Effect Of Various Surface Treatment Procedures On Shear Bond Strength .
ISSN: 1812–1217Effect of various surface treatment procedureson shear bond strength of stainless-steelorthodontic brackets to composite resinBayan A HassanBDS, MSc PhD (Lec)De Department of Pediatric Orthodontic Preventive dentistryCollege of Dentistry, Hawler Medical University الخالصة جهدف الدراسة جقييم قوة قص الحاصرات الحقويميةة المبتحةة ى ةي الحتةوات الراجي ايةة المراتةة ااسةحبدا اراعةة ااةواج تة الع ةات : االهداف السةةيحية المووداو ط ائا ووع ال م و جةةم ىمةةن ا ةةاث ن ةةوث واةةوة اسةةيوااية ى ةةي ا واةةات تة ااريةةن الةةراجي جةةم وتةةو التاةةوات اواسةةية تعالاةة سةيا الحتةوات احةات -: ننزىث ال ماذج ايريقةة ىتةواةية الةي اراعةة تاةاتيع تحسةانية الماموىةة النلةي , الحتوات الراجي اية نضةع وةات التوسةتوريك ةم -: جم اسحبدا المادة ال صقة اعد وةات التوسةتوريك المامةوج’ البالبةة -: التوستوريك وقط الماموىة البااية خةد سةيا الحتةوات االسة اان الماسةية ج ضةا نضةع وةات -: تادة الس ي المبتةث ناعةد ا ةك اسةحبدا المةادة ال صةقة الماموىةة الرااعةة نوحةص قةوة قةص الحاصةرات ااسةبدا هةاز transbond XT التوسةتوريك اعد ااحمةاا المعالاةة السةيحية جةم جبتيةث الحاصةرات ااسةحبدا اى ةي قةوة قةص , اااث ض الك ورق ناضةا اةي الماةاتيع الراعةة : النتا ج Kruskal-wallis التحص العا نجح ين التيااات ااسحبدا وحص خد سيا وتةوات الةراجي قتةن المعالاةة االحةات : ن دت وي الماموىة البالبة ن الماموىة النلي اضهرت اداي قوة قص االستنتاجات ااث وعال لححسي قوة قص الحاصرات القويمية اضاوة تادة الس ي قتن اسحبدا المادة ال صقةادى الي قوة قص اى ي ABSTRACTAims: The aim of this study was to evaluate the shear bond strength of brackets bonded to compositerestorations using four types of surface conditioning procedure. Materials and Methods: Thirty twocylindrical cavities were made at the center of self-cured acrylic resin blocks. All cavities were then filledwith composite resin. The specimens were randomly divided into four groups. Group one: Compositesurface was acid etched with 37% phosphoric acid. Group two: After using 37% phosphoric acid, bondingagent was applied and cured. Group three: After using 37% phosphoric acid silane coupling agent wasapplied then bonding agent was applied. Group Four: The composite surface roughened with a diamondbur, and then 37% phosphoric acid was applied. Brackets were bonded onto the composite preparedsamples with Transbond XT. Shear Bond Strength was measured by a universal testing machine. KruskalWallis test was utilized for data analysis. Results: There was a significant difference between the fourgroups. The highest bond strength was that of Group 3. Group 1 had the lowest bond strength.Conclusions: Roughening the composite surface before acid etching was effective to improve the bondstrength of orthodontic brackets to composite restorations. Addition of silane before bonding agentapplication result in highest bond strength.Key words: Orthodontic bracket, surface treatment, shear bond strength, composite restoration.Hassan BA. Effect of various surface treatment procedures on shear bond strength of stainless-steelorthodontic brackets to composite resin. Al–Rafidain Dent J. 2018, 18(1):21-30.Received: 23/4/2018Sent to Referees: 6/5/2018Accepted for Publication: 3/6/2018orthodontic patients. Therefore, bonding theINTRODUCTIONNowadays,theseekingformetal orthodontic brackets to compositeorthodontic treatment increases and theresinadults compose a significant number ofprocedure in the daily orthodontic practiceAl – Rafidain Dent JVol. 18, No1, 2018restorationsbecameacommon21
Hassan BA(1-6).When the old composite resinrestorationhasbeenpolishedother "one-component" bonding agents inorthat it contains extremely small (i.e., 12-contaminated, the bond strength to newnanometer) filler particles. Because they arecomposite resin restoration is significantlyso small, the manufacturer claims that thereduced.(4,.Number of techniques havefiller particles can penetrate into thebeen suggested in order to maximize thedemineralized dentin and contribute to thebond strength between the two compositeformation of the hybrid layer. Anotherrestorations, such as acid etching, microreported advantage of their small size is thatetching and the use of chemical agents (8-10).they do not contribute significantly to the6-7)Many studies, in restorative dentistryadhesive's film thickness. (14)have been focused on repairing s. Unlike the restorative dentistry,in orthodontic treatment maximum adhesionto the surface of the composite resinrestoration is very important, it has beensuggested that bond strength of 6-10 MPaare sufficient.Accordingly, a limited number ofstudies have been reported in the literature,the saline agent in such situations has beenan encouraging subject, This investigationwas undertaken to assess the shear bondstrength SBS of stainless steel bracketswhen using a saline coupling agent applied(11)to resin composite surfaces.Although brackets bonded to thefreshly roughened surfaceofanoldcomposite restoration have had clinicalMATERIALS AND METHODSA total thirty two cylindrical cavities 8anmm in diameter and 2mm in depth were. Excitemade at the center of self-cured acrylic resin(Ivoclar.Vivadent, Schaan, Liechtenstein) isblocks which were poured in metal mold 2a fifth-generation, light-activated dentincm in diameter and 2.5 cm in depth. Allbonding agent that sometimes called onecavities were then filled with anteriorbottle system. It is recommended for directcomposite resin (Shofu, japan) shade A2.bonding of resin composite. This type ofThe composite resin was packed against theadhesive combines the primer and bondingcavity with Ash plastic instrument to avoidagent into a single solution and is acetone-air entrapment and then treated with lightfree. A separate etching step still is requiredcure for 20 second by light curing unitsuccess, someauthorsrecommendintermediate primer as well(12)manufacturer(Astralis 5, Leichenstein, Germany). Theinstructions, Excite is distinguished fromspecimens were randomly divided into four(13).Accordingtothegroups of 8 samples;Al – Rafidain Dent JVol. 18, No1, 201822
Shear bond strength of stainless steel orthodontic bracketsGroup one: The composite surface was acidVivadent,Schaan,Leichtenstein)wasetched with 37% phosphoric acid for 30applied in the same manner as described inseconds then the composite surface washedgroup two.for 15 seconds with copious water to removethe acid and air dried with oil free air for 10seconds. After that, the maxillary centralstainlesssteelbrackets(Dentarum,Germany) were bonded by applying aconstant force with the help of a surveyor.Transbond XT (3M, ESPE, Minnesota,USA)wasusedaccordingtothemanufacturer instructions. Excess compositewas gently removed before curing and thecomposite light cured from all surfaces for10 seconds for each side (mesially, distally,Group Four: the composite surface wasroughened with a diamond bur (Shofu,Japan), then 37% phosphoric acid wasapplied to the surface of the composite resinfor 30 seconds and the brackets werebonded. All procedures were performed asdescribed previously for the group one.Then all the specimens stored in anincubator for 72 hours at 3 C and 100%humidity.Shear bond strength testing:occusaly and gingivaly) with light curingFollowing storage, each sample wasunit.Group two: after using 37% phosphoricfitted into a specially constructed jag andacid and rinsing with copious water assubjected to bond testing with a universaldescribed in group one, Excite bondingtesting machine. Using knife edge rod of 0.5agentSchaan,mm width with a cross head speed 0.5Leichtenstein) was applied by a micro brushmm/min that applied vertically acrosson the surface of the composites resin thatcomposite and bracket interface. The forcewere treated. After light curing of the Excitethat was required to shear the brackets wasbonding agent for 20 seconds, the bracketsrecorded in Newton measurements. Thewere bonded as the same manner in groupshear bond strengths were calculated inone.mega pascals (MPa) by dividing the force to(Ivoclar,Vivadent,the surface area of the base of the bracketsGroup three: after using 37% phosphoric(12mm).acid and rinsing with copious water asdescribed in group one, silane couplingStatistical Analysis:agent was applied with brush to thecomposite surface and left for one minutethenExcitebondingagent(Ivoclar,The data were collected and analyzedstatistically, the data tested for normaldistribution and since the data were notAl – Rafidain Dent JVol. 18, No1, 201823
Hassan BAnormally distributed then it was decided toRESULTSapply Kruskal-wallis test. The level ofThe descriptive statistic data of thesignificance for all tests was determined atshear bond strength test of the differentP 0.05.groups was shown in Table 1.Table (1): Descriptive statistic of shear bond strength for all groups.N8888Group1Group2group3group4Valid N(listwise)Minimum 62811.459511.876418The highest bond strength was that ofAccording to the Kruskal-Wallis test thereGroup 3, which used silane and bonding inwas a significant difference in shear bondaddition to acid. Group 1 had the loweststrength among all different groups Tablebond strength, which used only acids etch(2).technique before bonding the bracket.Table (2): Independent samples Kruskal - Wallis testFurtheranalysisusingBonferronicorrection for multiple test revealed thatthree were statistically highly significant atp 0.01 as shown in Table 3.shear bond strength value among one andAl – Rafidain Dent JVol. 18, No1, 201824
Shear bond strength of stainless steel orthodontic bracketsTable (3): Bonferroni correction for multiple testthe composite surfaces without generatingDISCUSSIONThe increased need of adults toorthodontic treatment results in the necessityfor orthodontists to fix brackets and tubes oncompositerestorations.Whenbondingexcessive force which might damage therestoration9.Laboratorymethodshavebeenproposed to simulate oral conditions andorthodontic brackets to composite surfaces,facilitateitinertdental materials as clinical studies thatcharacteristics of the surfaces to achieveassess the shear bond strength of orthodonticclinically acceptable bond strength. Bondbrackets are extremely difficult to bestrength should be high enough to resistconducted. It is virtually impossible toaccidental debonding during treatment, butstandardize the oral status of each rentalso low enough to remove the bracket fromAl – Rafidain Dent JVol. 18, No1, 201825
Hassan BAwhich prevents the prediction of durabilityand the comparison of dental materials.(14)of brackets to composite restorations. Itseems that roughening the composite surfaceIn the present study, four procedures haveprovides conditions for Excite bondingbeen used for preparing the compositeagents to form more resin tags and increasesurface before the bonding of brackets inbond strength .(14)order to improve the bond strength of newcompositerestorationstopreviouscomposite fillings.highlysurface roughening with a diamond bur plusapplication of 37% phosphoric acid achievedThe results of the current studiesshowedIn the present study, it is found thatsignificantbond strengths that should be clinicallydifferencessuccessful. This finding is similar to studybetween group1 which used acid etch onlyby Eslamian et al(19) who found that, whenbefore adhesive resin application and groupstainless steel brackets are bonded to3 which treated with silane coupling agent incompositeaddition to Exite bonding agent application.diamond bur. There is significant higherFurther studies found that the conventionalshear bond strength than those, bonded toacid etching with 37% phosphoric acidcomposite surfaces treated with hydrofluoric(15-acid, roughening with a diamond burcreated lower bond strength values.17),which is in agreement with the presentrestorations,treatedwithimproved retentive surfaces.The findings of Chay et al20 supportstudy.It was demonstrated thatortho-the claim that treatment, such as rougheningphosphoric acid with a concentration ofwith greenstone or sandblasting the surface37% is not able to etch a ceramic surfaceofand,increased bond strength of lnotproducechangesonporcelain (18).theprovisionalmaterial,producedbrackets after artificial aging. Another studyconcluded that the preparation of theIn the present study, also bond strengthporcelain surface with sandblasting is betterwas achieved with the application of Excitethan that with a diamond bur.(21) Because ofbonding agent and acid etching on thethe risk of damaging the porcelain duringcomposite surface. As it has role inpretreatment or debonding, roughening ofimproving surface wetting of compositethe surfaces must be avoided(22-24).restoration surfaces that act as a bondingOne of the studies that disagrees withagent which can lead to the formation ofthis finding and suggests that surfacemore resin tags. Increasing the number ofroughening without silane treatment may notresin tags improves the shear bond strengthAl – Rafidain Dent JVol. 18, No1, 201826
Shear bond strength of stainless steel orthodontic 5).advantagewhenbondingorthodonticbrackets to composite restorations.Another founding achieved in this study wasThe results of this in vitro studythe influence of silane on the shear bondindicated that the use of silane increases thestrength between orthodontic brackets andbond strength values; and conditioning withbonding materials. Highest mean value37% phosphoric acid for 30 min, followed(21.87) was found in groups that treatedby the application of silane and bondingwith silane and Exite application. Silaneagent was considered the best compositecoupling agents are usually monomericpreparation method. These results are inspecies in which silicon is linked to reactiveagreement with other studiesorganic radicals and hydrolyzable esterof silane prior to bonding was the singlegroups. The reactive organic groups becomemostchemically bonded to the resin molecules.satisfactory bond strength (37).Hydrolyzablemonovalentgroupsbond(26, 27)factorinThe usedeterminingCONCLUSIONSchemically to silicon contained in the glassmatrix and lithium disilicate crystalsimportant(33-36 ).It was concluded that the bond that.contain silane coupling agent will raise theThen, a chemical bond is formed betweenbond strength between composite increment,the silane coupling agent and silica layer onalso surface roughness of composite surfacethe ceramic surface or the bonding materials.raise bond strength between compositeHisamatsu et al28concluded that no matterwhat variation in the material, the mixing ofincrement better than composite smoothsurface.a silane primer with bonding agent usuallyREFERENCESdemonstrated the greatest degree of bond1. Gottlieb EL, Nelson AH, Vogels DS.29strength. Barbosa et al found that surfaceStudyroughening with a diamond bur followed bytreatment procedures. J ClinOrthod1991;the silane application produces clinically25:145-56.acceptable bond strengths. In contradiction,2. Salonen L, Mohlin B, Götzlinger B,other studies revealed that the use of silaneHelldén L. Need and demand for orthodonticdid not significantly affect the bond strengthtreatment in an adult Swedish population.and may be an unnecessary additional stepEur J Orthod1992; 14:359-68.(23, 30, 31). The result of this study was dultdisagreement with the previous study whoorthodontics—a review. Br J Orthod1995;reported that using a silane agent offered no22:331-7.Al – Rafidain Dent JVol. 18, No1, 201827
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occusaly and gingivaly) with light curing unit. Group two: after using 37% phosphoric acid and rinsing with copious water as described in group one, Excite bonding agent (Ivoclar, Vivadent, Schaan, Leichtenstein) was applied by a micro brush on the surface of the composites resin that were treated. After light curing of the Excite
independent of surface roughness. However, there can be an effect if the scale of roughness is very great. If a surface is extremely rough on a microscopic scale, then the actual surface area under the liquid is greater than the projected area. Thus, because of the greater surface area, the surface energy per unit projected area is higher because
variations in surface characteristics, and it is important for engineers to understand the technology of surface. The most commonly used measure of surface texture is surface roughness. Withrespected to figure 1.2, surface roughness can be defined as the average of vertical deviations from nominal surface over a specified surface length.
The sequence of treatment processes through which wastewater passes is usually characterized as: 1. Preliminary treatment 2. Primary treatment 3. Secondary treatment 4. Tertiary treatment This discussion is an introduction to advanced treatment methods and processes. Advanced treatment is primarily a tertiary treatment.
The sequence of treatment processes through which wastewater passes is usually characterized as: 1. Preliminary treatment 2. Primary treatment 3. Secondary treatment 4. Tertiary treatment This discussion is an introduction to advanced treatment methods and processes. Advanced treatment is primarily a tertiary treatment.
orating surface effects has been presented in [26,59,42] . The effect of non-local parameter, surface elasticity modulus and residual surface stress on the vibrational frequencies of Timoshenko beam has been studied in [73,41] . The coupling between non-local effect and surface stress effect for the non-linear free vibration case of nanobeams has
surface roughness can be seen in Figures 3 through 5 as examples of the observations. Fig. 4. Example of a surface with relatively average surface roughness. (0.335 μm) Fig. 3. Example of a surface with relatively low surface roughness. (0.141 μm) Table 1. 3D Surface roughness parameters Parameters Name Definition Comments Sa Average Roughness
of average surface roughness of sand finished part, but in the range of 0.51µm - 2.5µm along different surface angles. Figure 5 shows the average surface roughness distribution, Ra after sanding. Minimum Ra sanded is 0.51μm at surface angle 00, which is reduced from 3μm. Surface angles 90 0 and 180 too have minimum average surface roughness.
To observe the heat treatment process for a 4340 and a 1018 (A36) steel sample and effect on properties. To observe the heat treatment process for a 2024 aluminum sample and effect on properties. To observe the effect of heat treatment on 260 Brass sample and effect on properties. Relate microstructure to mechanical properties
