IAEA Resources In Dosimetry And Medical Radiation Physics
IAEA Resources in Dosimetryand Medical Radiation Physics1 July 2015Updated 1 July 20151
IAEA resources in Dosimetry and Medical Radiation PhysicsThe overall goal of the IAEA programme in human health is to enhance the capabilities in MemberStates to address needs related to the prevention, diagnosis and treatment of diseases through theapplication of nuclear techniques. The IAEA support in medical radiation physics covers radiotherapyand diagnostic imaging (nuclear medicine, and diagnostic and interventional radiology) and includesthe provision of basic dosimetry services to Member States that have no national dosimetryinfrastructure. The main IAEA activities are given below, including links to recent IAEA publications.1. Radiation dosimetry The IAEA has maintained an interest in standardization and development of Codes ofPractice (CoP) for radiotherapy dosimetry going as far back as the seventies, with severalpublications in the field. One important example is the development of TRS-398 (2000),based on absorbed dose to water standards. TRS-398 is presently used by many physicistsinvolved with dosimetry in radiation therapy, and has been adopted by several countries astheir national dosimetry protocol. TRS-398 is also available in Russian and Spanish.Absorbed Dose Determination in External BeamRadiotherapyAn International Code of Practice for Dosimetry Based onStandards of Absorbed Dose to WaterTechnical Reports Series 398Publication: STI/DOC/010/398IAEA, 2000 To support the implementation of TRS-398 in hospitals and in calibration laboratories, theIAEA has published TECDOC-1455 giving the results of an extensive testing of the CoPthrough a coordinated research project.Implementation of the International Code of Practice onDosimetry in Radiotherapy (TRS 398): Review of TestResultsIAEA TECDOC 1455Publication: IAEA-TECDOC-1455IAEA, 2005An extension of the existing Codes of Practice to provide recommendations on dosimetryprocedures for small and composite radiotherapy fields is under preparation at the IAEA bythe working group consisting of international experts.Updated 1 July 20152
For nuclear medicine, the IAEA has published TRS-454 “Quality Assurance for RadioactivityMeasurement in Nuclear Medicine”. The publication is based on the QA principles of ISO/IEC17025, which describe the requirements that testing and calibration laboratories must meetto demonstrate that they have a quality system in place and are technically competent.Quality Assurance for Radioactivity Measurement in NuclearMedicineTechnical Reports Series 454Publication: STI/DOC/010/454IAEA, 2006 In diagnostic and interventional radiology, a CoP to aid in the standardization of variousdosimetry techniques was published as TRS-457 (2007)Dosimetry in Diagnostic Radiology: An International Code ofPracticeTechnical Reports Series 457Publication: STI/DOC/010/457IAEA, 2007 This publication fulfils the need for an internationally unified approach to the calibration ofionization chambers in terms of air kerma and absorbed dose to water in the low andmedium energy X ray and cobalt-60 beams used for external beam radiotherapy. Thispublication also includes the most recent international guidance on quality managementsystems applicable to standards laboratories.Calibration of Reference Dosimeters for External BeamRadiotherapyTechnical Reports Series 469Publication: STI/DOC/010/469IAEA, 2009Updated 1 July 20153
To support the implementation of TRS-457 in hospitals and in calibration laboratories, theIAEA has published the Human Health Report No.4, giving the results of an extensive testingof the CoP through a coordinated research project.Implementation of the International Code of Practice onDosimetry in Diagnostic Radiology (TRS 457): Review ofTest ResultsIAEA Human Health Reports 4Publication: STI/PUB/1498IAEA, 2011 This publication supports an interim solution to the dosimetric problems caused by moderncomputed tomography (CT) equipment, particular with respect to the wide X ray beamangles increasing seen in clinical practice. It reviews the development of current CT doseformalisms up to the current International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) methodologiesand presents practical measurement guidance in the implementation of new dosimetricmethods needed with wide beam CT.Status of Computed Tomography Dosimetry for Wide ConeBeam ScannersIAEA Human Health Reports 5Publication: STI/PUB/1528IAEA, 2011 For measurement and interpretation of radiation dose to children received as a result ofundergoing diagnostic radiological examinations, the IAEA has published “Dosimetry inDiagnostic Radiology for Paediatric Patients”. The publication complements the work of TRS457 and extends this work in methodologies for dosimetry in clinical environments to thatrequired for non-adult patients.Dosimetry in Diagnostic Radiology for Paediatric PatientsIAEA Human Health Series 24Publication: STI/PUB/1609IAEA, 2013Updated 1 July 20154
This publication presents the proceedings of an international symposium on standards,applications and quality assurance in medical radiation dosimetry. It includes a selection ofpeer reviewed papers that were presented at the symposium. The symposium provided aforum for physicists and scientists of medical institutions, research centres and standardslaboratories to discuss advances in radiation dosimetry made during the past decade and toexchange scientific knowledge.Standards, Applications and Quality Assurance in MedicalRadiation Dosimetry (IDOS) Proceedings of an InternationalSymposium held in Vienna, Austria 9-12 November 2010 (2volumes)Proceedings Series - International Atomic Energy AgencyPublication: STI/PUB/1514IAEA, 2011Also available on CD An SSDL Newsletter is published bi-annually.SSDL Newsletter Issue No. 59, April 2011SSDL Newsletter Issue No. 60, June 2012SSDL Newsletter Issue No. 61, June 2013SSDL Newsletter Issue No. 62, December 2013SSDL Newsletter Issue No. 63, December 20142. Guidelines on Quality AssuranceIn the last decade the IAEA has published several technical reports and guidance documents that area useful resource for medical physicists, in particular for equipment acceptance testing andcommissioning including imaging, treatment planning and record and verify systems, as well as forquality assurance (QA) in the various areas of clinical radiotherapy physics, both for equipment andpatient related procedures. The most recent publications are given below.2.1QA guidelines in radiotherapyCommissioning and Quality Assurance of ComputerizedPlanning Systems for Radiation Treatment of CancerTechnical Reports Series 430Publication: STI/DOC/010/430IAEA, 2004Updated 1 July 20155
Comprehensive Audits of Radiotherapy Practices: A Tool forQuality Improvement Quality Assurance Team for RadiationOncology (QUATRO)Non-serial PublicationsPublication: STI/PUB/1297IAEA, 2007Also available in RussianOn-site Visits to Radiotherapy Centres: Medical PhysicsProcedures Quality Assurance Team for Radiation Oncology(QUATRO)IAEA TECDOC 1543Publication: IAEA-TECDOC-1543IAEA, 2007Specification and Acceptance Testing of RadiotherapyTreatment Planning SystemsIAEA TECDOC 1540Publication: IAEA-TECDOC-1540IAEA, 2007Setting up a Radiotherapy Programme: Clinical, MedicalPhysics, Radiation Protection and Safety AspectsNon-serial PublicationsPublication: STI/PUB/1296IAEA, 2008Updated 1 July 20156
Transition from 2-D Radiotherapy to 3-D Conformal andIntensity Modulated RadiotherapyIAEA TECDOC 1588Publication: IAEA-TECDOC-CD-1588IAEA, 2008Record and Verify Systems for Radiation Treatment ofCancer: Acceptance Testing, Commissioning and QualityControlIAEA Human Health Reports 7Publication: STI/PUB/1607IAEA, 2013Development of Procedures for In Vivo Dosimetry inRadiotherapyIAEA Human Health Reports 8Publication: IAEA-TECDOC-CD-1588IAEA, 2013Radiotherapy Facilities: Master Planning and ConceptDesign ConsiderationsIAEA Human Health Reports 10Publication: STI/PUB/1645IAEA, 2014Updated 1 July 20157
The Transition from 2-D Brachytherapy to 3-D High DoseRate BrachytherapyIAEA Human Health Reports 12Publication: STI/PUB/1681IAEA, 20152.2QA guidelines in imagingQuality Management Audits in Nuclear Medicine PracticesNon-serial PublicationsPublication: STI/PUB/1371IAEA, 2008Quality Assurance Programme for Screen-filmMammographyIAEA Human Health Series 2Publication: STI/PUB/1381IAEA, 2009Quality Assurance for SPECT SystemsIAEA Human Health Series 6Publication: STI/PUB/1394IAEA, 2009Updated 1 July 20158
Quality Assurance for PET and PET/CT SystemsIAEA Human Health Series 1Publication: STI/PUB/1393IAEA, 2009Comprehensive Clinical Audits of Diagnostic RadiologyPractices: A Tool for Quality Improvement QualityAssurance Audit for Diagnostic Radiology Improvement andLearning (QUAADRIL)IAEA Human Health Series 4Publication: STI/PUB/1425IAEA, 2010Also available in SpanishQuality Assurance Programme for Digital MammographyIAEA Human Health Series 17Publication: STI/PUB/1482IAEA, 2011Quality Assurance Programme for Computed Tomography:Diagnostic and Therapy ApplicationsIAEA Human Health Series 19Publication: STI/PUB/1557IAEA, 2012Updated 1 July 20159
Quantitative Nuclear Medicine Imaging: Concepts,Requirements and MethodsIAEA Human Health Reports 9Publication: STI/PUB/1605IAEA, 2014PET/CT Atlas on Quality Control and Image ArtefactsIAEA Human Health Series 27Publication: STI/PUB/1642IAEA, 20143. Education and TrainingThe IAEA has published several reports and e-learning material to support education and training ofmedical physicists, including specific guidance for establishing and implementing clinical residencyprogrammes. The list is given in “3.1 Education and training material”. The IAEA Human HealthCampus html) serves as a resource for healthcare professionals and students in radiation medicine.In addition, the IAEA provides support for scientific visits and practical training through its TechnicalCooperation (TC) programme. Specific guidance on how to participate in this TC programme is givenin “3.2 Technical Cooperation programme”.3.1 Education and Training materialRadiation Oncology Physics: A Handbook for Teachers andStudentsNon-serial PublicationsPublication: STI/PUB/1196IAEA, 2005Updated 1 July 201510
Clinical Training of Medical Physicists Specializing inRadiation OncologyTraining Course Series 37Publication: IAEA-TCS-37IAEA, 2009Also available in Spanish, French, RussianPlanning a Clinical PET CentreIAEA Human Health Series 11Publication: STI/PUB/1457IAEA, 2010Planning National Radiotherapy Services: A Practical ToolIAEA Human Health Series 14Publication: STI/PUB/1462IAEA, 2010Clinical Training of Medical Physicists Specializing inDiagnostic RadiologyTraining Course Series 47Publication: IAEA-TCS-37IAEA, 2010Also available in French, SpanishUpdated 1 July 201511
Clinical Training of Medical Physicists Specializing inNuclear MedicineTraining Course Series 50Publication: IAEA-TCS-50IAEA, 2011Also available in French, SpanishPostgraduate Medical Physics Academic ProgrammesTraining Course Series 56Publication: IAEA-TCS-56IAEA, 2013Transitioning from 2-D Radiation Therapy to 3-DConformal Radiation Therapy and IntensityModulated Radiation Therapy: Training MaterialTraining Course Series (CD-ROM) 55Publication: IAEA-TCS-55/CDIAEA, 2013Roles and Responsibilities, and Education and TrainingRequirements for Clinically Qualified Medical PhysicistsIAEA Human Health Series 25Publication: STI/PUB/1610IAEA, 2014Also available in Russian, Spanish Training module to assist medical physicists in the implementation of IAEA Technical ReportSeries No. 398 for high energy linear accelerator photon beams (chapter /player.htmlUpdated 1 July 201512
Diagnostic Radiology Physics: A Handbook for Teachers and Students, Non-serialPublications, IAEADiagnostic Radiology Physics: A Handbook for Teachers andStudentsNon-serial PublicationsPublication: STI/PUB/1564IAEA, 2014 Nuclear Medicine Physics: A Handbook for Teachers and Students, Non-serial Publications,IAEANuclear Medicine Physics: A Handbook for Teachers andStudentsNon-serial PublicationsPublication: STI/PUB/1617IAEA, 20153.2 Technical CooperationThrough the technical cooperation programme and within approved national and/or regionalprojects, IAEA support is given for setting up or improving QA programmes in hospitals, setting upnational medical physics education and clinical training programmes. In addition, support is alsogranted for setting up or upgrading national calibration laboratories and for the establishment ofnational dosimetry audit programmes. For training, fellowships and scientific visits are planned andimplemented within TC projects for professionals working in the field. Specialized training andworkshops are organized at the national and regional level in specialized topics.To support hands-on training acceptance testing and quality control of medical physics aspects innuclear medicine, the IAEA has setup a gamma camera lab with the kind support of an equipmentsupplier. The laboratory is also equipped with quality control tools and equipment, andradioisotopes are procured when training events are held (see picture below). Group Training isorganized at the IAEA Gamma Camera Laboratory, through TC projects.Detailed information on how to take part in the IAEA TC programme is given take-part/index.htmlUpdated 1 July 201513
4. IAEA Dosimetry servicesThe IAEA’s Dosimetry Laboratory, located in Seibersdorf, is the central laboratory of the IAEA/WHOnetwork of Secondary Standard Dosimetry Laboratories (SSDLs). Its mandate is (i) to develop,implement and maintain standards for dosimetry measurements in radiotherapy, diagnosticradiology and radiation protection, (ii) to provide dosimetry calibration services for SSDLs and toreference hospitals in countries where no SSDLs exist, and (iii) to provide dosimetry audit andverification services for applications in radiotherapy and radiation protection for SSDLs, hospitals andradiation protection services in Member States. In addition, the training of SSDL staff from MemberStates constitutes part of the Dosimetry Laboratory mandate.The Dosimetry Laboratory provides link between SSDLs and the International System of Units bydisseminating metrology standards for radiation measurements in the fields of radiation protectionand radiation medicine (radiotherapy and diagnostic X rays). To operate the Dosimetry Laboratory tothe highest quality levels, a quality management system has been established following therequirements of ISO/IEC 17025.The services available through the IAEA’s Dosimetry Laboratory include: Calibration of national dosimetry standards for Member States that have no primarystandards. The IAEA Calibration and Measurement Capabilities (CMCs) are internationallypeer-reviewed and approved by the Joint Committee of the Regional MetrologyOrganizations and the BIPM. The list of approved CMCs is given in the BIPM Key ComparisonData Base (http://kcdb.bipm.org/AppendixC/RI/IO/RI IO.pdf). .An SSDL Newsletter ispublished bi-annually. The PDF files can be downloaded from:http://wwwpub.iaea.org/books/IAEABooks/View Newsletters/78/SSDL-Newsletter Comparison of national dosimetry standards: bilateral dosimetry comparisons with the IAEAcan be organized to verify then integrity of the national dosimetry standard.Postal dosimetry audits of radiation beams in radiotherapy hospitals and at SSDLs.Thermoluminescent dosimetry (TLD) is utilized as the basis of the IAEA’s dose audits inradiotherapy, which have been conducted in cooperation with WHO since 1969. In thisservice, a small plastic tube containing TLD powder is irradiated to a specified dose by themedical physicist in the hospital, following the same procedure as prescribed for patienttreatment. The TLDs are returned to the IAEA Dosimetry Laboratory for readout and analysis.The dose received by the TLD is compared with the intended dose stated by the hospitalstaff. For participants with inconsistent results, the IAEA establishes a follow-up programmefor quality improvement, including on-site visits by local or international experts. Similarservices are provided to SSDLs for radiotherapy and radiation protection level dosimetry.The Dosimetry Laboratory accepts fellows for training through the IAEA Technical Cooperation programme.More information on Dosimetry Laboratory services can be found on try Laboratory services can be requested by contacting dosimetry@iaea.org .Updated 1 July 201514
IAEA websites for medical physics or additional information on IAEA support and resources in medical radiation physics, pleasecontact dosimetry@iaea.orgUpdated 1 July 201515
An International Code of Practice for Dosimetry Based on Standards of Absorbed Dose to Water . Technical Reports Series 398 . Publication: STI/DOC/010/398 . This publication presents the proceedings of an international symposium on standards, applications and quality assurance in medical radiation dosimetry. It includes a selection of
Reference manual on the IAEA JRQ correlation monitor steel . International Atomic Energy Agency Wagramer Strasse 5 P.O. Box 100 A-1400 Vienna, Austria REFERENCE MANUAL ON THE IAEA JRQ CORRELATION MONITOR STEEL FOR IRRADIATION DAMAGE STUDIES IAEA, VIENNA, 2001 IAEA-TECDOC-1230 . 30
Treatment Planning For Molecular Radiotherapy: Potential And Prospects Internal Dosimetry Task Force Report www.eanm.org Page 3 CONTENTS Acronyms 4 Executive Summary 5 Introduction 6 Background to Radionuclide Therapy 7 Survey on the implementation of therapy and dosimetry procedures in Europe 9 Dosimetry for Therapy procedures 12
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International Symposium on Standards, Applications and Quality Assurance in Medical Radiation Dosimetry. IAEA, Vienna, Austria, 9-12 November 2010. 5. Introduction 4 Ph.D. Thesis of A. Baumgartner: „Primary standard dosimetry of high-energy photon . and electron beams" - Enable primary standard dosimetry of high-energy photon
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was responsible for verifying Iran’s compliance with the deal. Iran and the IAEA also signed a separate Roadmap to clarify outstanding issues on Iran’s nuclear activities, specifically the possible military dimensions of its nuclear program. The IAEA role The IAEA was founded in
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