9 H WORKSHOP ON GUINEA WORM CONTROL A& ArN I 17ff
.9 hAf.VAT.',\& A& Vwali ArN 11 I17ff VINF %WN MrswrwwAWWATER AND SANITATION17OR HtALTH PROJECTA-21-9slWORKSHOP ON GUINEA WORM CONTROLAT THE COMMUNITY LEVELA TRAINING GUIDEWASH TECHNICAL REPORT NO. 50JANUARY 1988i',pklrang ciSpons( )for Int i'lly theL .S.Ageicymn(flI[) \eolmIn ent1611 N. X-junStreet, Ioom 1002Arlink! n, ,','A2220 9-211 USATelep hone: 703) 243-8200Ielx Ao. M I1 64552(-able Address WASHAID'IllyMpPrepared forthe Office of Health,Eureau for Science and Technology,,Ro1IU.S.Agency for International DevelopmentIWASH0IN . 1.y ()Activity No. 375
WASH TECHNICAL REPORT NO.50WORKSHOP ON GUINEA WORN CONTROLAT THE COHMUNITY LEVELA TRAINING GUIDEPrepared for the Office of Health,Bureau for Science and Technology,U.S. Agency for International Developmentunder WASH Activity No. 375byWilliam R. BriegerandFred RosensweigJanuary 1988Water and Sanitation for Health ProjectContract No. 5942-C-00-4085-00, Project No. 936-5q42is sponsored by the Office of Health, Bureau for Science and TechnologyU.S. Agency for International DevolopmentWashington, DC 20523
TABLE OF CONTENTSPageAcknowledgments .iiiIntroduction to the Training Guide .1SESSION 1:Introduction to the Workshop .7SESSION 2:Causes, Preventiu.,- and Treatment of Guinea Worm Disease .23SESSION 3:Water Supply Projects .35SESSION 4:Communicating Effectively with Communities .45SESSION 5:Mobilizing Resources .57SESSION 6:Developing a Back Home Plan .65SESSION 7:Evaluation and Closing .73-i
TABLE OF CONTENTS (continued)PageHANDOUTSHandout 1.1Workshop Goals .11Handout 1.2Workshop Schedule .13Handout 1.3Guinea Worm Pre-Test .15Handout 1.4Participant's Daily Travel Allowance .21Handout 2.1Guinea Worm: Cause, Prevention,& Treatment .29Case Study: Rural Water Supply andSanitation in Zania .39Factors for a Successful Water SupplyProject .41Handout 3.3Benefits of a Community Water Supply Project.43Handout 4.1Health Education Methods .49Handout 4.2Educational Story on Guinea Worm .53Handout 4.3Communication Plan .55Handout 5.1Resources Grid for a Guinea WormControl Project .61Handout 5.2Resources to Control Guinea Worm .63Handout 6.1Outline for a Guinea Worm ControlProject Plan .69Handout 7.1Guinea Worm Post-Test .75Handout 7.2Evaluation Form .79Handout 7.3Certificate of Participation .83Handout 3.1Handout 3.2-11
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTSThe training guide was pilot-tested in two local governments in Nigeria withprofessional local health staff (health inspectors, public health nurses,pharmacy technicians) as participants. The two sites were Owode town inObafemi-Owode local government, Ogun State, and Abakaliki town, Abakalikilocal government, Anambra State. Both are rural areas where guinea worm isendemic.Full cooperation and assistance from the Ministry of Health and localgovernment officials in both states was given. In particular, the followingministry staff assisted in the training:Mr. A.O. Ogun, Health EducationUnit, Ogun State, Mr. J.O. Nwojiji, Health Education Unit, Anambra State, andDr. R.O. Nriagu, Medical Officer of Health, Abahaliki Zone, Anambra State.Mr. E.D. Koyejo, Health Superintendent/Health Educator, Ibarapa CommunityHealth program, University of Ibadan, served as an assistant trainer in bothpilot workshops.-iii
Introduction to the Training GuideNeeds Addressed by the WorkshopThe purpose of this workshop is to improve skills to plan and carry out guineaworm control projects. This training guide has been developed for trainerswho will conduct the workshop. It is not a guide for the participants althoughit contains materials which will be handed out to them.The workshop is intended for individuals who work in rural community settingsand who have responsibility for controlling guinea worm. The workshop isappropriate for health assistants, nurses, health inspectors, and otherdistrict-level health workers. It is not intended for village-level primaryhealth care workers.Overall Workshop GoalsThe seven sessions in this workshop are designed for a 2-1/2 day period. Inthat period of time it is not possible to develop all the skills and knowledgenecessary for a guinea worm control project. The focus of the ';orkshop is onincreasing understanding of the causes and prevention of guinea worm, learninghow to communicate information about the disease to communities, andmobilizing resources for a guinea worm control project. The central purposeis to enable the district-level health worker to get projects going for guineaworm control.The goals of the workshop are to:*Describe the causes, prevention, and treatment of guinea worm disease.oDiscuss the appropriateness of water supply as an intervention forguinea worm control and the key factors in achieving thatintervention.*Communicate the causes and prevention of guinea worm disease in a waythat is culturally understandable.eIdentify and state how to obtain the resources needed for a guineaworm control project.eDevelop a back home plan to prevent guinea worm.TrainersThe training guide has bten designed for trainers who are experienced inguinea worm control and :Ln running workshops using adult learning methods.The maximum number of participants recommended for the workshop is 20.Because of the participatory training approach used in the workshop, more than- 1
20 participants would limit the workshop's effectiveness. For a group of 11 ormore participants, a team of two trainers is suggested. At least one of thetwo trainers must have experience with guinea worm control. The other trainermust be skilled in facilitating groups and conducting experiential training.One trainer could handle a group of ten or fewer, but this trainer would needboth the training and technical. skills.Organization of the Training GuideThe course is divided into seven training sessions. Each session coversaspecific topic and takes from two to four hours, depending on the nature ofthe topic. The times for each session do not include breaks or lunch.Each session has detailed trainer guidelines which provide instructions onhowto conduct each session. Specifically these guidelines include:*Session objectives*Overview of the session - what is contained in the session and why itis important*Procedures - detailed instructions for conducting the trainingactivities (Each session has approximate times which should beadequate to complete the session.)*Handouts - materials for the participants.Materials for ParticipantsThe handouts for the participants appear after each session and at the endofthe training guide. The handouts are grouped in the last section of thetraining guide to make it easy for trainers to pull them out and have themduplicated before the workshop. Trainers can distribute the materials in oneof two ways:handouts can be distributed at the time they are covered in thetraining session or the training staff can assemble complete sets of handoutsand put them into participant notebooks prior to the workshop.Workshop MethodolcgyThis training guide is based on several key assumptions:9Adults learn best when they are actively involved in the learningprocess -- doing things, discussing, analyzing, experimenting - rather than passively listening to lectures or observingtrainer-centered activities.*Workshop participants learn from each other as well as from thetrainers and therefore the learning process should include smallgroups of participants working together.- 2
The workshop uses the following training techniques:*Trainer presentationseLarge group discussionseCase studies*Small group tasks* Individual tasksTraining SiteThe workshop can be held in a provincial or district town. The site shouldhave adequate meeting space and, if necessary, room and board facilities forthe participants.Materials needed for the workshop are simple. All that is needed are twoflipchart easels, flipchart paper, and markers.Preparing the Staff to Conduct the WorkshopWhere there are two or more trainers, the training staff should meet prior tothe workshop to plan and coordinate how the workshop will be conducted.Planning activities should include the following points:*A concerted effort to build the needed teamwork9Mutual understanding of how the training program will be conducted* Decisions about which trainer will do what9Preparation for specific sessionsPreparation for the WorkshopThe following items are the key tasks in preparation for the workshop:* Obtain official approval for the workshopeSelect the participants*Identify the training staffaSelect the training site9 Arrange for room and boarde Duplicate participant handouts*Prepare training staff.- 3
Optional Session - Field PracticalWorkshop participants often enjoy practical field experiences. If thetrainers feel that the participants would benefit from a field practical, ahalf-day session could be added to the workshop, thus making a full three-dayworkshop. The overall purpose of the practical would be to reinforce what theparticipants learned about the causes and prevention of guinea worm and theelements of a successful water supply project during the first day of theworkshop.The field practical would have certain logistical requirements, includingtransport and the presence of a nearby site to avoid excessive travel time.The time for the field trip should allow for the participants to return to theworkshop site by noon so the afternoon session can begin on time. In general,the community should be no more than 30 minutes travel time from the workshopsite.Although the specific design of the field practical session should be left tothe workshop trainers, below are some suggestions for activities that could beincluded.1. Filtering pond water to collect cyclops in a jar and thenobserving the organisms with a hand lens. This activity wouldrequire sufficient quantities of buckets, filtering cloth, waterjars, and hand lenses.2. Interviewing community members about a vater supply project.This would entail developing a short questionnaire in advancewhich the participants could use as a basis for interviewingseveral community members. Typical questions would be how thecommunity was involved in the planning and implementation of theproject, what agencies and local groups were involved, what themaintenance system is, and what the benefits of the water supplysystem are, and what complaints people have about the project.Participants could divide into pairs and each pair couldinterview two community members.3. Visiting the actual site of the water project or the intendedsite if the project has not been completed. The participantsshould determine if the site is conveniently located, wellmaintained, and hygienic.4. Discussing what they learned about community water supplyprojects and about guinea worm. This discussion could takeplace back in the workshop setting after the participants havereturned.-4
The best time in the workshop design to insert this optional session wouldbethe morning or afternoon of the second day. The remaining sessions would thenhave to be shifted so the workshop would end on the afternoon of the thirdday. This would mean that the works-hop schedule for the remaining sessionswould have to be adjusted to avoid having a four-hour session in a three-hourtime block and vice versa.If the trainers decide that an optional session would be useful, they needtomake an advance visit to the community. During the visit they should checkthe following:-Is the visit acceptable to the community leaders?-Will community members be available for interviews?-Is there a pond which contains cyclops that theparticipants could collect?-Is there an improved water system for the participantsto inspect?-5
SESSION 1: INTRODUCTION TO THE WORKSHOPTotal Time:1 hour30 minutesOBJECTIVESBy the end of the session, the participants will:*Be acquainted with one another and with the trainers*Be able to describe the workshop goals and schedule*Have discussed and clarified their expectations for the workshopeHave completed a pre-test of their knowledge about guinea worm.OVERVIEWThis is an introductory session designed to describe the workshop and helpparticipants get to know each other. The participants will also compare theirexpectations with the workshop goals and schedule. This session is alsoappropriate for any official opening ceremonies that may be necessary.PROCEDURES1.WelcomeTime: 15 minutesIntroduce yourself and welcome the participants. If there are any officialrepresentatives of the agency or government department sponsoring theworkshop, this is an appropriate time for opening remarks.2.IntroductionsTime: 10 minutesAsk workshop participants to introduce themselves, giving the followinginformation:*9*3.namewhat they dowhere they workExpectationsTime:15 minutesEach participant will have his/her own expectations of what the workshop willbe like and what will be learned from it.This short exercise is designed todetermine what those expectations are so the participants will know whichexpectations are likely to be met and which ones will not.- 7
Write the following question on a flipchart(if flipcharts are not available,use chalkboards) and give participantsfive minutes for individual reflection."What are the two most important thingsthat I hope -o get out of thisworkshop?"Go around the room and record the participants,responses on the flipchart. Ifsome members have the same expectation,it is necessary to write it only once.4.Workshop goalsTime: 10 minutesPost the workshop goals (Handout 1.1)and go over them with the participants.Explain that the workshop will focusoti the causes and prevention of guineaworm and on identifying and obtainingthe resources needed for a safe watersupply. State that the workshop willnot aim at developing skills in suchareas as surveillance, vector control,and clinical treatment.After explaining the workshop goals,compare them with the participants,expectations. Look at each item onthe list of expectations and identifywhere it is covered in the goals. Thiswill help to further clarify thegoals. Be sure to note any items onthe participant's list that will notbecovered in the workshop. Participantswill accept that some expectations willnot be met as long as they are clearabout it from the start.5. Workshop scheujle and methodologyTime:10 minutesPass out Handout 1.2 (Workshop Schedule).It is important to have thisschedule on flipchart paper and postedso it can be referred to throughoutthecourse.Go over the schedule and explain howthe training activities are arrangedtomeet the workshop goals.Briefly explain the methodology to beused. Mention that the course willbe aparticipatory workshop and that theemphasis will be on learning by doing.The methodology will use smallfull group discussions.groups, a case study, individual planning,and6. NormsTIme: 10 minutesSince the group will be working togetherfor 2-1/2 days, it is important tomake clear and discuss how everyonewill work together and what the trainersand participants expect of each other.Present the following prepared listofworkshop norms on a flipchart and addany that the participants have.*Attendance at all sessions*Starting all sessions on time*Active participation in all sessions- 8
7.oOpen environment for questions and comments*Administrative issues (daily allowances)0Others?Pre-TestTime: 20 minutesD'stribute Handout 1.3, Guinea Worm Pre-Test, and explain that you want to seewhat the participants already know about guinea worm. Tell them that you willgive the same test at the end of the workshop to measure what they havelearned. Allow no more than 15 minutes to complete the pre--test. Score thepre-tests the first evening, but do not give them back to the participants soas not to influence the post-test. The results of Part A should give you anidea of what to emphasize during the workshop. Part B will tell you about theexperience level of the participants, which you can draw upon during theworkshop.Below is the answer guide for the 5.16.17.18.Only the correct answers : You may want to allow some time at the end of this session foradministrative arrangements. Participants may need to fill out claims andregistration forms. Also, it may be necessary to distribute copies of aTravel Allowance form (Handout 1.4). If it is not necessary, then proceed toSession 2.MATERIALS shop GoalsWorkshop ScheduleGuinea Worm Pre-TestParticipant's Daily Travel Allowance- 9
Handout 1.1Workshop GoalsAt the end of the workshop, the participants will be ableto:1. Describe the causes, prevention, and treatment of guineawormdisease.2. Discuss the appropriateness of water supply as an interventionfor guinea worm control and the key factors that will influencesuccess.3. Communicate the causes and prevention of guinea worm diseaseina way that is culturally understandable.4.Identify and state where to obtain the resources needed forguinea worm control.5.Develop a back home plan to prevent guinea worm.-11
Handout 1.2Workshop ScheduleDay One8:00 IntroductionOpening RemarksExpectationsGoalsScheduleDay Two8:00 CommunicatingEffectively withCommunities9:30 Causes, Pre vention, andTreatment ofGuinea WormDiseaseDay Three8:00 Developing a BackHome Plan11:00 Evaluation11:30 Closing12:00 Lunch12:00 Lunch12:00 Lunch1:00 Water Supply asa Guinea WormIntervention1:00 MobilizingResources4:00 End4:00 End-13
Handout 1.3, page 1Guinea Worm Pre-TestNameAgePositionSexYears in ServiceLocal Government/DistrictPART AFor questions 1-18 check the answer or answers that are most appropriate.Some questions may have more than one answer, while others may have none.1. Guinea worm disease can be clearly recognized by.(a) any swelling on the body(b) white worms coming out from the skin(c) white worms passed out in stool(d) swollen stomach(e) inability to walk(f) blurring of vision2. After a person becomes infected with guinea worm lacvae, the full signs ofthe disease will be seen.(a) three or four weeks later(b) nine to twelve weeks later(c) two years later(d) four to five months later(e) nine to twelve months later3.Someone may become infected with guinea worm by.(a) walking barefoot on the farm(b) wading in pond water(c) eating fruit that has fallen on the ground(d) drinking water from the pond(e) sharing a towel with someone who has the disease4.A person who has guinea worm may spread the disease by.(a) drinking water from a stagnant pond or stream(b) urinating in or near a pond(c) walking into a pond or stream(d) handling food that will be eaten by others(e) spitting on the ground where others will walk- 15
Handout 1.3, p-ge 25. Guinea worm has an intermediate host known as.(a)(b)(c)(d)(e)black flysnailtse tse flycyclopssandfly6. The intermediate host of guinea worm can be killed phur7. Effective and affordable home methods for preventing guinea worm diseaseinclude.(a) filtering water through cloth(b) defecating in a latrine(c) washing hands beire eating(d) boiling all driL.Ing water(e) adding alum to water8. The best long term methods for preventing guinea worm are.(a) wearing shoes whenever on the farm(b) digging a well(c) sinking a borehole(d) putting screen/net on all windows(e) eating from separate plates9. Medication used in the treatment of guinea worm disease includes.(a) ambilhar(b) aspirin(c) tetracycline(d) niridazole(e) antepar10. Guinea worm can be cured by using.(a) ampiclox(b) novalgin(c) niridazole(d) mebendazole(e) metronidazole-16
Handout 1.3, page 311. Disabling secondary infection in guinea worm disease can be preventedby.(a) eating nutritious meals(b) dressing the ulcers daily(c) immunizing against tetanus(d) drinking boiled watcr(e) immunizing against smallpox12. A successful guinea worm control project must always include.(a) government provision of piped water(b) UNICEF provision of boreholes(c) the ministry provision of medicine for all affected with guineaworm(d) fundraising by the community(e) a partnership between the communities and various agencies/ministries13. Appropriate communication methods at the village level include.(a) stories(b) radio announcements(c) films(d) handbills and leaflets(e) group discussion14. An education/communication method that teaches new skills is.(a) stories(b)(c)(d)(e)radiodemonstrationsongsfilms15. Resources for a water supply project for guinea worm control can befound.(a) within the community(b) through voluntary agencies(c) from local government offices(d) from state/national Ministries of Health(e) from state/national Ministries of Works16. A successful water supply project should always include.(a) handpumps(b) community involvement(c) health education(d) major decision-making by engineer(e) funds from the government- 17
Handout 1.3, page 417. Some of the common benefits of a village water supply project are.(a) elimination of all waterborne diseases(b) time savings(c) an adequate quantity of water for agricultural use(d) water for home gardens(e) stimulation of other self-help projects18. The type of resources that are always needed for a village guinea wormcontrol project are.(a)(b)(c)(d)aaaageologistdrilling rigfilm vancontracting firm(e) a planning committeePART BHave you ever done this activity?or no.)(For each activity listed below, check yesa. Organized a community meetingYesNob. Delivered a health talkYesNoc. Helped a community site a wellYesNod. Treated a person with guinea wormYesNoe. Been chairman at a meetingYesNof. Drawn a posterYesNog. Worked on a project together withpeople from other agenciesYesNoh. Talked to a class of school childrenYesNoi. Conducted home visitsYesNoj. Presented the health needs of yourcommunity to government officialsYesNok. Conducted government officials ona tour of your communityYesNo1. Worked on fundraising for acommunity projectYesNo- 18
Handout 1.3, page 5m. Served as treasurer or managedproject fundsYes-Non. Discussed community problems withvillage leadersYesNoo. Written out a program plan for ahealth projectYesNop. Requested outside assistance for yourcommunity from an agency other tha,your ownYesNoq, Organized community mobilizationfor a health projectYesNor. Worked on a guinea worm control projectYesNo- 19
Handout 1.4Guinea Worm Control WorkshopParticipant's Daily Travel AllowanceName:Venue:Home Base:Dates Covered:Amount Received (spell out)signature of participantand date-21
SESSION 2:CAUSES, PREVENTION, AND TREATMENT OF GUINEA WORM DISEASETotal Time:2 hours30 minutesOBJECTIVESBy the end of the session the participants will be able to:@Recognize the symptoms of guinea worm diseaseeDescribe the causes*List the different ways guinea worm can be prevented*Discuss how the disease can be treated.OVERVIEWThe overall purpose of this session is to make sure that all the participantshave a common understanding of the causes, prevention, and treatment of guineaworm disease. Many of them are likely to have misconceptions of the causesand prevention, and it is important to clear these misconceptions up. Thesession begins with a presentation on the recognition and causes of guineaworm. This is followed by a small group task in which the different ways ofpreventing guinea worm are discussed. The session concludes with a full groupdiscussion of the methods for treating the disease. Participants do not getany skill practice in the treatment methods since that is not one of theprimary objectives of the workshop.PROCEDURES1. IntroductionTime:10 minutesAsk the participants what they know about guinea worm. The responses arelikely to cover the recognition, causes, prevention, and treatment of thedisease. At this point, make no attempt to categorize their responses. Theirresponses, along with the results of the pre-test will give you a good ideaabout what they already know, which will be helpful in conducting theworkshop. Ask them why guinea worm is a serious problem. If the responses donot include the social and economic effects, make sure to add these points: The disease affects all age groups except the very young.*Peak disability often coincides with planting or harvesting seasonsand results in lower agricultural productivity.*Mothers with guinea worm cannot adequately care for their children.* There is high absenteeism from school.This discussion should set the stage for the rest of the session.Preseni the session objectives, using a flipchart.- 23
2.Recognition and Causes - LecturetteTime:20 minutesUsing a flipchart, do a presentation on the recognition and causes of guineaworm.Recognition should include these points:9There are no signs or symptoms until the female worm matures and isready to emerge from the skin. There is localized swelling at the spot where the worm will emerge.The worm usually emerges on the lower limbs where there is contactwith water. It may sometimes emerge on the arms, hands, breast, andother places.*Swelling is accompanied by intense burning or itching and a blisterdevelops in one or two days. Several days later, the blister rupturesand becomes a superficial ulcer.*The worm is seen emerging from the ulcer, especially when the personsuffering from guinea worm wades in water.#The tissues near the emergent site become swoilen, red, and tender.*A variety of generalized non-specific and usually mild symptoms,including stomach upset, vomiting, skin rashes, fever, pain, and lossof appetite may occur.Complications may include:*Secondary infections are common, with tetanus the most serious.*Infected joints cause temporary disability and can become fusedresulting in permanent crippling.Guinea worm causes/life cycle should include these points:*After an incubation period of up to 12 months, the adult female wormmoves to a position under the skin of the person suffering. A painfulblister appears, often on the lower leg or foot.*When the person puts the affected part of the body in water, theblister breaks and hundreds of thousands of tiny first-stage larvaeare released into the water. The adult female worm then comes outslowly through the sore made by the broken blister.eSome of the larvae in the water are eaten by the cyclops (water flea)where they live and develop into third-stage larvae. The cyclops arebarely visible to the naked eye.*When people drink water containing the cyclops which carry the larvae,gastric juices in the stomach kill the cyclops and free the larvae.These larvae dig through the digestive tract and live in the abdomen.After mating, the male worm dies and the female grows into an adultworm which moves towards the skin surface.- 24
* The worms do not survive in people for more than one year.e Guinea worm can only be transmitted through drinking water containi.nginfected cyclops.*The necessary conditions for transmission are an infected person whointroduces the worm larvae into the water, the right type of cyclops,5 days for the cyclops to ingest the worm larvae, and 14 days for thelarvae to remain in the cyclops.Distribute Handout 2.1 and review the transmission cycle.3. Prevention - Small Group TaskTime:60 minutesTell the group that now that they have discussed the recognition and causes ofguinea worm, the next area to discuss is its prevention. Ask the group toidentify the different ways to prevent guinea worm and record their responseson a flipchart. If the group leaves out any important prevention options,then add them to the list. Make sure that the list includes the followingprevention methods:*Protect the water source from people infected with guinea worm* Chemical treatment (Abate) of the water sources*Sterilizing contaminated water by boiling*Use of filters (either cloth or sand/charcoal)*Improved community water supply (e.g. dug wells, boreholes, rainwaterstorage)Note: Adding alum to water does not kill disease organisms.particulate matter.It only settlesMake sure everyone understands each method.After the group has brainstormed a list of prevention methods, choose the 6 to8 most important methods with the group. Divide the participants into smallgroups of 4 or 5 persons (no more than 4 small groups) and assign 1 or 2prevention methods to each small group. Give each group the followingdirections (write them on a flipchart).eList the pros and cons of each prevention method assigned to yourgroup.9Discuss the pros and cons of using each control technology in your owncommunity according to the following criteria:-costconveniencelong-term effectiveness-25
o-acceptability to the community-level of difficulty of implementing this method (obstacles)-availability of materials.Prepare your response on a flipchart and be ready to report to therest of the group.o Time:55 minutes.Trainer NoteWriting up reports on flipcharts takes some groups up to ten minutes. Analternative is to have the trainer jot notes on a flipchart as the group givesreports verbally.Writing on the charts themselves, however, does help thegroup internalize what they wrote.4. Small Group ReportsTime:40 minutesEach group should select a spokesperson to report to the full group. Thetotal time allowed for each group presentation is ten minutes, with fiveminutes foi the presentation and five minutes for discussion. It is import
worm control. The goals of the workshop are to: * Describe the causes, prevention, and treatment of guinea worm disease. o Discuss the appropriateness of water supply as an intervention for. guinea worm control and the key factors in achieving that intervention. * Communicate the causes and prevention of guinea worm disease in a way
A guinea hen, the female adult guinea, makes a two-syllable sound, "buck-wheat, buck-wheat." She can also imitate the call of the male guinea cock's one syllable sound, "chi-chi-chi." However, a guinea cock cannot imitate a guinea hen. This is the easiest way to identify if a guinea is male or female. Adults
local guinea fowl was also cited as one of the challenges in guinea fowl production [7]. Gono et al. (2013) [13] reported that an inadequate feed supply was another challenge to Guinea fowl production. Inadequate feed supplies gives rise to poor growth rates, low egg production of guinea fowl and elevated mortalities.
feed. Feed and fresh, clean water should be available 24/7 inside their poultry house—guinea fowl will not overeat. Eggs, keets and older guinea fowl can be ordered from Guinea Farm, the world's largest guinea fowl hatchery (www.guineafarm.com). 30 keets per order is the minimum order so the keets will stay warm during shipment.
PAPUA NEW GUINEA country report 6 CHAPTER 1 Papua New Guinea and its Agricultural Economy 1.1 INTRODUCTION The island of New Guinea is the second largest in the world. It lies between 3.5 and 12 degrees south of the equator in the region referred to as equatorial or the hot-wet tr
Constitution of the Independent State of Papua New Guinea. ARRANGEMENT OF SECTIONS. PREAMBLE PART I - INTRODUCTORY. Division 1 - The Nation. 1. The Independent State of Papua New Guinea. 2. The area of Papua New Guinea. 3. National symbols. 4. National Capital District. 5. Provinces. 6. Declaration of Loyalty. 7. Oath of Allegiance.
The major hindrances to Guinea fowl production in Ghana are seasonal changes, nutrition, poor reproductive performance, and lack of proper management practices for efficient production [4]. Guinea fowls are known to be seasonal breeders and therefore, Guinea hens do not lay eggs at certain times of the year due to variation in day length .
XSEDE HPC Monthly Workshop Schedule January 21 HPC Monthly Workshop: OpenMP February 19-20 HPC Monthly Workshop: Big Data March 3 HPC Monthly Workshop: OpenACC April 7-8 HPC Monthly Workshop: Big Data May 5-6 HPC Monthly Workshop: MPI June 2-5 Summer Boot Camp August 4-5 HPC Monthly Workshop: Big Data September 1-2 HPC Monthly Workshop: MPI October 6-7 HPC Monthly Workshop: Big Data
Anatomy 2-5 Indications 5 Contra-indications 5 General preparation 6 Landmarks 6-7 Performing the block 7-8 Complications 8 Trouble shooting 9 Summary 9 References 10 Appendix 1 11. 6/10/2016 Fascia Iliaca Compartment Block: Landmark Approach 2 FASCIA ILIACA COMPARTMENT BLOCK: LANDMARK APPROACH INTRODUCTION Neck of femur fracture affect an estimated 65,000 patients per annum in England in .
