related to GBV. Informal resources: social networks; community groups (especially existing women’s groups); trusted individuals(people who have been champions to speak out about positive male norms, and the unacceptability of GBV);religious leaders and community leaders. Informal resources will be context-dependent. For example, resourcesavailable in urban and rural environments will differ. Your efforts during the gender analysis process to reachout to women’s organizations and key community informants can provide important insight into the informalnetworks, community groups, and key individuals that survivors can reach out to for assistance.When you reach out to women’s organizations and key informants during the gender analysis [as is suggestedearlier], you might discover that such a referral list already exists and your project does not need to actually createone. If, however, that is not the case, you will need to create one.The information you need to collect to create a referral list can easily be collected as part of your existingassessment activities for program planning. For example, most programs carry out a sector specific resource mappingexercise to understand the current resource context. By adding an additional component to such an exercise duringwhich questions about formal GBV resources are incorporated, you can gather the information you need for theformal resources part of your referral list.50 Additionally, as suggested earlier, if as a part of your gender analysisprocess you collect qualitative data to understand the GBV context in the community, the information gathered canbe tailored to gather the information you need regarding the informal resources portion of your referral list.STEP 3: Engage the community and partner organizationsin program planning.While it is good practice for program planning in all development sectors, engaging the community and partnerorganizations can be espe

2 september 2014 : Guidance for Gender based Violence (GbV) Monitoring and Mitigation Given the ubiquity of GBV in our communities, international support has expanded programmatic responses to GBV. Donors within the SRMH, HIV/AIDs and emergency/humanitarian fields have increasingly begun to address violence