Drug Market Trends: Cannabis Opioids
DRUG MARKETTRENDS:CANNABISOPIOIDS
United Nations, June 2021. All rights reserved worldwide.ISBN: 9789211483611eISBN: 9789210058032United Nations publication, Sales No. E.21.XI.8This publication may be reproduced in whole or in part and in any formfor educational or non-profit purposes without special permission fromthe copyright holder, provided acknowledgement of the source is made.The United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC) would appreciatereceiving a copy of any publication that uses this publication as a source.Suggested citation:World Drug Report 2021 (United Nations publication, Sales No. E.21.XI.8).No use of this publication may be made for resale or any other commercialpurpose whatsoever without prior permission in writing from UNODC.Applications for such permission, with a statement of purpose and intent of thereproduction, should be addressed to the Research and Trend Analysis Branch of UNODC.DISCLAIMERThe content of this publication does not necessarily reflect the views or policiesof UNODC or contributory organizations, nor does it imply any endorsement.Comments on the report are welcome and can be sent to:Division for Policy Analysis and Public AffairsUnited Nations Office on Drugs and CrimePO Box 5001400 ViennaAustriaTel: ( 43) 1 26060 0Fax: ( 43) 1 26060 5827E-mail: wdr@un.orgWebsite: tml
PREFACEIn an age when the speed of information can often outstripthe speed of verification, the COVID-19 pandemic has taughtus that it is crucial to cut through the noise and focus on facts,a lesson that we must heed in order to protect societies fromthe impact of drugs.Drug use killed almost half a million people in 2019, while druguse disorders resulted in 18 million years of healthy life lost,mostly due to opioids. Serious and often lethal illnesses aremore common among drug users, particularly those who injectdrugs, many of whom are living with HIV and Hepatitis C.The illicit drug trade also continues to hold back economic andsocial development, while disproportionately impacting themost vulnerable and marginalized, and it constitutes a fundamental threat to security and stability in some parts of theworld.Despite the proven dangers, drug use persists and, in somecontexts, proliferates. Over the past year, around 275 millionpeople have used drugs, up by 22 per cent from 2010. By 2030,demographic factors project the number of people using drugsto rise by 11 per cent around the world, and as much as 40 percent in Africa alone.There is often a substantial disconnect between real risks andpublic perception. In some parts of the world for example, cannabis products have almost quadrupled in potency, and yet thepercentage of adolescents who perceive cannabis as harmfulhas dropped by as much as 40 per cent, despite the evidencelinking regular use to health problems, particularly in youngpeople, and despite the correlation between potency and harm.New psychoactive substances also continue to be a challenge, asmarkets witness the introduction of new drugs that are unpredictable and poorly understood. Regulatory and legislativesteps have been successful in stemming the tide globally, butin low-income countries the problem is on the rise; between2015 and 2019, South and Central America recorded a fivefoldrise in the amount of new synthetic psychoactive substancesseized, while seizures in Africa increased from minor to substantial amounts. Strong increases were also reported in Southand Southwest Asia as well as the Near and Middle East.Meanwhile, the COVID-19 crisis has pushed more than 100million people into extreme poverty, and has greatly exacerbatedunemployment and inequalities, as the world lost 114 millionjobs in 2020. In doing, so it has created conditions that leavemore people susceptible to drug use and to engaging in illicitcrop cultivation.Furthermore, disparities in access to essential controlled medicines around the world continue to deny relief to patients insevere pain. In 2019, four standard doses of controlled painmedication were available every day for every one million inhabitants in West and Central Africa, in comparison to 32,000doses in North America.In parallel, drug traffickers have quickly recovered from theinitial setback caused by lockdown restrictions and are operating at pre-pandemic levels once again. Access to drugs hasalso become simpler than ever with online sales, and majordrug markets on the dark web are now worth some 315 million annually. Contactless drug transactions, such as throughthe mail, are also on the rise, a trend possibly accelerated bythe pandemic.CANNABIS, OPIOIDS PrefaceDrugs cost lives.3Communicating facts about drugs and promoting science-basedinterventions is an absolute necessity if we are to reducedemand and supply of drugs, while also facilitating access tocontrolled medicines for those in need. It is also the surest pathto eliminating stigmatization and discrimination and providingadequate treatment, as seven in eight people who suffer fromdrug use disorders remain without appropriate care.At the UN Office on Drugs and Crime we are dedicated to pursuing and promoting fact-driven, human rights-based approachesto drug control and treatment.I am proud to present to you this World Drug Report, whichembodies our commitment to raising awareness and combating misinformation.It is my hope that this report will inform policymakers, practitioners, and the general public on the facts of the world drugproblem, and provide them with a powerful tool to share evidence and information, and in doing so help save and preservelives.Ghada Waly, Executive DirectorUnited Nations Office on Drugs and Crime3
BOOKLETEXECUTIVE SUMMARYPOLICY IMPLICATIONSBOOKLETGLOBAL OVERVIEW OF DRUGDEMAND AND DRUG SUPPLYBOOKLETDRUG MARKET TRENDS:CANNABIS, OPIOIDSBOOKLETDRUG MARKET TRENDS:COCAINE, AMPHETAMINE-TYPE STIMULANTSBOOKLETWORLD DRUG REPORT2021COVID-19 AND DRUGS:IMPACT AND OUTLOOK
CONTENTSPREFACE3EXPLANATORY NOTES7SCOPE OF THE BOOKLET9CANNABIS11Cannabis supply11Cannabis use19Developments in measures regulating the non-medical use of cannabis31OPIOIDSCANNABIS, OPIOIDS Contents357Overlap between the use of opioids57Demand for opioids65Access to pharmaceutical opioids for pain management79Supply of opiates85Supply of other opioids97ANNEX105GLOSSARY117REGIONAL GROUPINGS1195
WORLD DRUG REPORT 2021AcknowledgementsThe World Drug Report 2021 was prepared by the Research and Trend Analysis Branch, Division for Policy Analysis andPublic Affairs, United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC), under the supervision of Jean-Luc Lemahieu,Director of the Division, and Angela Me, Chief of the Research and Trend Analysis Branch, and the coordination ofChloé Carpentier, Chief of the Drug Research Section.Content overviewChloé CarpentierAngela MeAnalysis and draftingKamran NiazThomas PietschmannData management and estimateproductionEnrico BisognoDiana CameriniHernan EpsteinNatalia IvanovaAndrea OterováUmidjon RakhmonberdievFrancesca RosaAli SaadeddinMappingAntero KeskinenFrancesca MassanelloIrina TsoyEditingJonathan GibbonsGraphic design and productionAnja KorenblikSuzanne KunnenKristina KuttnigMaria MoserLorenz PerszykData supportNatalia IvanovaAdministrative supportAndrada-Maria FilipIulia LazarReview and commentsThe World Drug Report 2021 benefited from the expertise of and invaluable contributions from UNODC colleaguesin all divisions and from the INCB Secretariat.The Research and Trend Analysis Branch acknowledges the invaluable contributions and advice provided by theWorld Drug Report Scientific Advisory Committee:Jonathan CaulkinsPaul GriffithsMarya HynesVicknasingam B. KasinatherCharles Parry6Afarin Rahimi-MovagharPeter ReuterAlison RitterFrancisco ThoumiThe analysis on access to pharmaceutical opioids in Booklet 3 is based on original data graciously shared by theINCB Secretariat.
EXPLANATORY NOTESCountries and areas are referred to by the names thatwere in official use at the time the relevant data werecollected.Since there is some scientific and legal ambiguity aboutthe distinctions between “drug use”, “drug misuse” and“drug abuse”, the neutral term “drug use” is used in theWorld Drug Report. The term “misuse” is used only todenote the non-medical use of prescription drugs.All uses of the word “drug” and the term “drug use” inthe World Drug Report refer to substances controlledunder the international drug control conventions, andtheir non-medical use.All analysis contained in the World Drug Report is basedon the official data submitted by Member States to theUNODC through the annual report questionnaire unlessindicated otherwise.The following abbreviations have been used in thepresent booklet:alpha-PVP alpha-pyrrolidinovalerophenoneCBD cannabidiolCOVID-19 coronavirus diseaseDALYs disability-adjusted life yearsΔ-9-THC delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinolECOWAS Economic Community of West African StatesEMCDDA European Monitoring Centre for Drugs andDrug AddictionEuropol European Union Agency forLaw Enforcement CooperationCANNABIS, OPIOIDS Explanatory notesThe designations employed and the presentation ofthe material in the World Drug Report do not imply theexpression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of theSecretariat of the United Nations concerning the legalstatus of any country, territory, city or area, or of itsauthorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiersor boundaries.3ha hectaresINCB International Narcotics Control BoardNPS new psychoactive substancesS-DDD defined daily doses for statistical purposesUNODC United Nations Office on Drugs and CrimeWHO World Health OrganizationThe data on population used in the World Drug Report aretaken from: World Population Prospects: The 2019 Revision(United Nations, Department of Economic and SocialAffairs, Population Division).References to dollars ( ) are to United States dollars,unless otherwise stated.References to tons are to metric tons, unless otherwisestated.7
SCOPE OF THE BOOKLETWith respect to opioids, the booklet discusses the overlaps between the various opioids, mostly in terms ofdemand dynamics. It also contains the latest estimates ofand trends in opioid use at the global and regional levels,including an update on the availability of pharmaceutical opioids for medical consumption. That is followed byan overview of the latest estimates of and trends in thesupply of opiates, from the cultivation of opium poppyand production of opium to trafficking trends and routes,on the basis of seizures made in the subregions in whichopiates are produced and along the routes to the mainopiate markets. The booklet concludes with a review ofthe supply of other opioids, in particular the traffickingtrends and routes for fentanyls and tramadol both at theglobal level and in the subregions most affected.SCOPE OF THE BOOKLETConstituting the third part of the World Drug Report 2021,the present booklet contains an analysis of the globalmarket for cannabis, starting with a review of cannabissupply, including trends in the cultivation of and trafficking in cannabis herb and cannabis resin at the global leveland in the various regions. It contains the latest estimatesof and trends in cannabis use, including an analysis ofchanges over time in cannabis use and risk perceptions.The booklet also includes an overview of the latest developments in measures regulating the non-medical use ofcannabis in Canada, Uruguay and some jurisdictions inthe United States of America.3CANNABIS IS MORE POTENT BUT FEWERYOUNG PEOPLE SEE IT AS HARMFULPERCEPTION AMONG ADOLESCENTSCANNABIS HERB POTENCY4X INCREASE19952019 9-THC 9-THC19952019980 %16 %60 %12 %
CANNABISGLOBAL SEIZURESGLOBAL NUMBER OF USERS2019 7%Change fromprevious yearresin2019-12%herb3,7791,395cannabis herbcannabis resintonsCANNABIS Cannabis supply3tonsCannabis supplyCannabis cultivation and productionaffects all regionsUnlike other plant-based drugs, for which cultivation andproduction are concentrated in only a few countries, cannabis is produced in almost all countries worldwide. Inthe period 2010–2019, the cultivation of cannabis plantwas reported to UNODC either through direct indicators(such as the cultivation or eradication of cannabis plantsand the dismantlement of cannabis-producing sites) orindirect indicators (such as the seizure of cannabis plantsand the origin of cannabis seizures as reported by otherMember States) by 151 countries, covering 97 per cent ofthe global population.Qualitative information on trends reported by MemberStates suggests that there was an expansion in global cannabis cultivation over the period 2010–2017, followed bya decline in 2018 and then a moderate increase in 2019.200 millionOutdoor cultivation of cannabis continuesto be more widespread than indoor cultivation, but the increase in indoor cultivation islargerAvailable data suggest that outdoor cannabis cultivation continues to be more widespread at the global levelthan indoor cannabis cultivation, a situation that did notchange between the periods 2010–2014 and 2015–2019.Overall, 89 countries reported outdoor cannabis cultivation and/or law enforcement activities linked to outdoorcannabis cultivation (such as eradication, seizures of cannabis plants and seizures of cannabis-producing sites) inthe period 2010–2019, while 65 countries reported datain relation to indoor cultivation. Some countries reportedboth indoor and outdoor cannabis cultivation.Whereas outdoor cannabis production is found aroundthe globe, most reported indoor cultivation of cannabiscontinues to be concentrated in countries of Europe andNorth America (most notably the United States, followedby Canada) and, to a lesser extent, in countries of Central11
WORLD DRUG REPORT 2021Source countries for cannabisAs most countries do not have systems in place tosystematically monitor the area under cannabis cultivation, estimating the global area under cannabiscultivation is challenging. On the one hand, somecountries report the total area under cannabis cultivation, but such estimates have severe limitations;on the other hand, existing indicators on seizures anderadication are widely available. Any indicator as itrelates to a single country is insufficient to provideinsight into the extent of cannabis cultivation and production, but when the indicators for various countriesare analysed together, they can point to those countries where the most significant cannabis cultivationis likely to exist.a Analysis of the various indicatorsover the period 2010–2019 suggests that the followingcountries are likely to have a significant area undercannabis cultivation in comparison with other countries in the same region or subregion (given in orderof importance, for each subregion): Africa Americas OceaniaNorth America: Mexico, the United States ofAmerica and CanadaAustralia and New ZealandSouth America: Paraguay, Brazil and ColombiaCentral America: Guatemala, Costa Rica andHondurasCaribbean: Jamaica and Trinidad and Tobagoand South America (including Chile, Colombia, Ecuadorand Uruguay). Beyond those regions, indoor cannabiscultivation is found in Oceania (Australia and New Zealand) as well as in a number of countries and territories inAsia, including in the Near and Middle East/South-WestAsia (Iran (Islamic Republic of), Israel and the State ofPalestine), in East and South-East Asia (China, includingHong Kong, China, Japan and Mongolia), in Central Asia(Kyrgyzstan and Uzbekistan) and Transcaucasia (Armeniaand Georgia). To date, no indoor cannabis cultivation hasbeen reported to UNODC by countries in Africa.12Qualitative information on trends reported by MemberStates also suggests that over the period 2012–2019, theMorocco, Egypt, South Africa, Nigeria, Eswatini andGhana EuropeWestern and Central Europe: the Netherlands,Spain,Czechia and SwitzerlandSouth-Eastern Europe: Albania, Turkey and RomaniaEastern Europe: the Russian Federation and Ukraine AsiaNear and Middle East/South-West Asia:Afghanistan, Lebanon and PakistanCentral Asia: Kyrgyzstan and KazakhstanTranscaucasia: Azerbaijan and ArmeniaSouth Asia: India and NepalSouth-East Asia: the Philippines, the Lao People’sDemocratic Republic, Thailand and IndonesiaaData for a number of direct indicators (e.g., “area under cannabiscultivation”) and for indirect indicators (e.g., “hectares of cannabis eradicated”, “number of cannabis plants eradicated”, “numberof cannabis sites eradicated”, “number of cannabis plants seized”,“origin of cannabis seized” and “seizures of cannabis herband resin”) are available and have been combined to identifythose countries likely to have a significant area under cannabiscultivation.increase in indoor cannabis cultivation was larger than theincrease in outdoor cultivation. In that period, 49 countries (43 per cent of the countries that reported trends inindoor cultivation) reported an increase in indoor cultivation, while 23 countries (20 per cent) reported a decrease,resulting in overall “net growth” of 23 per cent amongall countries that reported indoor cannabis cultivationtrends. That is more than three times the corresponding“net growth” in the proportion of countries that reportedoutdoor cannabis cultivation trends (7 per cent). Most ofthe increases in indoor cannabis cultivation were reportedby countries in Europe and, to a lesser extent, by countries in the Americas.
Fig. 3Proportion of countries (percentage)1801401202019Number of countries reporting "large increase"Number of countries reporting "some increase"Number of countries reporting "stable"Number of countries reporting "some decrease"Number of countries reporting "large decrease"Cultivation trends 0%300,000452010–2014015010050Index: 1998 10048%Global number of cannabis herb and resinseizure cases, 1998–20192016Proportion 140Proportion (percentage)50%505048%710Fig. 460%6060NumberNumber5020Note: The figure is based on qualitative information on trends in indoor andoutdoor cannabis cultivation reported by Member States. “Net growth” is definedhere as the number of countries reporting increases minus the number of countriesreporting decreases in cannabis cultivation over the period 2012–2019, presented asa proportion of the total number of countries providing trends on outdoor cannabiscultivation and on indoor cannabis cultivation, respectively.Number of countries reporting indoor cannabis cultivationand their share among all countries with cannabis cultivation, 2010–2014 and 2015–201960%23Source: UNODC, responses to the annual report questionnaire.Note: The cultivation trends index is based on qualitative information on trends in cannabis cultivationreported by Member States. Calculations are based on the reports of 112 countries – on average, 34countries per year over the period 2010–2019. The trend line is calculated on the basis of the number ofcountries reporting increases minus the number of countries reporting decreases (2 points for “largeincrease”, 1 point for “some increase”, 0 points for “stable”, -1 point for “some decrease”, -2 points for “largedecrease”).6030OutdoorSource: UNODC, responses to the annual report questionnaire.Fig. dex: 2010 1001603Reported trends in outdoor and indoorcannabis cultivation, 2012–2019CANNABIS Cannabis supplyQualitative information on trends in cannabis cultivation asreported by national experts, 2010–2019NumberFig. 1010%Number of seizure casesIndex of number of 0%seizure cases2015–2019Number of countries reporting indoor cannabis cultivation Number of countries reporting indoor cannabis cultivationSource: UNODC calculations based on responses to the annual reportIndoor as a proportion of all countries reporting cannabis cultivationIndoor as a proportionof all countries reporting cannabis cultivationquestionnnaire.Source: UNODC, responses to the annual report questionnaire.Note: Figures are based on estimates reported by countries of the area under cannabis cultivation and/orarea of cannabis eradicated and/or number of cannabis plants eradicated and/or number of cannabissites eradicated and/or area available for cannabis cultivation after eradication.Note: The number of seizure cases is based on cannabis herb and resin seizure casesreported by an average of 75 countries per year over the period 1998–2019 (57countries in 2019). The index is a chained index of the number of cannabis herb andresin seizure cases reported by countries in at least two subsequent years; it is basedon the reporting of an average of 61 countries per year (52 countries in 2018–2019).13
umber of seizure casesGlobal cannabis seizures: quantities and seizure cases, 1998–20191998Quantities seized (tons)WORLD DRUG REPORT 2021Fig. 50Estimated additional quantities of cannabis herb and resin seized by non-reporting countries in 2019Quantities of cannabis herb seized (as reported)Quantities of cannabis resin seized (as reported)Estimated additional quantities of cannabis herb and resin seized by non-reporting countries, excluding North America, in 2019Quantities of cannabis herb and resin seized, excluding North America (as reported)Seizure cases of cannabis herb and resin (as reported)Estimated global cannabis seizure cases in 2019 (including estimated additional seizure cases)Source: UNODC, responses to the annual report questionnaire.Note: A total of 121 countries reported seizure cases of cannabis herb or resin in the period 2009–2019, with an average of 62 countries per year (57 in 2019). This compareswith a total of 166 countries reporting quantities of cannabis herb or resin seized in the period 2009–2019, with an average of 127 countries per year (120 in 2019). Theestimates for 2019 are based on the assumption that the quantities of cannabis (herb and resin) seized and the number of cannabis (herb and resin) seizure cases remainedunchanged in non-reporting countries in 2019 as compared with the previous year.Quantities of cannabis seized continueto decline, although probably not due toreduced supplyThe reported numbers of seizures of cannabis (herb andresin) showed an upward trend over the first decade ofthe new millenium, albeit with annual fluctuations, followed in recent years by a more stable trend. By contrast,the quantities of cannabis (herb and resin) seized at theglobal level, fell by 8 per cent in 2019 to 5,174 tons, thefifth consecutive yearly decline. The quantities seizeddeclined in all regions except Africa, and in all subregions except West and Central Africa, North Africa, theCaribbean, Central America and Eastern Europe; however,some of this decline may have been partially due to thenon-reporting of some countries in 2019.14The overall decrease in the quantities of cannabis (herband resin) seized in the last decade reflects a 56 per centdecline in the Americas over the period 2009–2019 (andmore than 40 per cent since 2015). The global quantities of cannabis (herb and resin) seized, excluding thosereported in North America, were 44 per cent larger in2019 than in 2009.In contrast to the decline in the quantities of cannabis(herb and resin) seized, qualitative information on trendsreported by Member States (38 countries on average peryear) suggests an upward trend in cannabis traffickingover the past decade, most notably after 2015, and theupward trend continued in 2019. This discrepancy couldbe the result of the set of countries reporting seizuresbeing to some degree different from the set of countriesreporting trends by means of qualitative information. Itmay also be an indication that the overall decline in thequantities of cannabis seized may be a result of the interdiction of cannabis possibly becoming less of a priorityfor law enforcement agencies in a number of jurisdictions
ropeSouth and Central America and CaribbeanNorth AmericaTrafficking trends indexSource: UNODC, responses to the annual report questionnaire.Note: The trafficking trends index is based on qualitative information on trends incannabis herb trafficking reported by Member States. The trend line is calculated onthe basis of the number of countries reporting increases minus the number ofcountries reporting decreases (2 points for “large increase”, 1 point for “someincrease”, 0 points for “stable”, -1 point for “some decrease”, -2 points for “largedecrease”).in the Americas because of the decriminalization andlegalization of cannabis for non-medical use in thesejurisdictions,1 rather than an indication of a decline inthe supply of cannabis at the global level.Decline in quantities of cannabis herb seizedin North America may be partly linked tothe legalization of some cannabis markets inthat subregionThe total global quantity of cannabis herb seized in 2019declined by 12 per cent compared with the previousyear, falling to 3,779 tons, the lowest figure since 1998.The largest proportion of that amount was seized in the1United States Government Accountability Office, “State marijuanalegalization: DOJ should document its approach to monitoring theeffects of legalization”, Report to Congressional Requesters, GAO-16-1(December 2015).34003002001000United amasMexicoSudan deshOther160Quantities of cannabis herb seized, by country, 20182019Quantities seized (tons)8,000Fig. 7AmericasAsiaAfricaEuropeCANNABIS Cannabis supplyQuantities of cannabis herb seized andreported trends in cannabis herb trafficking,2009–2019Trafficking trends index: 2010 100Fig. 6Various regionsSource: UNODC, responses to the annual report questionnaire.Note: No seizure data provided for 2019 by Sudan; data refer to 2018.Americas (60 per cent of the global total), with SouthAmerica accounting for 34 per cent of the global totaland North America for 17 per cent. In previous years, thelargest proportion of cannabis herb seized was reportedby countries in North America, which accounted for anaverage of 50 per cent of the global total in the period2008–2018. The next largest proportions of global quantities seized in 2019 were those of Africa (21 per cent) andAsia (13 per cent), followed by Europe (6 per cent).The total quantity of cannabis herb seized worldwide in2019 was 40 per cent less than in 2009. That decline wasmainly driven by the decreases in the reported seizurequantities in North America (decrease of 86 per cent), asthere were marked declines reported by the United States(decrease of 82 per cent), Mexico (decrease of 90 percent) and Canada (decrease of 91 per cent). As mentionedabove, the decline in reported quantities seized mostlikely reflects the changing legal framework concerningcannabis, as Canada legalized cannabis for non-medicalpurposes in 2018 and some jurisdictions in the UnitedStates have done so since 2014. 22See the below chapter of the present booklet, “Developments inmeasures regulating the non-medical use of cannabis”.15
WORLD DRUG REPORT 2021Origin, departure and transit ofcannabis herb, 2015–2019The countries that were most frequently mentionedin the annual report questionnaire as the maincountries of origin, departure and transit for cannabis herb in the period 2015–2019 were as follows(given in order of importance, for each subregion): AmericasNorth America: United States, Mexico andCanadaSouth America: Colombia and ParaguayCentral America: Guatemala and HondurasCaribbean: Jamaica AfricaWest and Central Africa: Ghana and NigeriaSouthern Africa: Mozambique, South Africa,Malawi and EswatiniEast Africa: United Republic of Tanzania,Uganda and KenyaNorth Africa: Morocco EuropeWestern and Central Europe: the Netherlands,Spain and AlbaniaSouth-Eastern Europe: Albania and SerbiaEastern Europe: the Russian Federation, Ukraineand Kazakhstan AsiaSouth-East Asia: Myanmar, Malaysia andThailandSouth Asia: India, Bangladesh and NepalNear and Middle East/South-West Asia:Afghanistan and LebanonCentral Asia and Transcaucasia: Kyrgyzstan andKazakhstan16Most cannabis herb continues to be seizedin the AmericasDespite the marked declines, the country that reportedseizing the largest quantities of cannabis herb in 2019was the United States, followed by Paraguay, a majorsupplier of the markets in Brazil and other countries inthe region,3 and Colombia. Of the 10 countries worldwidereporting the seizure of the largest quantities of cannabis herb, 7 were located in the Americas. The countriesreporting the seizure of the largest quantities of cannabis herb in 2019 in regions other than the Americas wereIndia, Nigeria and Morocco.When considering a larger timespan, the period 2009–2019, the countries seizing the largest total amounts ofcannabis herb worldwide were, in order of the amountsseized, the United States, Mexico, Paraguay, Colombia,Nigeria, Morocco, Brazil, India and Egypt.Trafficking in cannabis herb continues tobe mostly intraregionalMost trafficking in cannabis herb continues to be intraregional. In Africa, the Americas and Europe, countriesreport that seized cannabis herb primarily comes fromor is destined for countries of the same region. By contrast, the most frequently mentioned countries of origin,departure and transit for cannabis herb seized in Oceaniain the period 2015–2019 were countries in other regions(primarily the United States, followed by the Netherlandsand Canada). Similarly, in Asia, two countries from NorthAmerica (Canada and the United States) were amongthe six most frequently mentioned countri
market for cannabis, starting with a review of cannabis supply, including trends in the cultivation of and traffick - ing in cannabis herb and cannabis resin at the global level and in the various regions. It contains the latest estimates of and trends in cannabis use, including an analysis of changes over time in cannabis use and risk perceptions.
The Cannabis Grow Bible is an information system. We hope that you stick with us and learn more about how to grow BIGGER BUD! 10 CONTENTS PREFACE FOREWORD Chapter 1 : THE CANNABIS PLANT: A BRIEF HISTORY OF CANNABIS AND THE BASICS OF USING CANNABIS.-HOW CANNABIS IS USED-SPECIES-THC-ZERO ZERO-RESIN-THE HIGH Chapter 2 :
Opioid Overdose Deaths by Drug Type In 2019, synthetic opioids were involved in the greatest proportion of opioid overdose deaths. Type of Opioid Number of Deaths Commonly-prescribed opioids* 143 Heroin 106 Synthetic opioids 309 Note: overdose deaths may involve more than one drug. They also include unintentional
5 Cannabis Regulation in Europe: Country Report Denmark transnationalinstitute how the closure of, and subsequent increased police attention to cannabis sale in, Pusher Street has led to the dispersal of the cannabis market, with more covert cannabis sale occurring in hash clubs throughout Copenhagen (
cannabis activity and an M-license to engage in medicinal commercial cannabis activity. The exception is testing laboratories, which may test cannabis goods for both license types. Ownership An owner is a person who: holds at least 20 percent aggregate ownership interest in a commercial cannabis business; is a chief executive offcer or
Cannabis products must be in packaged in a child-resistant container and be labelled with the standardized cannabis symbol, the mandatory health warning message, and include specific product information (e.g., brand name of the cannabis product, class of cannabis, delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and cannabidiol (CBD) information, licence
and "medical cannabis, medical cannabis product, or cannabis product" as defined by subdivision (af) of section 19300.5 of the Business and Professions Code. "Cannabis product symbol " means the image established by the Department to indicate that a manufactured product contains THC. "CBD" means the compound cannabidiol.
Table II.1. MA High Schoolers Cannabis Use by Year, YRBS 2007-2017. 120 Table II.2. MA High Schoolers Cannabis Use by Year and Grade, YRBS 2007-2017 . 121 Table II.3. MA High Schoolers Cannabis Use by Demographics, YRBS 2007-2017 . 122 Table II.4. MA High Schoolers Cannabis Use by Demographics by Year, YRBS 2007-2017
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