Challenges To Commercialization Of Guinea Fowl In Africa - IJSR
International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR)ISSN (Online): 2319-7064Challenges to Commercialization of Guinea Fowl inAfricaJohn Cassius Moreki1, Malebogo Virginia Radikara21Department of Animal Science and Production, Botswana College of Agriculture,Private Bag 0027, Gaborone, BotswanaAbstract: This paper evaluated literature on challenges to commercialization of guinea fowl on the African continent. Although theorigin of guinea fowl is Africa, commercialization of these birds on the continent is still in its infancy. Across Africa, guinea fowl arereared at subsistence level with low levels of inputs committed resulting in low productivity. In rearing guinea fowl, a myriad ofchallenges are experienced including inter alia inadequate nutrition, poor housing, high keet mortality, lack of health control andinadequate technical support from government extension services. In order to raise productivity of guinea fowl enterprises, feedimprovement, hygienic and sanitary preventive programme have to be applied. It is apparent that addressing these challenges willcontribute to guinea fowl production being an important supplier of high quality animal protein (meat and eggs) and a job creator forthe rural populace.Keywords: Africa, challenges, Guinea fowl, keets, poverty, predation1. IntroductionThe name “Guinea fowl” is derived from the Guinea coast ofAfrica, which is where the birds are believed to haveoriginated [1]. Although the origin of guinea fowl is Africa,commercialization of these birds on the continent is still inits infancy. In most parts of Africa, guinea fowl are reared atsubsistence level with low levels of inputs committedresulting in low productivity. Dougnon et al. (2012) [2] inBenin observed that the development of intensive guineafowl rearing is very little. Guinea fowl also occur in Asiaand Latin America as a semi-domesticated species while inEurope, North America and Australia, large-scalecommercial production occurs [3]. This indicates that guineafowl have ubiquitous distribution. Previous study byNahashon et al. (2006) [4] reported that guinea fowl as ameat bird has proved to be a viable and profitable enterprise,thus providing opportunity for commercialization in manyparts of the world.Guinea fowl are a source of protein (eggs and meat) andincome. Guinea fowl meat is high in protein and low in fatcontent, thus it is highly prized compared to chicken meat[5]. Ayeni (1980) [6] stated that guinea fowl meat has aprotein content of about 28% compared to 20% for domesticfowl. In Ghana, Teye and Adam (2000) [7] mentioned that inaddition to their main use as a source of income and protein,guinea fowl play important roles in the socio-cultural lives ofmany tribes. For example, they are exclusively used for theannual festival by the Dagombas and Gonjas tribes; the purewhite guinea fowl is used for religious sacrifices and toperform certain funeral rites, whereas the Frafras, Dagabasand Bulsas tribes use guinea fowl to welcome mothers-inlaw. Guinea fowl are resistant to most poultry diseases at theadult age [7]. Sayila (2009) [8] also mentioned that guineafowl are resistant to common poultry diseases and requireless labour and management than chickens.Although the advantages and importance of the guinea fowlhave enticed many farmers to take special interest in theirproduction, scientific information of the local guinea fowlPaper ID: 02013526has been very scanty [7]. This paper examines literature onguinea fowl production in Africa and endeavours to identifychallenges to commercial guinea fowl production on theAfrican continent.2. Rearing SystemsSeveral studies have shown that in most African countriesguinea fowl are reared mainly under extensive (free range ortraditional) and/or semi-intensive systems [9, 10]. Moreki(2007) [11] stated that the free range system is thepredominant rearing method common in Africa. Konlan andAvornyo (2013) [12] in Benin showed that 98% of thefarmers housed their guinea fowl in the night and offeredthem few handfuls of grains and allowed them to scavengethe whole day. Free range guinea fowl constitutes animportant resource for resource-poor farmers in developingcountries. In Botswana, guinea fowl are raised mainly underthe intensive system [5] probably due to a requirement bygovernment that domestic guinea fowl should be confined toavoid mixing with the wild ecotypes. In these systems, birdsdepend mainly on scavenging with no or very little inputscommitted resulting in low productivity. Additionally,housing is rudimentary, indicating that losses due topredation are high. Also, health management practices arebased mainly on ethnoveterinary medicine probably due toits availability in the villages. The belief that guinea fowl areresistant to diseases could be contributing to farmers notadopting preventative measures against diseases such asNCD, which devastates flocks.3. Challenges in Guinea Fowl RearingAcross Africa a number of challenges in guinea fowlproduction have been identified and these are discussed inthis section.3.1 Poor HousingLack of shelters [13], poor housing [9], substandard housing[10] and low level of housing [14] pose a serious challengeVolume 2 Issue 11, November 2013www.ijsr.net436
International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR)ISSN (Online): 2319-7064in guinea fowl rearing. Sayila (2009) [8] pointed out thatsince most if not all rural guinea fowl growers in Botswanaare small-scale farmers they prefer to breed and keep theirbirds free-range rather than in fenced pens. Due to poorhousing predation rates are usually high, especially insmallholder guinea fowl farming. Lack of and/or poorhousing also contributes to high mortalities due tounfavorable climatic conditions, increased incidences oftheft, and difficulties in catching birds during vaccinations.absence of well-equipped veterinary service hamperedpoultry production in Metema District of North-WesternEthiopia.3.5 High keets’ mortality rates and source of one-daykeetsIn Botswana, Moreki et al. (2010) [15] cited inadequacy ofextension service to be one of the major challenges in guineafowl production, which gives rise to farmers not havingadequate management skills in successfully raising guineafowl. Gono et al. (2013) [13] in Zimbabwe also identifiedlack of technical support along with predation, lack of fundsto build shelters, poor marketing and lack of shelters to bethe major challenges to guinea production.The major challenges to guinea fowl production wereidentified to be high keet mortality [Ayeni and Ayanda, 1982[18]; Teye and Adam, 2000 [7] and absence of a source ofquality one-day-old keets [7]. Similarly, Dahouda et al.(2007) [9] in Benin found keet mortality to be a majorconstraint in guinea fowl rearing and estimated it to be 74%.Keets mortality is estimated to be 50% [19] in Nigeria and80-100% in Benin [20]. The major causes of high keetsmortalities are exposure of keets to bad weather [19, 20],poor feeding and worm infestation [20], diseases andparasites and poor management [19]. This indicates poorhousing, poor nutrition and lack of health management dueto poor and/or lack of extension support.3.3 Poor or Inadequate Feeding3.6 Lack of Health ManagementGuinea fowl are usually fed cereal grains, kitchen andgarden wastes, and to a less extent commercial chicken diets(both broiler and layers). Because of the small populationsfarmed guinea fowl, compounded guinea fowl diets are notreadily available in the markets; hence the use of commercialchicken diets. It should, however, be noted that guinea fowlhave high protein requirements than chickens, indicating thattheir requirements for protein are not met by feeding dietsfor chickens.Sayila (2009) [8] mentioned that guinea fowl are resistant tocommon poultry diseases such as Gumboro, NCD andsalmonellosis while Bonkoungou (2005) [21] stated thatguinea fowl are more tolerant to common viral and bacterialdiseases which occur in poultry but are intolerable to internaland external parasites due to their scavenging behaviourunder semi-intensive production systems. Guinea fowl havebetter resistance to common poultry parasites and diseaseswhich affect chickens such as NCD and fowl pox [22].Although guinea fowl are reported to be disease resistant,Boko et al. (2012) [23] stated that they are affected bycollibacilosis, salmonellosis and NCD. Newcastle diseasemost affects chickens than guinea fowl. Dahouda et al.(2008) [24] in Benin showed that parasitic affections werethe main causes of mortality in keets. Similarly, Teye andAdam (2000) [7] found worm infestations to be one of thechallenges in guinea fowl rearing. Ethnoveterinary medicineis used as a substitute for conventional veterinary supportprobably because of its easy access in the villages [10]. Thestudy by Kebede et al. (2012) [14] in north-western Ethiopiareported that high mortality rates occurred during months ofFebruary, March, April and May. Mortality was attributableto a diarrhoeic disease syndrome locally named as Fengil.3.2 Inadequate Technical/Extension ServiceIn Zimbabwe, Kusina et al. (2012) [10] reported that feedwas offered in a haphazard manner and that birds were fedmainly cereal grains such as maize, millet or sorghum. Thefeeding of cereal grains could be due to unavailability ofcompounded guinea fowl diets. In addition, Naandam andIssah (2012) [16] showed that guinea fowl breeders were fedmaize (80%) and millet (20%) before they laid eggs andmillet (80%) and maize (20%) during lay. According theauthors, farmers perceived maize as promoting growth andmaintenance, whereas millet promoted egg production. InGhana, lack of information about nutrient requirements oflocal guinea fowl was also cited as one of the challenges inguinea fowl production [7]. Gono et al. (2013) [13] reportedthat an inadequate feed supply was another challenge toGuinea fowl production. Inadequate feed supplies gives riseto poor growth rates, low egg production of guinea fowl andelevated mortalities. Losses of birds are also attributable tostarvation [17].3.4 High input Costs and Poor Supply of InputsHigh feed prices and other inputs make guinea fowl farmersin Botswana to perpetually rear their birds in the countrysideand on free-range where the birds scavenge for food [8]. Thestudy by Gono et al. (2013) [13] in Zimbabwe identifiedinadequate supply of veterinary requites to be one of thechallenges in guinea fowl production resulting in birds notbeing protected and/or treated against infectious agents. Thiscontributes to high mortality of keets as they have a weakimmune system. Kebede et al. (2012) [14] reported that thePaper ID: 020135263.7 PredationLow egg productivity due to frequent change of laying spotin the bush leads to eggs being preyed upon or stolen. Also,picking of eggs and keets by hawks is another form of loss[18]. The study by Kebede et al. (2012) [14] indicated thatpredators were a significant cause of loss of poultry next tolosses due to diseases. Furthermore, Saina et al., 2005 [17]reported that few eggs are consumed while others are lostthrough breakage and predation by snakes, wild cats anddogs, especially eggs from hens that laid among bushes.It is estimated [Boko et al. (2011) [25] the death rate of keetswithin the first two months of life to be 50%. This high lossof keets contributes to guinea fowl flocks not increasing overtime. Dahouda et al. (2008) [24] attributed the main causesVolume 2 Issue 11, November 2013www.ijsr.net437
International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR)ISSN (Online): 2319-7064of mortality to rainfall, predators, cold and the fragility ofchicks.3.8 Breeding ChallengesAlong with low level of housing and feeding management,lack of improved breeds is one of the most importantconstraints hampering poultry production in Metema Districtof North-Western Ethiopia [14]. In Botswana, guineabreeding is indiscriminate giving rise to inbreeding beingcommon [5]. Guinea fowl eggs are incubated naturally usinghens (guinea fowl and/or chickens) or artificially withincubators. The study by Dahouda et al. (2008) [24] showedthat local hens are used to incubate guinea fowl eggs and arepreferred to Guinea fowl hens. Natural incubation which iscommon in smallholder guinea fowl production does notcontribute many keets to the flocks; hence contributing to theunderdevelopment of the guinea fowl enterprise across thecontinent.Ogah (2013) [26] stated that increased interest inconsumption and domestication of guinea fowl necessitatesdeliberate efforts to promote development of guinea fowl.This can be achieved by adopting breeding programmes thatare common to other livestock species.3.9 Lack of Financial Support: In Botswana, guinea fowlrearers lack support from government to start commercialguinea fowl enterprises [5]. Similarly, lack of funds toconstruct shelters is reported to be one of the challenges inguinea fowl production in Zimbabwe [13]. Unlikecommercial chicken farmers who received governmentsupport in the form of grants through the then FinancialAssistance Policy (FAP), AE10 and CEDA, guinea fowlrearers in Botswana do not receive financial support fromgovernment. However, some support was extended toresource-poor farmers in Botswana to venture into guineafowl farming under Livestock Management andInfrastructure Development (LIMID) Support Programme asa vehicle to alleviating poverty. The support lasted for aboutthree years. Lack of support by governments hampers thegrowth and commercialization of guinea fowl.3.10 MarketingIn general, market for guinea fowl is not organized. Gono etal. (2013) [13] mentioned poor marketing as one of themajor challenges in guinea fowl production. The market forguinea fowl in Botswana is not developed because guineafowl farming is still in its infancy [5]. In Benin, guinea fowlare alive from 8 to 18 months of age. Sale of birds is basedon cash needs and time of the year with festivities such asChristmas, New Year, Tabaski and Ramadan being peakmarketing periods [9]. Likewise, in Botswana guinea fowlare sold live to individuals who possess government permitsthat allow them to rear guinea fowl or may be dressed for therestaurants, butcheries and hotels [5].3.11 Lack of and/ or Inadequate Researchet al. (2003) [28] in Botswana recommended that moreresearch on genetic improvement and nutrition to reduce ageat slaughter of guinea fowl.3.12 Other ChallengesOther challenges to guinea fowl production include difficultyin sexing guinea fowl and taming of birds [7], keetweakness, poor quality of eggs, egg losses in the bush, keetspredation, poor housing and infestations [9] and low [18].According to Moreki (2007) [11], sex determination inguinea fowl is extremely difficult, especially in keets asmales and females differ so little in appearance, thus makingit difficult to distinguish them from each other. Sex may bedistinguished by the cry of the birds after they are about twomonths old and by larger helmets and wattles and coarserhead of the male in adult birds. However, sex determinationin keets can be performed at six weeks by the cloacal orifice[2].In most African countries, guinea fowl are still treated asgame and are hunted for meat. In Botswana, the Departmentof Wildlife and National Parks under the Ministry ofEnvironment, Wildlife and Tourism (MoEWT) allowsguinea fowl to be hunted from April to September, i.e., sixmonths. This arrangement discourages commercialproduction of guinea fowl as demand for guinea fowl meat islikely to decline during the hunting season. Furthermore, thetechnical expertise on guinea fowl farming lies with theMinistry of Agriculture while the issuance of permits to rearguinea domestic guinea fowl is the responsibility ofMoEWT. Again, this setup appears to hinder the growth ofthe industry.4. Future ScopeThere is a need for African governments and nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) to support guinea fowlproduction, especially in the rural areas where commercialchicken production has failed. Improvements in such aspectsas nutrition, housing and health management will go a longway in increasing benefits to the rearers the majority ofwhom live in abject poverty. Provision of small grants willstimulate interest in guinea fowl production. In addition,there is a need for increased research and extension support.This should include technology development, farmers’training and provision of veterinary services.5. ConclusionThe main challenges in smallholder guinea fowl productioninclude inadequate nutrition, poor housing, high keetmortality, lack of health control and inadequate technicalsupport from government extension services. To raiseproductivity of guinea fowl enterprises, housingimprovements, feed improvement, genetic improvement,hygienic and sanitary preventive programmes have to beapplied. There is also need to apply modern broodingtechniques as a way of reducing keets mortality.Little research on guinea fowl has carried out in in Africa incomparison with domestic chickens (Gallus gallusdomesticus) [Nalubamba et al., 2010] [27]. As a result, NsosoPaper ID: 02013526Volume 2 Issue 11, November 2013www.ijsr.net438
International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR)ISSN (Online): 2319-7064References[1] Ikani, E.I. and Dafwang, I.I. (2004). The production ofGuinea fowl in Nigeria. Extension Bulletin No. 207,Poultry Series No. 8. Retrieved 23rd May 2011 eafowl.pdf[2] Dougnon, T.J., Tobada, P., Djossa, B.A., Davito, F.E.,Youssao, I. (2012). Effects of powdered peanut(Arachis hypogea) on the sex reversing in guinea fowland the parameters of production and reproduction inthe fowl “Numida meleagris”. International Journal ofAdvanced Biological Research 2(2):209-214.[3] Bonds, H. (1997). Alternative farming: A UnitedNations alternative farming on the pendentnewsgroup.com.au/archive/helmi/[4] Nahashon, S.N., Aggrey, S.E., Adefope, N.A. andAmenyenu, A. (2006). Modeling growth characteristicsof meat-type Guinea fowl. Poultry Science 85:943-946.[5] Moreki, J.C. and Seabo, D. (2012). Guinea fowlproduction in Botswana. Journal of World’s PoultryResearch 2(1):01-04.[6] Ayeni, J.S.O. (1980). 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The effect ofwetland on guinea fowl (Numida meleagris) eggproductivity and fertility during the dry season in theguinea savannah ecological zone of Ghana. Sky Journalof Agricultural Research 2(9):126-131.[13] Gono, R.K., Svinurai, W. and Muzvondiwa, J.V.(2013). Constraints and opportunities to Guinea fowlproduction in Zimbabwe: A case study of the MidlandsProvince, Zimbabwe. International Journal of Scienceand Research, 2(3):236-239.[14] Kebede H., Hussen D.O. and Melaku, A. (2012). Studyon status and constraints of village poultry productionin Metema District, North-Western Ethiopia.American-Eurasian Journal of Scientific Research,7(6):246-251.[15] Moreki, J.C., Thutwa, M., Ntesang, K., Koloka, O.A.and Ipatleng, T. (2010). Utilization of the guinea fowlPaper ID: 6][27]and Tswana chicken packages of the LivestockManagement and Infrastructure Development SupportScheme, Botswana. Livestock Research for RuralDevelopment 22(11). Retrieved 12/12/2010 ndam, J. and Issah, G.B. 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The Royal Veterinaryand Agricultural University. Copenhagen, Denmark.Microlivestock (1991). Little known small animals withpromising economic future. Board on Science alAcademyPress,Washington,Washington, pp. 115-125.Boko K.C., Kpodekon T.M., Dahouda M., Marlier D.and Mainil J.G. (2012). Contraintes techniques etsanitaires de la production traditionnelle de pintade enAfrique subsaharienne. Ann. Méd. Vét., 156:25-36.Dahouda M., Sènou, M., Toléba, S.S., Boko, C.K.,Adandédjan, J.C. and Hornick, J.L. (2008).Comparison of local Guinea fowl (Numida meleagris)production characteristics in experimental station andrural area in soudano-guinean zone of Bénin. LivestockResearch for Rural Development, 20(12). 20211.htmBoko, C.K., Kpodekon, M.T., Farougou, S., Dahouda,M., Youssao, A.K.I., Aploga, G.L., Zanou, J. andMainil, J.G. (2011). Farmer perceptions andpathological constraints in helmeted guinea fowlfarming in the Borgou department in North-East Benin.African Journal of Agricultural Research, 6(10): 23482357.Ogah, D.M. (2013). Variability in body shapecharacteristics in an indigenous guinea fowl (Numidameleagris L.). Slovak Journal of Animal Science46(3):110-114.Nalubamba, K.S., Mudenda, N.B. and Masuku, M.(2010). Indices of health; clinical haematology andbody weights of free-range Guinea fowl (Numidameleagris) from the Southern Province of Zambia.Volume 2 Issue 11, November 2013www.ijsr.net439
International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR)ISSN (Online): 2319-7064International Journal of Poultry Science 9(12): 10831086.[28] Nsoso, S.J., Seabo, G.M., Kgosiemang, S.G.,Molatlhegi, M., Mokobela, M., Chabo, R.G. and Mine,O.M. (2003). Performance of progeny of wild anddomesticated guinea fowl (Numida meleagris) inSouthern Botswana. South African Journal of AnimalScience 4: 46-51.Author ProfileJohn Cassius Moreki received BSc. in Agriculturefrom University of Botswana in 1993, Master ofApplied Science in Agriculture from University ofMelbourne (Australia) in 1998 and Ph.D. (Animal Science withspecialization in poultry nutrition) from University of the Free State(South Africa) in 2005. John worked in various managementcapacities at the Ministry of Agriculture for about 25 years.Currently, John lectures poultry and pig sciences at University ofAgriculture and Natural Resources in Botswana.Malebogo Virginia Radikara graduated with aBachelorofAgricultureManagementfromPolytechnique of Namibia in 2011. She is currentlypursuing Master of Science in Animal Science (ManagementStream) at University of Agriculture and Natural Resources inBotswana.Paper ID: 02013526Volume 2 Issue 11, November 2013www.ijsr.net440
local guinea fowl was also cited as one of the challenges in guinea fowl production [7]. Gono et al. (2013) [13] reported that an inadequate feed supply was another challenge to Guinea fowl production. Inadequate feed supplies gives rise to poor growth rates, low egg production of guinea fowl and elevated mortalities.
A guinea hen, the female adult guinea, makes a two-syllable sound, "buck-wheat, buck-wheat." She can also imitate the call of the male guinea cock's one syllable sound, "chi-chi-chi." However, a guinea cock cannot imitate a guinea hen. This is the easiest way to identify if a guinea is male or female. Adults
feed. Feed and fresh, clean water should be available 24/7 inside their poultry house—guinea fowl will not overeat. Eggs, keets and older guinea fowl can be ordered from Guinea Farm, the world's largest guinea fowl hatchery (www.guineafarm.com). 30 keets per order is the minimum order so the keets will stay warm during shipment.
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The major hindrances to Guinea fowl production in Ghana are seasonal changes, nutrition, poor reproductive performance, and lack of proper management practices for efficient production [4]. Guinea fowls are known to be seasonal breeders and therefore, Guinea hens do not lay eggs at certain times of the year due to variation in day length .
security rules for protecting EU classified information, certain provisions in this guide are still based on Commission Decision 2001/844. In the absence of new guidelines they should continue to be applied. Under the new security rules, all classification markings must now be written in FR/EN format (e.g. RESTREINT UE/EU RESTRICTED). EU grants: H2020 Guidance — Guidelines for the .
