ELECTRIC VEHICLE BUYER'S GUIDE - Sonoma Clean Power
ELECTRICVEHICLEBUYER'SGUIDEA Consumer’s Guidebookto Electric VehiclesJuly 26, 2018
CONTENTSIntroduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 The Electric Vehicle Experience. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .12Vehicle Technology and Options. . . . . . . . . . . 2Charging Your Vehicle. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4Performance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6Electric Vehicles and Range. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62 Buying an Electric Vehicle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7Upfront Costs. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8Purchasing vs Leasing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8Incentive Programs. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8Maintenance Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8For Battery Electric Vehicles . . . . . . . . . . . 8For Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicles . . . . . . 10Battery Life and Replacement . . . . . . . . . . 11Warranty . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12Other Incentives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133Charging . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14Charging at Home . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15Level 1 Charging . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15Level 2 Charging . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .15EV Electricity Rates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16Managed Charging. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18Charging Away From Home. . . . . . . . . . . . . 18Charging at Work . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19Public Charging. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19Network Providers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19Access Cards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .21Fees for Charging . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 214Sustainability. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23Reduced Emissions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23Integrating Renewable Energy . . . . . . . . . . . 24Energy Independence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24Batteries. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24Printed on paper made from 50% recycled, 15% recycled post consumer waste, using soy-based inks.
INTRODUCTION2. Buying an Electric VehicleBuying a new car is one of the most significantpurchases that households make. As consumersstart to narrow their choices for the right car, electricvehicles are increasingly making the list. Today, morethan 15 auto makers offer more than 50 differentelectric vehicle models. This document is designed toThis section helps prospective buyers runthrough a basic checklist of things to considerbefore buying or leasing an electric vehicle,including upfront costs, maintenance costs,and incentive opportunities.3. Charging an Electric Vehiclehelp prospective electric vehicle buyers sort throughElectric vehicles change the way drivers fuelthese options by introducing the key aspects oftheir cars. This section introduces chargingbuying an electric vehicle, while addressing someoptions, including charging at home, installingof the common concerns with electric vehicles. Thischarging infrastructure at home (where appro-guide is organized as follows:priate), making sense of electricity rates, andcharging away from home.1. Electric Vehicle ExperienceExplore key features of driving an electricvehicle, most notably what to expect fromtheir performance and their range. There arenumerous models with a variety of featuresthat meet the day-to-day needs of a typicaldriver. Learn about electric vehicle types andoptions and which vehicle has the potential to4. Sustainability:Electric vehicles offer substantial environmental benefits–including zero tailpipe emissions (when using electricity) for cleaner air,reduced greenhouse gas emissions, potentialintegration with renewable energy, and energyindependence.work best for your lifestyle. I ntroduction1
1 THEELECTRIC VEHICLEEXPERIENCEElectric vehicles can easily be integrated into yourIt is important to note, however, that electric vehicleexisting lifestyle, even though they represent amodels are still limited. For instance, electric vehi-change from using a conventional vehicle. Onecles most commonly fall into two configurations:of the attractive aspects of owning an electricfive-passenger sedans or hatchback vehicles.vehicle is the simplicity of charging your vehicleat home. While consumer options for driving andElectric vehicles are typically characterized ascharging an electric vehicle have improved signifi-Battery Electric Vehicles also known as BEVs (allcantly over the last five years, with a growing diver-electric, no gasoline engine) or Plug-In Hybridsity of vehicle offerings from auto makers and moreElectric Vehicles also known as PHEVs (an electriccharging infrastructure deployed, there are stillvehicle with a gasoline engine backup).some limitations that some consumers might face.The following subsections introduce how you canBattery electric vehicles run solely on electricity;charge an electric vehicle and the electric vehiclethe high-capacity rechargeable battery packs propelofferings available to consumers today.the wheels using one or more electric motors. Thevehicles are sometimes referred to as pure EVs or allVEHICLE TECHNOLOGY ANDOPTIONSelectric vehicles. Regardless of the naming convention, these vehicles only use a battery and tend tohave large batteries that require longer chargingThe diversity of vehicle offerings available todaytimes. The vehicles typically have a driving range ofreflects the automotive industry’s response to the60–100 miles, with some models offering a range asbroad range of consumer interests.high as 240 miles.2DRIVING ELECTRIC IN SONOMA AND MENDOCINO COUNTIES A CONSUMER’S GUIDEBOOK TO ELECTRIC VEHICLES
Plug-in hybrid electric vehicles have both a highcapacity battery that powers an electric motor andan internal combustion engine fueled by gasoline.The vehicle is different from hybrids that consumersare used to: The vehicle can plug in to an externalsource of power (e.g., an outlet). Plug-in hybridstypically have a driving range that is comparable to aconventional vehicle (in the hundreds of miles). Thatrange is a combination of miles traveled using electricity and miles traveled using gasoline.The range of miles traveled using electricity inplug-in hybrids ranges from 10 miles to as much as72 miles. When the battery pack is fully discharged,the gasoline engine powers the aVolkswagenVolvo T he Electric Vehicle Experience3
The table on page 3 highlights the vehicle manu-cally access attractive electricity rates from PG&Efacturers that offer plug-in hybrids and batteryand Sonoma Clean Power, thereby reducing the costelectric vehicles for sale as of July 2018. Theof charging an electric vehicle.vehicle offerings change rapidly, with automobile makers announcing plans frequently.Charging your electric vehicle at home eliminatesInterested drivers are encouraged to check outthe inconvenience of having to re-fuel an internalFuelEconomy.gov and the Alternative Fuels Datacombustion engine vehicle at a gas station—youCenter for the newest electric vehicle offerings.simply fuel your vehicle at your home, at your convenience. While most of charging may be happeningCHARGING YOUR VEHICLEat homes with access to a garage—this is an easyWhen consumers think about electric vehicles, theyto note that electric vehicle owners live in a varietyoften think about how they are going to charge theof situations, renters and owners living in apartmentsvehicle. Charging at home is typically the most conve-and homes. For those who do not have access to anient and cheapest way for drivers to charge theirhome charging station, public and workplace char-electric vehicles–in fact, about 80% of electric vehiclegers play an important role.situation for electric vehicle charging; it is importantcharging today is done at homes. Residents can typi-4DRIVING ELECTRIC IN SONOMA COUNTY A CONSUMER’S GUIDEBOOK TO ELECTRIC VEHICLESDRIVING ELECTRIC IN SONOMA AND MENDOCINO COUNTIES A CONSUMER’S GUIDEBOOK TO ELECTRIC VEHICLES
Apart from where to charge an electric vehicle,regarding electric vehicle charging opportunities,some consumers are worried about special plugswhich is frequently handled via human resourcesor required equipment. Electric vehicles sold inand/or facilities management staff. Finding otherthe US are required to use standardized chargingaway-from-home charging opportunities is madeequipment (referred to as the SAE J1772 standard).easy by on-board applications, smart phones appsThis basically normalizes the electrical connectionsfor finding charging locations, and other technologybetween electric vehicles and the grid, taking thethat drivers can access easily.guesswork out of charging: consumers can simplyplug-in their vehicle and walk away.Charging away from home can introduce a new experience: paying a fee. Some public charging stationsMost vehicles today come with equipment that cancan require a fee for drivers to use. Fee structuresbe plugged into a standard 120 volt (V) outlet tovary considerably across the industry—consumers arecharge the vehicle. When drivers plug into a stan-encouraged to familiarize themselves with variousdard outlet, they should be sure that it is on a dedi-cost structures, and learn how to compare thecated circuit (with a capacity of 15–20 amps). Forcost of charging at home against charging away-faster charging, drivers can think about installingfrom-home. Some introductory considerations arelevel 2 charging at home.discussed later in this document.The amount of time that it takes to charge an elec-On average, Sonoma County residents have some oftric vehicle after it has been fully depleted dependsthe fastest commute times in the Bay Area; but theon two factors:average Sonoma County commuter still spends 25minutes on the journey from home to work. Electric1. the size of the battery in your car (asmeasured by kWh capacity), andvehicles have the potential to reduce the amount oftime drivers spend in traffic. Some electric vehiclesare eligible for Clean Air Vehicle Decals, which allow2. the rate at which you can deliver electricityto the battery.drivers to access HOV lanes, like those in place alongstretches of the US Highway 101.Many electric vehicles available today can be fullycharged overnight (4–8 hours) using the standard120 V outlet found in all homes. The bigger thebattery on the vehicle, however, the more time youwill need to charge, unless you go to a higher levelof charging. The next section introduces the electricvehicles available today and more specifics abouthow long they take to charge.Charging youre l e c t r i c ve h i c l e a thome eliminates thei n co nve n i e n ce o f h av i n gto re -fuel an internalWhen drivers are not charging at home, they canincreasingly find charging opportunities away fromhome, perhaps via workplace charging or at otherlocations such as parking lots at retail centers.co m b u s t i o n e n g i n eve h i c l e a t a g a s s t a t i o nConsumers should check directly with their employer T he Electric Vehicle Experience5
E L E C T R I C V E H I CL E S H AV E T H E P OT E N T I A LTO R E D U CE T H E A M O U N T O F T I M E D R I V E R SS PE N D I N T R A FFI CPERFORMANCEConsumers generally have positive reports regardingelectric vehicle handling and acceleration. Electricmiles). Drivers should consider their driving habitsand needs, and different ranges available for electricvehicles.motors respond instantaneously to the driver’s foot(providing what is called instantaneous torque at lowspeeds), which typically leads to good acceleration.Electric vehicles are able to get a combination ofexcellent fuel efficiency and strong performance,responding to some consumer reservations frompast experiences with slower hybrid performance.Electricity is a ubiquitous fuel that can be accessedin most locations to which drivers travel–at home, atwork, and on the go during trips around Sonoma andMendocino counties and the rest of the State. Thepublic charging infrastructure network that electricvehicles require to tap into the grid is in its nascentstages but growing rapidly.ELECTRIC VEHICLES AND RANGEThe average one-way commute distance in SonomaCounty is about 17 miles. If a vehicle is only beingused for commuting, then the majority of the electric vehicle models currently available will satisfy theaverage commuter’s driving habits. But, most driverstake more trips than just to-and-from work.Consumers should consider their day-to-day drivingactivity and other driving habits before buying anelectric vehicle. For instance, consider that theaverage Californian drives about 12,000–14,000When traveling locally or throughout other partsof the State, drivers of battery electric vehicleswill need to understand vehicle range limitationsand ensure that they have either sufficient rangeto complete the trip or that there is (preferably)fast charging equipment along the route. While thepublic charging infrastructure network required tosupport electric vehicle trips is in its nascent stages,there are many tools available to electric vehicleplanning trips, with clear indication of charginginfrastructure, network operators, fee structures, andother relevant information.miles per year. The type of miles that we drive asindividuals vary considerably though. And the typeof electric vehicle that works for each individualwill depend on the mix of driving, such as the dailycommute, trips to the store, recreational outings,and long distance trips (e.g., trips longer than 1006DRIVING ELECTRIC IN SONOMA AND MENDOCINO COUNTIES A CONSUMER’S GUIDEBOOK TO ELECTRIC VEHICLES
2 BUYING ANELECTRIC VEHICLEThe number one issue for most consumers purchasingauto makers have been offering attractivea vehicle is price. Even with federal and state purchaselease packages for electric vehicles. Whileincentives, electric vehicles may be priced higher thanleasing vehicles is more popular today than itconventional vehicles or hybrid vehicles. However,has been for more than 10 years, the broaderelectric vehicles help drivers save money by usingcar market is about 75/25 when it comes toa cheaper fuel, with a more predictable price. Thebuying vs leasing.prospective buyer of an electric vehicle shouldconsider the following: Think about driving habits. Drivers shouldconsider how far and how frequently theydrive, and think about whether they mightbenefit from access to the HOV lane. Explore different vehicle types. Prospectivebuyers should do their research regardingplug-in hybrids and battery electric vehicles,understanding vehicle range, the chargingrequirements, and understand the potentialbenefits and trade-offs of various electricvehicles. Understand purchasing options. The electric Identify incentives. Prospective buyers shouldensure that they know about federal and statepurchase incentives for electric vehicles, aswell as other incentives ranging from utilityrates to insurance discounts. Prospectivebuyers are encouraged to visit California’sDriveClean website to find the most updatedinformation about incentives.While the market is expanding and improvingrapidly, many buyers might not find an electricvehicle solution that suits them. For prospectivebuyers of electric vehicles, this guidebook encourages a look at total cost of ownership – whichincludes consideration of vehicle pricing, interest onfinancing (where appropriate), fuel pricing, insur-vehicle market today is about 50/50 when itance, sales tax, average maintenance costs, andcomes to buying vs leasing the vehicles. Manydepreciation.BUYING AN ELECTRIC VEHICLE7
UPFRONT COSTSHOUSEHOLDSIZE300% FEDERALPOVERTY LIMITvaries based on multiple factors such as manufac-1 36,420turer incentives, dealer incentives, and consumer2 49,3803 62,3404 75,3005 88,2606 101,2207 114,1808 127,140The upfront cost of purchasing an electric vehiclefinancing.PURCHASING VS LEASINGMany manufacturers are currently offering attractiveoptions for both purchasing and leasing electric vehicles. Prospective buyers are encouraged to researchcurrent deals offered by the manufacturers of thevehicles in which they are currently most interested.These deals are typically advertised online. Ultimately,the decision to purchase or lease a vehicle comesdown to consumer preference and consumer finances. Go Green! Program: The Northern SonomaCounty Air Pollution Control District is offeringINCENTIVE PROGRAMSincentives up to 1,000 for a new electricvehicle and 1,000 for low-income residents.There are many incentives available for electricThis program is only open to residents of thevehicles, including:district. Federal income tax credit: The federal taxThese incentives are in addition to the vehiclecredit is valued at up to 7,500 and is linkedpurchasing process, and it is important to noteto the capacity of the battery in the vehicle.that in order to receive these incentives someBattery electric vehicles, for instance,paperwork may be needed from the buyer.generally qualify for the full 7,500 incentivewhereas plug-in hybrids generally qualify forMAINTENANCE REQUIREMENTSless. Check with your tax professional aboutElectric vehicle drivers can generally save moneydetails and eligibility.via lower maintenance costs. Electric vehicles have California rebate program: The state’s rebatefewer moving parts, and therefore typically haveprogram provides 1,500 and 2,500 towardslower maintenance costs. There is also less wear-the purchase or lease of a new PEV, dependingand-tear on brakes due to regenerative braking.on the vehicle type. High income earners(single filers making more than 150,000 andFOR BATTERY ELECTRIC VEHICLESjoint filers making more than 300,000) areineligible to for the program. Furthermore, therebate is increased by 2,000 for householdsBattery electric vehicles require the followingroutine maintenance procedures:with income less than 300% of the federalpoverty level (which is linked to the householdsize, see table below).8 Tire rotation. This typically occurs every7,500 miles.DRIVING ELECTRIC IN SONOMA COUNTY A CONSUMER’S GUIDEBOOK TO ELECTRIC VEHICLESDRIVING ELECTRIC IN SONOMA AND MENDOCINO COUNTIES A CONSUMER’S GUIDEBOOK TO ELECTRIC VEHICLES
Brake check. Due to regenerative braking,most drivers will likely require a single visit tocheck the brakes on a battery electric vehiclein the first 100,000 miles driven (comparedto 2–4 visits for a conventional internalcombustion engine). Battery coolant. Most battery systems use athermal management system. In some cases,this might be checked, but this is rare.Note that the following maintenance procedurestypical for internal combustion engines arenot required for battery electric vehicles: Oil change Automatic transmission fluid Spark plugs and wires Muffler Timing beltsEstimates from Oak Ridge National Laboratory andthe California Energy Commission indicate thatthe maintenance on conventional vehicles is about 700–800 annually, while battery electric vehiclesare about 300–360 annually1 .1Assumes a cost of 5.8 and 2.6 /mile for conventional vehiclesand battery electric vehicles, respectively.BUYING AN ELECTRIC VEHICLE9
FOR PLUG-IN HYBRID ELECTRIC VEHICLESPlug-in hybrid electric vehicles will have similarmaintenance requirements as conventional vehicles, Battery coolant. Most battery systems use athermal management system. In some cases,this might be checked, but this is rare.because they have both a battery and an internalRoutine maintenance procedures , such as oilcombustion engine. These maintenance checkschanges, transmission fluid replacement, replace-include:ment of spark plugs and wires, muffler checks, andtiming belt replacements are all required for plug-in Tire rotation. This typically occurs everyhybrid electric vehicles.7,500 miles. Brake check. Due to regenerative braking,most drivers will likely require a single visit tocheck the brakes on a plug-in hybrid electricvehicle in the first 100,000 miles driven(compared to 2–4 visits for a conventionalinternal combustion engine).10However, the frequency and likelihood of needingthese procedures done is linked to the number ofmiles the vehicle travels using the battery versusthe engine. In most cases, drivers should anticipatefewer trips to the auto mechanic to address theseissues than when driving a conventional vehicle.DRIVING ELECTRIC IN SONOMA COUNTY A CONSUMER’S GUIDEBOOK TO ELECTRIC VEHICLESDRIVING ELECTRIC IN SONOMA AND MENDOCINO COUNTIES A CONSUMER’S GUIDEBOOK TO ELECTRIC VEHICLES
Estimates from Oak Ridge National Laboratory andelectric Chevrolet Volts driven in Chicago in thethe California Energy Commission indicate that thewinter had 29% lower ranges (30 miles compared tomaintenance on conventional vehicles is about 700–42) than those driven in Chicago in the spring.800 annually, while plug-in hybrid electric vehicles areabout 500–600 annually.2When the vehicle system is cold it becomes lessefficient from increases in internal friction as anBATTERY LIFE AND REPLACEMENTengine or battery gets colder.The battery in electric vehicles will slowly degradeover time. Most analysts, for instance, believe thattoday’s lithium-ion batteries will suffice for automotive applications for at least 100,000 miles, witha potential loss of up to 20% of range over thatperiod. The rate of degradation, however, is linkedR AN G E E X T EN D ERV EH I CLE S & M AI N T ENAN CEto factors such as frequency of charging, terrain,and climate.Performance of electric vehicles may be impacted byweather but due to the mild climate of our commu-We use the terms battery electric vehicles and plug-in hybrid electric vehiclenity it is unlikely that the weather in Sonoma andthroughout this document. ConsumersMendocino counties will have a significant nega-may come across the term “rangetive impact on electric vehicle operating perfor-extender” or REx. This is a kind ofmance over the vehicle lifetime. The average lowand high temperatures in Sonoma County are 38 Fhybridized powertrain. Range extenders(for January and December) and 90 F (in July). Thetypically have an engine powered bydaily average temperature over the span of a year isgasoline that is used to drive an electricaround 60 F.generator, which supplies the vehicle’sIn extremely cold or hot climates, electric vehiclemotor with electricity. In other words,performance is negatively impacted largely due tothe gasoline powered engine neverimpacts on battery performance. For instance, thedrives the car, rather it delivers elec-Idaho National Laboratory (INL) reports that variationsin weather can affect the range of electric vehicles bytricity to the battery and motor whichmore than 25%. They looked at the performance ofdrive the car. RExs are likely to haveNissan LEAFs and Chevrolet Volts driven across themaintenance costs more like a batteryUnited States. INL found that Nissan LEAFs drivenin Chicago in the winter had 26% lower ranges (60electric vehicle than a plug-in hybridmiles compared to 81) than those driven in Seattleelectric vehicle.in the fall. Similarly, they found that plug-in hybrid2Assumes a cost of 5.8 and 4.3 /mile for conventional vehiclesand plug-in hybrid electric vehicles, respectively.BUYING AN ELECTRIC VEHICLE11
E L E C T R I C V E H I C L E S H AV E L O W E RM A I T E N A N C E CO S T SRange is impacted in cold weather becauseof auxiliary power consumption, such as cabinheaters and fans and component heaters(i.e., battery heaters). Conventional vehicles usewaste heat to help warm the cabin, but becauseall-electric vehicles do not generate sufficientwaste heat, an electric heater must be used.Cabin heating therefore reduces the batterycharge and potential range of an electric vehicle.Based on findings of the AAA AutomotiveResearch Center on a limited number of samplevehicles, electric vehicle battery range was reducedby nearly 60% at 20 F, largely due to the vehiclesauxiliary loads. 3 FleetCarma published data on morethan 7,000 Nissan LEAF trips, noting just a 21% dropfrom the ideal range of 76 miles at temperatures of25 F.due to the vehicles auxiliary loads. 4 FleetCarma haspublished other data indicating that the impact onvehicle range in hot temperatures is not as significant. For more than 7,000 Nissan LEAF trips thatthey tracked, the average range was about 56 miles,just a 26% drop from the ideal range of 76 miles.Range is also impacted in hot weather because ofWARRANTYauxiliary power consumption as drivers increaseElectric vehicles have warranties similar to conven-energy demand to cool the passenger cabin usingtional vehicles, and include the battery. Today, mostA/C units.electric vehicle models offer a warranty of 8 yearsand 100,000 miles. These warranties typically allowBased on findings of the aforementioned study fromfor some limited loss of battery capacity during theAAA Automotive Research Center, electric vehiclewarranty. Note, however, that plug-in hybrid electricbattery range on a limited number of sample vehi-vehicles in California must offer a 10-year, 150,000-cles was reduced by about 35% at 95 F, also largelymile warranty on the battery to qualify under the3412AAA Automotive Research Center, 2014, Ibid.DRIVING ELECTRIC IN SONOMA AND MENDOCINO COUNTIES A CONSUMER’S GUIDEBOOK TO ELECTRIC VEHICLES
state’s Zero Emission Vehicle Program and to beeligible for the California Clean Vehicle RebateProject incentives.The replacement of battery packs should be done inaccordance with recommendations from the automobile manufacturer. If the battery pack is replacedwhile the vehicle is still under warranty, then the costshould be borne by the auto manufacturer. There isvery limited data available regarding firm pricing forthe replacement of battery packs in electric vehicles,in large part because of the nascent market for electric vehicles. Nissan provides a replacement for the LEAF’s24 kWh pack at a cost of 6,499, with a 1,000reduction when returning the old battery pack.Nissan estimates that the installation kit will costan additional 225 and about three hours to install. Chevrolet does not provide a firm cost for thereplacement of the battery pack on a ChevroletVolt. However, as of August 2016, Chevrolethas indicated they have not replaced a singlebattery pack on the Volt due to general capacitydegradation.OTHER INCENTIVESApart from purchase incentives, consumers shouldbe aware that there are other incentives available.HOV lane access: Electric vehicles qualify for CleanAir Vehicle Stickers, which provide an exemptionfor single occupancy vehicles to travel in high occupancy vehicle (HOV) lanes. Battery electric vehiclesand plug-in hybrids qualify for red decals. Decalsare set to expire on Jan 1, 2022. Note that the USHighway 101 is the only road in Sonoma Countywhich has HOV lanes.BUYING AN ELECTRIC VEHICLE13
3 CHARGINGElectric vehicles can be charged at different levels.240 V service power can be delivered at about 7.5The most common levels used today are Level 1,kW which shortens charging time considerably forLevel 2, and DC fast charging.electric vehicles.Level 1: These chargers use standard outlets at 120Level 2 charging equipment requires additionalvolts, with a three-prong electrical outlet at 15–20grounding, personal protection system features,Amps. Level 1 charging requires no new electricala no-load make/break interlock connection, andservice for a building operating on an existing circuit.a safety breakaway for the cable and connector.Level 1 is best suited for long dwell time such asConsult an electrician. If 240 V service is not alreadyovernight charging, since a longer time is requiredinstalled at the charging site, a new service drop willto recharge the vehicle. The typical Level 1 chargingbe required from the utility.enables about 4.5 miles of range per hour.Level 2: These chargers are used specifically forDC Fast Charging: These chargers provide powermuch faster than their AC counterparts (Level 1 andelectric vehicle charging and are rated at less thanLevel 2 charging, described above). They are lessor equal to 240 V and less than or equal to 80 A.common than Level 2 chargers, and are not suit-Depending on the charge controller on-board theable for residential applications. DC fast chargersvehicle, 3.3 kW or 6.6 kW, the vehicle can acceptare more expensive to build and operate due toabout 10–20 miles of range per hour. With a 40 A,the equipment and electrical upgrades necessaryto operate them. Not all electric vehicle modelsare currently equipped with compatible hardware1414DRIVING ELECTRIC IN SONOMA COUNTY A CONSUMER’S GUIDEBOOK TO ELECTRIC VEHICLESDRIVINGMENDOCINOCOUNTIES A CONSUMER’SGUIDEBOOKTO ELECTRIC VEHICLESDRIVING ELECTRICELECTRIC ININ SONOMASONOMA ANDCOUNTY A CONSUMER’SGUIDEBOOKTO ELECTRICVEHICLES
M O S T E L E C T R I C V E H I C L E S CO M EW I T H T O O L S T H AT C A N H E L P D R I V E R SM I N I M I Z E T H E I R E L E C T R I C I T Y CO S T Sfor DC fast charging. Some electric vehicle modelsMost plug-in hybrid drivers, for instance, use existingmay require a package up
Plug-in hybrid electric vehicles have both a high-capacity battery that powers an electric motor and an internal combustion engine fueled by gasoline . The vehicle is different from hybrids that consumers are used to: The vehicle can plug in to an external source of power (e .g ., an outlet) . Plug-in hybrids
GUIDE TO CREATING A DETAILED BUYER PERSONA. 02 . B2C BUYER PERSONA PERSONA FOR POTENTIAL 4 SUV BUYER SAMPLE BUYER PERSONAS. 06 B2B BUYER PERSONAS Title: Chief Information Officer (CIO), Chief . expert with business and strategy ski
Grain Buyer. Facility-Based Grain Buyer (108 federal warehouses) – Any grain buyer who operates a facility licensed under the United States Warehouse Act. Roving Grain Buyer (97 licensees) –Any grain buyer who does not operate a facility where grain is received. A roving grain buyer purchases, solicits, merchandises, or takes possession of .
Make 128 buyer cards on a single color of card stock paper. Prepare 64 low buyer cards and 64 high buyer cards according to the following distribution. Buyer Cards Low Value Buyer Cards High Value Buy Value No. of cards Buyer Value No. of cards 2.50 4 4.20 4 2.70 4 4.50 4 2.90 4 4.80 4 3.10 4 5.10 4 3.30 8 5.40 8
commit to deliver to your buyer, and the value that service brings. It is so your buyer can easily understand what is in it for them. It is what sets you apart from others and helps you win the appointment. The MREA Value Proposition Top Ten Service Areas of the Buyer Value Proposition 1. Needs Analysis x Analyze buyer’s wants and needs.
Consumer Buyer Behavior refers to the buying behavior of final consumers-individuals and households that buy goods and services for personal consumption. What is Consumer Buyer Behavior? Model of Consumer Buyer Behavior. Cultural Social Personal Psychological Forces that Influence Buyer
Statewide Buyer and Seller Advisory Buyer Advisory Form Agent's Visual Inspection form (conforms with Civ. Code §2079) Mold Disclosures Buyer's Inspection Elections -Covers 30 separate areas which should be examined by buyer during due diligence Termite Inspection, water heater, smoke detector forms
an (ex ante) expected utility of 0.25 for the buyer. Now define the signal set to be {hiдh,low}, and the buyer is said to have low value if his value is in [0,0.5]and hiдh otherwise. The mediator sends a signal to the seller after collecting the buyer's value: he sends signal low if the buyer has a low value and hiдh otherwise. The
an (ex ante) expected utility of 0.25 for the buyer. Now define the signal set to be {hiдh,low}, and the buyer is said to have low value if his value is in [0,0.5]and hiдh otherwise. The mediator sends a signal to the seller after collecting the buyer's value: he sends signal low if the buyer has a low value and hiдh otherwise. The
