HYBRID AIRSHIPS IN JOINT LOGISTICS OVER THE SHORE (JLOTS) A Thesis .
HYBRID AIRSHIPS IN JOINT LOGISTICS OVER THE SHORE (JLOTS)A thesis presented to the Faculty of the U.S. ArmyCommand and General Staff College in partialfulfillment of the requirements for thedegreeMASTER OF MILITARY ART AND SCIENCEGeneral StudiesbySAMUEL W. MORGAN III, MAJ, USAB.S., Widener University, Chester, Pennsylvania, 2000Fort Leavenworth, Kansas2013-01Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited.
REPORT DOCUMENTATION PAGEForm ApprovedOMB No. 0704-0188Public reporting burden for this collection of information is estimated to average 1 hour per response, including the time for reviewing instructions, searching existing datasources, gathering and maintaining the data needed, and completing and reviewing this collection of information. Send comments regarding this burden estimate or anyother aspect of this collection of information, including suggestions for reducing this burden to Department of Defense, Washington Headquarters Services, Directorate forInformation Operations and Reports (0704-0188), 1215 Jefferson Davis Highway, Suite 1204, Arlington, VA 22202-4302. Respondents should be aware thatnotwithstanding any other provision of law, no person shall be subject to any penalty for failing to comply with a collection of information if it does not display a currently validOMB control number. PLEASE DO NOT RETURN YOUR FORM TO THE ABOVE ADDRESS.1. REPORT DATE (DD-MM-YYYY)2. REPORT TYPE3. DATES COVERED (From - To)14-06-2013Master’s ThesisAUGUST 2012 – JUNE 20134. TITLE AND SUBTITLE5a. CONTRACT NUMBERHybrid Airships in Joint Logistics Over The Shore (JLOTS)5b. GRANT NUMBER5c. PROGRAM ELEMENT NUMBER6. AUTHOR(S)5d. PROJECT NUMBERMajor Samuel W. Morgan III5e. TASK NUMBER5f. WORK UNIT NUMBER7. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME(S) AND ADDRESS(ES)8. PERFORMING ORG REPORTNUMBERU.S. Army Command and General Staff CollegeATTN: ATZL-SWD-GDFort Leavenworth, KS 66027-23019. SPONSORING / MONITORING AGENCY NAME(S) AND ADDRESS(ES)10. SPONSOR/MONITOR’SACRONYM(S)11. SPONSOR/MONITOR’S REPORTNUMBER(S)12. DISTRIBUTION / AVAILABILITY STATEMENTApproved for Public Release; Distribution is Unlimited13. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES14. ABSTRACTLogistics Over-the-Shore (LOTS) is the capability to discharge a vessel offshore or in-stream anddeliver its cargo to land where it is marshaled for onward movement. Army LOTS operations handlecargo multiple times before delivery to the marshalling area and then usually move the onwardequipment over long distances to the tactical assembly area or point of need. This thesis examinedwhether Hybrid Airships can economically increase the throughput of LOTS in Sea State 3 or higherand provide a more responsive, flexible solution than existing LOTS capabilities. The study comparedthroughput and cost benefits of proposed Hybrid Airships against watercraft. The thesis examined thefeasibility, responsiveness, integration, and survivability of airships used in LOTS. The resultsdetermined that some Hybrid Airships have the capacity to increase the throughput over watercraft andground movements to a tactical assembly area. Although it was challenging to determine costs, thethesis determined that deploying Hybrid Airships to a theater is less cost effective than watercraft, butHybrid Airships have the potential to cost less during employment in LOTS. Finally, the study showedthat airships are a feasible solution in LOTS, increase responsiveness, should be integrated with a jointlymanned crew, and that the aircraft are surprisingly survivable15. SUBJECT TERMSLOTS, JLOTS, Hybrid Airship, Dirigible, LEMV, SkyCat, Aeros, Aeroscrane, Pelican, WALRUS,HULA, Lighterage, Watercraft, Seabasing, Deployment, Force Projection, Anti-Access, Distribution16. SECURITY CLASSIFICATION OF:a. REPORTb. ABSTRACTc. THIS PAGE(U)(U)(U)17. LIMITATIONOF ABSTRACT18. NUMBEROF PAGES19a. NAME OF RESPONSIBLE PERSON19b. PHONE NUMBER (include area code)(U)152Standard Form 298 (Rev. 8-98)Prescribed by ANSI Std. Z39.18ii
MASTER OF MILITARY ART AND SCIENCETHESIS APPROVAL PAGEName of Candidate: MAJ Samuel W. Morgan IIIThesis Title: Hybrid Airships in Joint Logistics Over The Shore (JLOTS)Approved by:, Thesis Committee ChairEric M. Morrison, Ph.D., MemberMichael E. Weaver, M.A., MemberGerald J. Leonard, M.S.Accepted this 14th day of June 2013 by:, Director, Graduate Degree ProgramsRobert F. Baumann, Ph.D.The opinions and conclusions expressed herein are those of the student author and do notnecessarily represent the views of the U.S. Army Command and General Staff College orany other governmental agency. (References to this study should include the foregoingstatement.)iii
ABSTRACTHYBRID AIRSHIPS IN JOINT LOGISTICS OVER THE SHORE (JLOTS), by MajorSamuel W. Morgan III, 152 pages.Logistics Over-the-Shore (LOTS) is the capability to discharge a vessel offshore or instream and deliver its cargo to land where it is marshaled for onward movement. ArmyLOTS operations handle cargo multiple times before delivery to the marshalling area andthen usually move the onward equipment over long distances to the tactical assemblyarea or point of need. This thesis examined whether Hybrid Airships can economicallyincrease the throughput of LOTS in Sea State 3 or higher and provide a more responsive,flexible solution than existing LOTS capabilities. The study compared throughput andcost benefits of proposed Hybrid Airships against watercraft. The thesis examined thefeasibility, responsiveness, integration, and survivability of airships used in LOTS. Theresults determined that some Hybrid Airships have the capacity to increase thethroughput over watercraft and ground movements to a tactical assembly area. Althoughit was challenging to determine costs, the thesis determined that deploying HybridAirships to a theater is less cost effective than watercraft, but Hybrid Airships have thepotential to cost less during employment in LOTS. Finally, the study showed that airshipsare a feasible solution in LOTS, increase responsiveness, should be integrated with ajointly manned crew, and that the aircraft are surprisingly survivable.iv
ACKNOWLEDGMENTSFirst and foremost, all thanks are owed to the Lord our God. Through Him I havebeen blessed and given undeserving grace.To my family: my wife, Noelle, my boys Samuel, Ezekiel, and Nathaniel. Thankyou for your support and patience over the past year. A special thanks to Nathaniel thatsat on my lap many nights and pecked at the key board when I was not looking.A debt of gratitude is owed to my advisors, Dr. Eric M. Morrison, Mr. Michael E.Weaver, and Mr. Gerald J. Leonard. Their feedback and patience during this thesis wasinvaluable.Additionally, special thanks are extended to my small group and instructors Mr.Thomas Meara, Mr. Leo Verhaeg, Mr. Kenneth Szmed, and Dr. Gary Bjorge. You oftenwere my sounding board and an encouraged me to press on. MAJ Luis Garcia shared myenthusiasm for the potential of Hybrid Airships and often shared new articles that relatedto this project.v
TABLE OF CONTENTSPageMASTER OF MILITARY ART AND SCIENCE THESIS APPROVAL PAGE . iiiABSTRACT. ivACKNOWLEDGMENTS .vTABLE OF CONTENTS . viACRONYMS . ixILLUSTRATIONS . xiiTABLES . xivCHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION .1Background . 3Sea Lines of Communication . 3Logistics Over-the-Shore (LOTS) . 5Brief History of 20th to 21st Century Airships . 7Assumptions. 16Scope and Delimitations . 17Significance of the Study . 18CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW .22Watercraft Limitations in LOTS Operations . 22Equipment Capabilities and Processes . 25Airship Military Applications . 30Airships in LOTS Operations . 30Hybrid Airships in Intratheater Operations. 33Hybrid Airships Versus Sea Basing . 34Hybrid Airships in Intertheater Lift . 38Point of Need Concept of Operations . 40CHAPTER 3 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY .49Movement Requirement . 50Comparative Trip Analysis . 51Method 1 . 52Method 2 . 52vi
Method 3 . 52Method 4 . 53Method 5 . 53Comparative Throughput Analysis . 54Determining Fleet Size . 56Cost Comparison of Airship Fleet to Watercraft Fleet . 56Feasibility, Responsiveness, Integration, and Survivability . 57CHAPTER 4 ANALYSIS .58Comparative Trip Analysis Results . 58How Trip Analysis Compared to Other Research . 62Comparative Throughput Analysis Results . 63Mooring and Casting Off Affects on Throughput . 66Loading and Offloading Affects on Throughput . 69Distances Affect on Throughput . 71Results for Determining Fleet Size . 74Results for Cost Comparison of Airlift Fleet to Watercraft Fleet. 75Deployment Cost . 75JLOTS Employment Costs . 75Other Costs Considerations. 77Feasibility, Responsiveness, Integration, and Survivability . 80Feasibility . 81Environment .81Sea State 2 and Worse.82Mooring and Loading .83Landing Zones .86Responsiveness . 89Deployment .89Point of Need Delivery . 93Integration . 94Survivability. 96CHAPTER 5 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS .100Conclusions . 100Recommendations . 101Suggestions for Further Research . 103APPENDIX A CAPABILITIES-BASED ASSESSMENT FINDINGS .106APPENDIX B STRYKER BRIGADE COMBAT TEAM MOVEMENTREQUIREMENTS .107APPENDIX C THROUGHPUT CALCULATIONS FOR SHIP TO SHORE .112APPENDIX D DISCHARGE PLANNING FACTORS .113vii
APPENDIX E THROUGHPUT CALCULATIONS FOR GROUND .117APPENDIX F VARIANCE CAUSED BY PLANNING FACTORS .121APPENDIX G COST ESTIMATES .124APPENDIX H HYBRID AIRSHIP DESIGNS .128BIBLIOGRAPHY .130viii
ACRONYMSARCAmes Research CenterASD(R&E)Assistant Secretary of Defense for Research and EngineeringCBOCongressional Budget OfficeCFCauseway FerryCOSHControl-of-Static HeavinessCRADACooperative Research and Development AgreementCSNPCauseway Section, Non-poweredCSPCauseway Section, PoweredDARPADefense Advanced Research Projects AgencyDOTMLPFDoctrine, Organization, Training, Material, Leadership andEducation, Personnel, and FacilitiesELCASElevated Causeway SystemFSSFast Sealift ShipGLOCGround Lines-of-CommunicationHAHybrid AirshipICODESIntegrated Computerized Deployment SystemISBIntermediate Staging BaseJFACCJoin Force Air Component CommandJFASTJoint Flow and Analysis System for TransportationJHSVJoint High Speed VesselJTF-POJoint Task Force – Port OpeningLARC-CLighter, Amphibious Re-supply Cargo (LARC-V)LCACLanding Craft, Air Cushionix
LCULanding Craft, Utility 1600 or 2000LEMVLong Endurance Multi-intelligence VehicleLHSLoad Handling SystemLMSRLarge, Medium Speed Roll-on/Roll-Off ShipLOCLines of CommunicationLSVLogistics Support VesselMEBMarine Expeditionary BrigadeMHEMaterial Handling EquipmentMLWMean-Low-WaterMOGMaximum On GroundMSCMilitary Sealift CommandNASANational Aeronautics and Space AdministrationNEWNet Explosive WeightOPDSOffshore Petroleum Discharge SystemOSMISOperating and Support Management Information SystemPLSPalletized Load SystemPONDPoint-of-Need DeliveryRIBSRapidly Installed Breakwater SystemRORORoll On/Roll Off; referred to ships with a ramp that rolling stockcan drive on and offRRDFRoll-on/Roll-off Discharge FacilitiesRTCHRough Terrain Container HandlerSBCTStryker Brigade Combat TeamSDDC-TEASurface Deployment and Distribution Command TransportationEngineering Agencyx
SLOCSea Lines of CommunicationSLWTSide Loadable Warping TugSTOLShot Take-Off and LandingSTONShort TonsTAATactical Assembly AreaT-ACSAuxiliary Crane ShipsTPFDDTime Phased Force and Deployment DataUSAFUnited States Air ForceUSMCUnited States Marine CorpsUSNUnited States NavyUSNSUnited States Navy ShipUSTRANSCOMUnited States Transportation CommandVMOSCVisibility and Management of Operating and. Support CostsManagement Information SystemVSTOLVertical Short Take-Off and LandingVTOLVertical Take-Off and Landingxi
ILLUSTRATIONSPageFigure 1. Hybrid Airships Decrease Steps and Simplify the LOTS Process .7Figure 2. Aereon III at Mercer County Airport in NJ, 1966 .10Figure 3. Aereon 26 or “The Deltoid Pumpkin Seed” Take-off from FAA TestCenter in NJ, March 1971 .11Figure 4. PA-97: Multiple Helicopter Heavy Lift System, July 1, 1986 .12Figure 5. Lockheed Martin P-971 Hybrid Airship Demonstrator .13Figure 6. Aerocrane .32Figure 7. Vignette Transportation Network .55Figure 8. Required Trips Made by Individual Lift Assets Based on WeightCarrying Capacity .60Figure 9. Required Trips Made by Individual Lift Assets Based on AvailableSquare Footage in Cargo Area .60Figure 10. Required Trips Made by Individual Lift Assets Based on JFASTSimulation .61Figure 11. Required Trips Made by Individual Lift Assets Based on Author’sManual Estimate .61Figure 12. Required Trips Made by Individual Lift Assets Based onICODE’s Estimate .62Figure 13. Approximate Size and Sustainment Requirements for Ground Units .63Figure 14. Container and Rolling Stock Throughput by Individual Lift Asset fromOffshore Anchorages to TAA, 259 Kilometers Inland by Air or 326Kilometers Inland by Ground .65Figure 15. Rolling Stock Throughput by Individual Lift Asset from OffshoreAnchorages to TAA, 259 Kilometers Inland by Air or 326 KilometersInland by Ground .65Figure 16. Container Throughput by Individual Lift Asset from Offshore Anchoragesto TAA, 259 Kilometers Inland by Air or 326 Kilometers Inlandby Ground .66xii
Figure 17. Throughput by With Standardized Mooring and Casting OffPlanning Factors.67Figure 18. Throughput by With Standardized Mooring and Casting OffPlanning Factors for Rolling Stock Only .68Figure 19. Throughput by With Standardized Mooring and Casting OfPlanning Factors for Containers Only.68Figure 20. Throughput without Loading and Offloading Planning Factors .70Figure 21. Throughput without Loading and Offloading Planning Factors for RollingStock Only .70Figure 22. Throughput without Loading and Offloading Planning Factors for RollingStock Only .71Figure 23. Throughput of Airships Flown from ISB to TAA versus JLOTS at 5Kilometers Offshore.73Figure 24. Throughput of Airships Fleets versus Traditional Operation with OneLSV and Eight LCU-2000 .74Figure 25. USS Los Angeles (ZR-3) Moored to USS Patoka (AO-9), off Panamaduring Fleet Problem XII, February 1931.86Figure 26. Blimp Makes Carrier Landing, October 24, 1944 .86Figure 27. Hybrid Airships Save Time and Are More Responsive in DeploymentTimeline .92xiii
TABLESPageTable 1.Trips Per Lift Asset .59Table 2.Changes to Delivery Time Based on Distance .73Table 3.Cost Versus Throughput .77Table 4.SkyCat Operating Limits in Weather Conditions .83Table 5.Comparison of Airship Dimensions to Fixed Wing Aircraft .89Table 6.Summary of Army Watercraft Capability Gap Analysis (2008) .106Table 7.Prime Movers and Towed Equipment Unions Used Scenario.107Table 8.Movement Requirements for Self Propelled Equipment Transportedby LCU-2000 in Scenario .109Table 9.Rolling Stock Movement Requirements for Towed EquipmentTransported by LCU-2000 in Scenario .110Table 10. Movement requirements for secondary loaded equipment thatcontributed to the overall weight in all scenarios, but did not affectthe total square footage .111Table 11. Calculated Loading/Offloading Planning Factors .114Table 12. Cycle Times for RORO Discharge .115Table 13. Cycle Times for Container Discharge.116Table 14. Ground Movements .119Table 15. Throughput for Container Ground Movements .120Table 16. Variance for Rolling Stock and Containers, Caused by Mooring andCasting Off Planning Factors .121Table 17. Variance for Rolling Stock, Caused by Mooring and Casting OffPlanning Factors.122Table 18. Variance for Containers, Caused by Mooring and Casting Off PlanningFactors .123xiv
Table 19. US Army Watercraft Operational Costs .125Table 20. US Navy and Joint Watercraft Operational Costs .125Table 21. Estimated Airship Operational Costs .126Table 22. Estimated Operational Costs for PLS Medium Truck Company.126Table 23. Deployment Costs .127Table 24. Hybrid Airship Designs .128xv
CHAPTER 1INTRODUCTIONU.S. Army planners are not shy about admitting that they don’t knowwhere or when the next fight will be. But until now, they have been lessforthcoming about a related problem: How they’ll move troops and material to thenext conflict.― Paul McLeary, Defense NewsLogistics Over-the-Shore (LOTS) is the capability to discharge a vessel off shoreor in-stream and deliver its cargo to land where it is marshaled for onward movement.Generally, throughput increases when cargo is handled less. Time distance factors andcarrying capacities also affect throughput significantly. Army LOTS operations handlecargo multiple times before delivery to the marshalling area and then usually onwardmove the equipment over long distances to the tactical assembly area or point of need.Exacerbating the slow movement of assets is the U.S. Army watercraft capability gap thatcannot satisfactorily meet Combatant Commanders’ timelines to move combat readymaneuver units, move combat ready maneuver units from a Sea Base, move intactoperationally ready maneuver forces, nor support sustainment requirements rapidly, table6. 1The purpose of this thesis was to determine whether Hybrid Airships couldincrease the throughput of LOTS in Sea State 3 or higher. In order to answer thisquestion, the research analyzed the efficiency of Hybrid Airships by determining howmany trips a Hybrid Airship performs compared to watercraft, what is the comparativethroughput of each lift asset over time, and how large would an Hybrid Airship fleet be tohave better throughput than Army and Navy watercraft. Several factors affect the size of1
the fleet. The research studied the capacities of existing watercraft versus a range ofproposed Hybrid Airship designs, in order to determine throughputs of each mode.A second question that this research answered is whether a fleet of HybridAirships can be more cost effective than watercraft. Finding an answer was determinedby an analysis of operating costs, purchase prices, and maintenance costs. This analysisconsidered the costs associated with Doctrine, Organization, Training, Material,Leadership and Education, Personnel, and Facilities (DOTMLPF) for a Hybrid Airshipprogram versus the Army’s watercraft program.The final question assessed whether Hybrid Airships are a feasible and effectivesolution that can provide a more responsive and flexible solution than existing LOTSequipment? The criteria for this question was determined by several other questions.What environmental conditions can Hybrid Airships operate in and can they operate inSea State 3 or worse? Are airships feasible in LOTS and how would equipment transferto the airship? How would Hybrid Airships be effectively employed if used in LOTS?How can airships be used in a non-permissive environment and are they survivable?The next few sections are dedicated to describing how lines of communication fitinto a strategic framework and how LOTS can mitigate a sea terminal’s limitations andvulnerabilities. Although LOTS is a critical capability, it is also a complicated operationwith limitations. An exhaustive explanation of LOTS will help the reader grasp theadvantage of Hybrid Airships over watercraft in these operations. Advancements inmaterials and airship technology have made Hybrid Airships a feasible solution formobility.2
BackgroundSince antiquity the ability to sustain and project forces determined the durationand operational reach of military campaigns. Food, water, and fodder were the fuel thatfed maneuver forces throughout most of history. Armies survived by living off the landor pillaging. However, like locusts consuming entire crops, armies continuously movedand devoured everything in their path. Alternatively, armies based their campaigns on theharvest periods or developed supply trains with supporting magazines and depots. Theroute that connected operations to a source of supply became known as Lines-ofCommunication (LOC).Increasing the length of a LOC makes an army more vulnerable to isolation anddefeat. Extended distances make a LOC susceptible to external obstacles and delays, suchas weather or enemy interdiction. Classical mechanics dictates that the delivery times forsupplies and forces will increase as distances grow and if the average velocity is slower.If delivery takes too long, there is less lead time to allow the system to be responsive.Sea Lines of CommunicationAlexander the Great of Macedon recognized that he could shorten his groundLOC by linking it to an intermediate sea-LOC that connected to his supply base. He usedmerchant fleets to sail provisions along the coast parallel to his army’s march. Theground-LOC ran perpendicular to the coast and the army did not have to carry as much.“He also made extensive use of ships to carry fodder, since large merchant ships couldcarry about 400 tons, while a pack horse carrying only 200 pounds would eat 20 poundsof fodder daily, thus consuming its own load in ten days.” 2 His strategy allowed the army3
to march 11,250 miles to the river Beas i
Logistics Over-the-Shore (LOTS) is the capability to discharge a vessel offshore or in-stream and deliver its cargo to land where it is marshaled for onward movement. Army LOTS operations handle cargo multiple times before delivery to the marshalling area and then usually move the onward equipment over long distances to the tactical assembly
THE JOINT STAFF WASHINGTON, DC Reply ZIP Code: 20318-4000 1 March 2011 i MEMORANDUM FOR LOGISTICS COMMUNITY OF INTEREST Subject: Joint Logistics Lexicon 1. The lack of a shared language has created or exacerbated many of the challenges to achieving the Logistics Community's vision of integrated logistics capabilities and,
SONATA Hybrid & Plug-in Hybrid Hybrid SE Hybrid Limited Plug-in Hybrid Plug-in Hybrid Limited Power & Handling 193 net hp, 2.0L GDI 4-cylinder hybrid engine with 38 kW permanent magnet high-power density motor —— 202 net hp, 2.0L GDI 4-cylinder hybrid engine with 50 kW permanent magnet high-power density motor —— 6-speed automatic .
Every game you own in the Math Wizard series can beaccessed through Sky Castle. Sky Castle is a home where you can place rooms that lead to games.To play Amazing Airships you'll need to use your postcard to unlock and place Hangar 7. Once you open the app, you'll enter Sky Castle andcan use your postcard to unlock Hangar 7. 1.
The Joint Logistics Course will provide Intermediate Level Officer, Senior NCO, and DOD Civilian logisticians an understanding of organizations, authorities, and processes associated with the Joint Logistics Enterprise and the ability to apply joint logistics doctrine in a Joint, interagency, and/or multinational environment.
Joint Logistics Course Army Logistics University Fort Lee, Virginia. LTC Jason Hanifin, USA Course Director, DSN: 539-4730; jason.j.hanifin.mil@mail.mil . Course Outcome Joint Logistics Course (JLC) graduates will be confident and capable in applying their knowledge of organizations, authorities,
Logistics Operations Course Number 47.47110 Course Description: Logistics Operations is the second course in the Distribution and Logistics career pathway. Successful completion of this course along with Logistics Fundamentals will prepare students for the Certified Logistics Associate
1.9 Third Party Logistics 1.10 Fourth Party Logistics 1.11 Career & Growth in Logistics and Supply Chain 1.12 Summary The unit is an attempt to give idea how logistics works as a system. It also helps to understand about the different elements in logistics system. It also provide an insight about objectiv
Abrasive Jet machining can be employed for machining super alloys and refractory from materials. This process is based on surface erosion process. The process parameters that control metal removal rate are air quality and pressure, Abrasive grain size, nozzle material, nozzle diameter, stand of distance between nozzle tip and work surface. INTRODUCTION: Abrasives are costly but the abrasive .
