Autumn 2020 - American Institute Of Mathematics
AIMattersAutumn 2020Newsletter of the American Institute of MathematicsMath That Feels Good:Translating Mathto BrailleTaking AIM at COVID-19Dynamics, Data, and the PandemicDispatches from Morgan HillMath Enrichment Moves OnlineHidden GemsExploring the Rare Book Library2020 Alexanderson AwardAnnouncing This Year's Recipients
Letter from the DirectorReflections on 2020Greetings from San Jose!This has been a mostchallenging year. However,we received good newsin January that we wereawarded a new NSFgrant for five more yearsas an NSF-funded MathResearch Institute. Theaward of 16.5 million officially began July 1, 2020.We are grateful to theDivision of MathematicalSciences at the NSF fortheir ongoing support.We are delighted to announce our 2020Alexanderson Award winners, Laura DeMarco, HollyKrieger, and Hexi Ye, for their brilliant work, “UniformManin-Mumford for a family of genus 2 curves,” whichappeared in the Annals of Mathematics. However, I'msorry to say we will not have a public lecture and awardceremony this year as things still have not openedup. In fact, AIM has had no visitors since the week ofMarch 16, due to the pandemic.It took us a little while to figure out what to do. Butnow I feel like we are back on track hosting productivevirtual meetings for our workshops and SQuaREs. Wehave found software – Sococo – that gives the feel ofbeing in a meeting space with offices for everyone, lecture rooms, other breakout rooms, and a Happy Hourroom for relaxing, socializing, and playing games. Weare able to leave documents and links on tables in thevarious rooms. This allows us to set up a library withthe papers and references relevant to a workshop anduse tools such as shared Whiteboards and Zulip chat.We record all the lectures and have a link in the lectureroom to all the past videos. We found that after usingSococo, it felt like we were physically in the virtualoffice space.We also provide stipends for participants so thatthey are better able to participate in what is very muchlike a traditional AIM workshop, with two morninglectures followed by moderated problem sessions andcollaborative small-group work in the afternoons.We ran a 6-week summer school/internship program for 40 graduate students this summer in a largeSococo space. There were ten faculty, six mentors,and postdoc assistants. The topic was, appropriatelyenough, modeling COVID-19.One thing we've realized is that a virtual spacesuch as Sococo can be useful for a long-term researchprogram with weekly seminars and working groups.It provides an infrastructure that is useful, we believe,even in “normal” times. Consequently, for the groupsthat organize in Sococo, we agree to keep their particular space (we make a new space for each group) goingas long as it is of use to them.Our call for proposals has just gone out. UntilNovember 1, 2020, we will be accepting proposalsfor virtual workshops, virtual SQuaREs, and a newprogram called AIM Research Communities (ARCs).An ARC would include a virtual space for up to 70people with the idea that there is ongoing weeklyactivity taking place but perhaps not as intensively asa week-long workshop. ARCs might be suitable for awide range of communities, and we hope that we getsome interesting proposals for these.Despite all the challenges of this year, we are proudto share how AIM has adapted, and hope that you willconsider participating in a grogram with us soon.American Institute of Mathematics600 East Brokaw RoadSan Jose, CA 95112Phone: (408) 350-2088https://aimath.org2 AIMatters Autumn 2020AIMattersEditor-in-Chief: J. Brian ConreyArt Director: Sally MorrisonContributors/Editors: Kelley Barnes, Estelle Basor,Spencer Bowen, Brian Conrey, Brianna Donaldson, EllenHeffelfinger, Leslie Hogben, Sally Koutsoliotas
Table of ContentsLetter from the DirectorBringing Teachers Together214Dispatches from Morgan Hill4Taking AIM at COVID-19Dynamics, Data, and the Pandemic7Summer SchoolStudent Spotlight10Summer SchoolProject Spotlight11Math That Feels GoodTranslating Math to Braille1220Virtual MTC WorkshopReflections on 2020Math Enrichment Moves Online7First AIM Virtual FestivalsOnline Math Fun for Students15Alexanderson AwardAnnouncing This Year's Recipients16REUFGrowth and Evolution17Hidden GemsExploring the Rare Book Library18Thank YouTo Library Donors18ABOUT THE COVER IMAGEThis shows the quadratic formula in Braille.Converting mathematical formulas intoBraille has recently been made much easier.Read about it on pages 12 and 13.
Dispatches from Morgan HillMath Enrichment Moves Online Due to COVID-19The 2019-2020 school year ended like no otherfor Morgan Hill Math, when we had to adapt todistance enrichment. Morgan Hill Math is anoutreach program sponsored by AIM, which providesfree math enrichment activities to about 300 studentseach year, who live in or near Morgan Hill, Calif.Due to the COVID-19 crisis, some of ourprograms were cut short, new opportunities wereoffered and embraced, and upcoming programs mayneed to be put on hold. Our Fall 2019 programs,Mathletics, MathCounts6, and the MATHCOUNTSrecreation training were all unaffected. This year’sMATHCOUNTS Chapter competition was heldpre-shutdown. However, the MATHCOUNTS Statecompetition had to be reconfigured. Happily, most ofour students were able to complete all five of the MathOlympiad contests.Most families are introduced to Morgan Hill Maththrough Mathletics and MathCounts6. By workingwith the Morgan Hill Unified School District in thespring of 2019, advanced math students in thirdthrough fifth grade were identified and invited totry out for a spot in the Fall 2019 math enrichmentprograms. Last fall, our youngest students, fourth- andfifth-graders enrolled in our eight-week Mathleticsprogram, enjoyed lessons that included learning toplay Sudoku and KenKen; discovering pi; exploringangles, areas and perimeters; and practicing problemsolving strategies such as working backwards, makinglists, and making tables. Students in MathCounts6were introduced to more advanced problem-solvingconcepts including counting in other bases, problemposing, proportions, permutations and combinations;all skills that are necessary for successfully competingin the MATHCOUNTS competition series.The cornerstone of the Morgan Hill Math programhas always been training for and competing inMATHCOUNTS. Last year, MATHCOUNTS trainingwas available at five local Middle Schools —Britton,Charter, Jackson, Murphy, and Oakwood. In 2019,over 75 students, from eight local schools, trained with4 AIMatters Autumn 2020me once a week, from September through December,sharpening their skills in counting, series andsequences, probability, permutations and combinations, functions, algebra, and geometry. In January,51 students came together and continued to trainall together, to prepare for the chapter competition.These sessions were held at Ann Sobrato High School,where older students who had previously competedin MATHCOUNTS volunteered to help coach thesemathletes.Morgan Hill students competed in theA Morgan Hill Math Mathletics class.MATHCOUNTS Coyote Valley Chapter Competition,held in Morgan Hill, on February 1, 2020. This year’scompetition was fierce! Oakwood School endedMartin Murphy’s three-year reign by beating them inthe team round. Charter School came in second andMurphy was third, with less than a point separatingthe three teams. The four students from the Oakwoodteam, as well as Henry McNamara from Charter andRoma Shah from Murphy, who came in First Place andSecond Place in the Individual Rounds, qualified tocompete in the Northern California MATHCOUNTSState Competition to be held at Stanford, on March 23.These six students were so excited to compete at thestate level! However, the CA state competition was not
to be. The statewide shutdown cancelled the in-personstate competition.Two local schools competed in the weekly MathMadness competition in the fall of 2019: SobratoHigh School and Martin Murphy Middle School.As a joint initiative between American MathematicsCompetitions (AMC) and AreteLabs, Math Madnessis emerging as one of the premiere math competitionevents in the United States. Murphy did very well bymaking it to the finals in their division!In the fall, enthusiastic students from gradesStudents from a MathCounts6 class complete the SET universe!four through eight were invited to participate in theMath Olympiad for Elementary and Middle School(MOEMS). From November to March, over 125 kidswere challenged to strengthen their problem-solvingskills in this once-a-month, five-question test. Most ofthe Morgan Hill Math students were able to completeall five contests before the shelter-in-place started.One Morgan Hill student, Henry McNamara, won theGeorge Lenchner Medallion for achieving a perfectscore in the Middle School division! Only 0.5% of thenearly 170,000 participants received this award.Our Middle School and High School Mathletesparticipated in several other competitions this year.All students involved in the weekly MATHCOUNTStraining classes, as well as interested fifth and sixthgraders, took the AMC8, an MAA competition forstudents in eighth grade and below. Many of themalso challenged themselves and joined high schoolstudents in taking the AMC10 exam. By scoring inthe top 2.5% in the United States and Canada on theAMC10, two local students, Neil Shah (10th grade)and Ethan Fang (9th grade), qualified to take theAmerican Invitational Mathematics Exam (AIME),which is the first in a series of examinations thatculminate with the International MathematicalOlympiad (IMO). Several students took the four-hourBay Area Math Olympiad in February. And twoteams of six students competed in the online PurpleComet! Math Meet.The Math Club from Live Oak High School held aMath Mardi Gras for third-grade students who attendBarrett Elementary School. These high-schoolers hada wonderful time working with the third-graders andleading them through math activities. The youngstersenjoyed exploring the games and earning Mardi Grasbeads for their accomplishments. It is so heartwarming to see these Morgan Hill Math alumni giving backto their community and spreading the joy of math toMorgan Hill’s future mathletes!The Morgan Hill Math Teachers’ Circle is stillgrowing. Local math teachers in any grade can attendmonthly meetings to explore rich math problems,rediscover the joy in learning math, and networkwith fellow teachers and mathematicians. Meetingswere held on the last Wednesday of the month, atthe Morgan Hill Community and Cultural Center.We were able to hold five meetings over the courseof the school year where we delved deeply intoseveral Julia Robinson Math Festival (JMRF) activities such as Random Walks, Puppies and Kittens,and Cup Jumping. We also explored non-Euclideangeometry by constructing Hyperbolic soccer balls,and compared the game of Criss Cross to Platonicsolids. The Morgan Hill Math Teachers’ Circle is partAutumn 2020 AIMatters 5
a Zoom meeting to go overof the Bay Area Teachers andthe questions and solutions.Mathematicians (BATMath)When the official tournamentNetwork.was over, the students wantedThe whole world changedto continue. So we held weeklythis past spring. Suddenly allcompetitions between thethe students were at home.Morgan Hill teams.Teachers were learning how toSome students alsoteach remotely. Parents werelearning how to homeschool. The MATHCOUNTS Coyote Valley Chapter Competition is about to begin. joined me in May forMATHCOUNTS miniFamilies were desperate forlessons, where we watched videos and completedadditional activities. The online math communityworksheets provided by MATHCOUNTS. Sinceresponded wholeheartedly!the MATHCOUNTS State Competition had to beThe Morgan Hill Math website now has a Mathcancelled, The Art of Problem Solving website held aActivities page with links to multiple online activities.MATHCOUNTS Week where everyone was invited toMath Olympiad provided two problems a day fortake the competition online.the first six weeks of the shelter-in-place that wereWe do not yet know what the remainder of theforwarded to interested families. There are links to the2020-2021 school year will look like. Our Mathletics,JRMF games that are being highlighted each week.MathCounts6, and MATHCOUNTS classes are usuallyKenKen puzzle sets are updated weekly. And AIM’sheld in borrowed classrooms after school. These promathcommunities.org site is available.grams may need to be reconfigured to go online, or putThe most popular new program came fromoff for a few months. Morgan Hill Math will adapt, justAreteLabs, who coordinated a free online math meet.like all of us have, and will continue to provide mathOver 70 Morgan Hill Math kids competed with thousands of other kids in either the Elementary or Middle enrichment for our future mathematicians, engineers,doctors, researchers, and more.School division. We competed against teams from all– Kelley Barnesover the country, every week. After each match, I heldCompetitors from the 2020 MATHCOUNTS Coyote Valley Chapter Competition.6 AIMatters Autumn 2020
Taking AIM at COVID-19Dynamics, Data, and the PandemicOver forty graduate students and advancedundergraduates participated in an online summer program to study dynamics and data inthe COVID-19 pandemic. The program was sponsoredby AIM and the NSF.Students had the opportunity to learn the basicmathematical epidemiology underlying the modelsused in studying COVID-19 using a dynamical systems perspective. The first three weeks of the programwere focused on getting the students up to speed onthe mathematics of the modeling. During the firstweek, possible research questions were identified. Thesecond week was devoted to understanding the modelsbetter, and the third-week emphasis was on data. Thefaculty leaders designedmany interesting activitiesto help students get readyfor the actual research. Forexample, in Week One, anafternoon was devoted to arole-playing session wheretwo students played therole of policymakers andanother two acted asscientists.To help structure theactivities and give a sense Sococo virtual offices.of belonging, the summer school used a virtual officespace called Sococo. An image is provided so thereader can see the layout. Each participant had anoffice. There were meeting rooms, an “all hands ondeck” room, a library, a kitchen, and even a cafe. Ofteneveryone would meet in the “all hands” room, and thenbreak up into smaller groups that worked in a meetingroom or an individual office. Sococo allows one to starta Zoom meeting in a room, write together on a whiteboard, post links to materials, chat, watch a movie, orhave a session of tai chi together.The fundamental model of epidemiology is calledthe SIR model. The population of interest is subdividedin three groups, or compartments, of individuals:Susceptibles (S), Infected (I), and Recovered (R); eachindividual is in some compartment. An epidemic isthen thought of as a flow through the compartments,from S to I to R. There are variations of the SIRmodel, as well as other models that involve stochasticapproaches, network approaches, and agent-basedmodels, where the behavior of each individual separately is taken into account.The students were guided by ten faculty fromuniversities around the country: John Gemmer(Wake Forest), Sarah Iams (Harvard), Hans Kaper(Georgetown), Richard McGehee (Minnesota), NancyRodriguez (CU-Boulder), Steve Schecter (NC State),Mary Silber (Chicago), Erik Van Vleck (Kansas), MaryLou Zeeman (Bowdoin), and the program director,Christopher Jones (UNCChapel Hill). They weresupported by five mentors,who are junior faculty,postdocs, or advancedgraduate students:James Broda (Bowdoin),Punit Gandhi (VirginiaCommonwealth), KaitlynMartinez (ColoradoMines), ChristianSampson (UNC-ChapelHill), and Maria SanchezMuñiz (Minnesota). Critical to the effort was apanel of experts, most of whom are mathematicalepidemiologists, but also included a statistician, amedical expert, and two health industry researchers:Linda Allen (Texas Tech), Pauline van den Driessche(UVic), Nicholas Ma (Cerner), Cordelia McGehee(Mayo Clinic), Andrew Roberts (Cerner), JianhongWu (YorkU), and Abdul-Aziz Yakubu (Howard).After the initial three weeks of listening to lectures,videos and multiple discussions, the research wasdivided into five overarching areas. Students thenformed into groups studying smaller subtopics.On the following pages, there is a list of the topicsand a short description of the goals of the smallergroups.Autumn 2020 AIMatters 7
1. DISEASES AND THE ENVIRONMENTClimate:The research focus was to use multiple metrics totry to quantify decreases in carbon emissions overthe course of 2020, with specific emphasis on theimpacts caused by the pandemic.Air Quality:The group investigated the relationship betweenCOVID-19 transmission and air quality. Onetheory on the transmission of the virus suggestsit is suspended in aerosolized particles, whichinclude pollutants.Zoonotic Spillover:The goal of this group was to study “zoonoticspillover,” the process by which diseases are transmitted from animals to humans. Zoonoses areemerging (and re-emerging) all the time, andalthough they rarely develop into global-scalepandemics, they frequently cause epidemics andconstantly pose a major public health problem.2. IMPACTS OF BEHAVIORAdaptive Network Models:This project investigated how time-varying compliance with interventions alter the structure ofcontact networks, and what effects this has on theoverall trajectory of the epidemic. More specifically, can the risk-taking behaviors of neighborsaffect the behaviors of an individual?Poletti Model (SIR and Game Theory):The effectiveness of public health interventionsduring pandemics depends on how peoplerespond to them. This group studied the dynamics of public behavior in response to perceivedrisk, policy changes, disease severity, and socialpressure.3. INCORPORATION OF DATAMultiscale Modeling Group:Epidemiological models and COVID-19 data existon various spatial scales ranging from intra-hostmechanisms to global viral spread. This project's8 AIMatters Autumn 2020goal was to create a scheme to incorporate variousdata streams into a multiscale epidemiologicalmodel of inter-host dynamics.Topological Epidemiology Group:This group asked whether tools from topologicaldata analysis and statistics can be used to understand the relationship between the geometryof the pandemic data and the properties of thevirus. Special questions, such as the seasonality orthe rate of transmission, can be seen in this data,but only under the correct lens.Population Risk Index (Blood-Type Group):The goal of this project was to create apopulation-level index that couldquantify the susceptibility of individuals with different blood types tobecoming infected or dying fromCOVID-19. The population-levelrisk index, or PLR, should bedependent on the prevalence ofcomorbidities, blood types, andother genetic characteristics in apopulation.4. RESOURCE ALLOCATIONOptimization of Pop-up TestSite Locations:This group focused on question of where toplace pop-up test sites in an area where the diseaseis spreading so as to maximize the numbr ofpeople tested and stay within funding constraints.Optimal Control:When institutions plan to reopen, they must consider the possibility of a rebound in COVID-19cases nationally. In order to find and sequesteremerging cases in a population, it is vital to havean effective strategy for testing members of thepopulation. The focus was a compartment modelon a static network with the goal of minimizingthe tests needed to keep deaths and infectionsbelow a certain threshold.
Image: WarmWorld/Shutterstock.comGroup Testing:This team examined network-informed group testing strategies for COVID-19 surveillance amongmembers of a closely interacting population(e.g., a soon-to-be-open college). Group testingconsists of pooling multiple patient samples intoa single test to maximize case identification whileminimizing the number of tests which need tobe performed. Informed group-testing strategiesuse individual disease risk profiling to furtheroptimize group-testing efficiency.5.SOCIAL JUSTICEEconomy and Disease Interactions:This group focused on coupling population health and economic impactas regulatory mechanisms witha stay-at-home interventionstrategy during the COVID-19pandemic. In particular,they analyzed the extremeresponses-consider only theeconomy or only the numberof cases (think Sweden vs. NewZealand)- as well as a regulatoryfeedback response that attempts tominimize labor lost in all ways throughvarious prioritization schemes of health andthe economy.Interpopulation Competition with Applicationsin a Two-Population SEIR Model:A possible proxy for modeling racial disparity isto use age stratification in data assimilation in thestudy of COVID-19 spread within a single urbanpopulation. The model focused on the populationof a single urban center, which was chosen basedon both the diversity of its inhabitants and theavailability and reliability of COVID-19 caserelated, age mixing, and overall mobility data.Insured/Uninsured:As legislators and others in the U.S. have publiclyargued for the need for full health insurancecoverage during this pandemic, it is natural towant to know the role the uninsured populationplays in driving a pandemic. For example, does theuninsured population have a disproportionate tollon ICU bed capacity? What about the death rate?This group used simulation, visualization, andinteresting ways of assimilating data to create amathematical profile of the overarching question.Multipopulation Models:The COVID-19 pandemic caused by SARS-COV-2had a historic impact worldwide. This impact hasvaried in intensity according to the location andthe population that has been affected. Minoritypopulations have been greatly affected becausethey have other variables such as the social determinants of health that have aggravated the situation for these specific communities. Based on amodel for two populations developed by CordeliaMcGehee, the project explored which parametersare more sensitive, how the epidemic behaved inthe population when manipulating these parameters, and the possible repercussions on society.– Estelle BasorThis summer school was funded by theNational Science Foundation (NSF).We are grateful to NSF for their rapidresponse in supporting COVID research, their continued support of ourresearch programs, and their commitment to broaden the mathematicalcommunity.Autumn 2020 AIMatters 9
Summer SchoolStudent SpotlightForty-one advanced undergraduates and gradusessions and the mentorship of the leaders. Taylor alsoate students participated in the AIM Summerremarked that the team developed a strong friendshipSchool. They were chosen from over 550 apin their six weeks of work. Their team name was “Bestplicants and they were a motivated, dynamic, andFriends Club.”hard-working group of students. One of the studentsWe also asked her thoughts about the virtual officewas Tayler Fernandes Nunez, whom we interviewed at space, Sococo, which provides a sort of blue print ofthe end of the school.an office space with lecture halls, meeting rooms andTayler was a member of the five-person Ageoffices. Tayler replied that it provided structure andstructured Population researchallowed for a mental transition whengroup, which studied the questionswitching tasks.of how COVID-19 spreads betweenTayler had the opportunity last yeartwo populations based on age range.to attend a Research Experience forHer research group focused on theUndergraduates (REU) program thatpopulation of the state of Illinois,had a pure mathematics emphasis.which was chosen based on both theThe summer school with the focus ondiversity of its inhabitants and themodeling aspects of a pandemic wasavailability and reliability of COVID-19quite the opposite. She said that shecase-related, age mixing, and overallreally enjoyed “being grounded in theTayler Fernandes Nunezmobility data.applied mathematics” and may pursueWe asked Tayler her thoughts on the Summerthat direction in graduate school.School and working in a virtual world. She said theTayler received her undergraduate degree in mathwork was both exciting and exhausting, but that sheematics from Northeastern University this past May.especially liked the freedom to be able to ask lots ofThis fall she will attend the Postbaccalaureate programquestions of her fellow researchers to sort out theat Smith College and will then enter a PhD programissues that came up. She enjoyed the online tai chithe following year.– Estelle BasorCALL FOR PROPOSALSWe are seeking proposals for virtual activities to take place in 2021. AIM Virtual Workshops are collaborative activities for 20-30 people, focusedon a specialized area of research mathematics. AIM Virtual SQuaREs are collaborations of 4-6 people, focused on very specific research problems. AIM Research Communities are larger collaborative efforts, typically involving 40-60 researchers, organized around a particular specialty area of themathematical sciences.For more details and online applications:www.aimath.orgApplication deadline: November 1, 2020. AIMatters Autumn 2020
Summer SchoolProject SpotlightThe summer school projects were divided intofive overarching areas and then each subdivided into smaller topics. These ranged fromexamining the set up of testing sites, to the study of theuninsured in the spread of the pandemic, to the role ofair quality as a factor in the spread of COVID-19. Hereis a highlight of one of the projects that investigatesthe effects of university scheduling on the surroundingcommunity, a topic that is of much current interest.How would changing the class schedule of university students affect the spread of COVID-19 in thesurrounding community? This is the kind of questionconsidered by Elijah Pivo, Colin Roberts, and ClaireValva. For example, if half of the students attendin-person classes one week, and then go online thefollowing week, while the other half of the students dothe opposite, will it help reduce the number of infectedindividuals in the surrounding community? Or whathappens if students are only in class with studentsof the same major, thereby reducing the number ofcontacts? These are important and timely questions asuniversities and schools try to navigate the reopeningof their institutions and have concerns about the effecton the cities where the universities are located.Given the complexity of disease spread, as well asthe growing availability of data, the team proposeda multi-scale framework, in conjunction with dataassimilation techniques, to investigate the viral spreadof COVID-19. The multi-scale framework was a combination of agent-based modeling, where each personis modeled individually, combined with an approachwhere individuals are compartmentalized.For example, using Fort Collins, Colorado, andColorado State University, they derived the contact ratewithin the university from the agent-based model, andthe contact rate within the greater city from parameterestimation from current Fort Collins COVID-19infection rates.Their preliminary results, among a variety of interesting findings, predicted that increasing the numberof in-person classes (periods) attended each dayincreases the contact rate in a linear fashion, and thatstaggered schedules did indeed “flatten the curve” forthe surrounding city.These techniques can be applied to many othersituations including workplaces and K-12 classrooms.The group plans to improve their models, publish theirresults, and then make the work available to others.Elijah Pivo received his undergraduate degree fromJohns Hopkins University in Electrical and ComputerEngineering and is beginning a PhD program at theMIT Institute for Data, Systems and Society.Colin Roberts is a fourth-year PhD student atColorado State University, where he also received hisundergraduate degree in Mathematics and Physics.Claire Valva received her undergraduate degreefrom the University of Chicago majoring inGeophysical Sciences and Mathematics and is enteringthe PhD program at the Center for Atmosphere OceanScience at the Courant Institute for MathematicalSciences.– Estelle BasorFrom left: Elijah Pivo, Colin Roberts, and Claire Valva.Autumn 2020 AIMatters 11
Math That Feels GoodTranslating Math to BrailleHighlighting the contributions of the mathematics community to the public is centralto AIM’s mission. In March, shortly beforethe COVID-19 shutdown, AIM Director of ProgramsDavid Farmer had the opportunity to present to theHouse Committee on Science, Space, and Technology.The presentation took place in the Rayburn HouseOffice Building in Washington, D.C. The RayburnBuilding has offices for members of the U.S. House ofRepresentatives, as well as a hearing room for each ofthe standing House committees.The theme of the program was “Broadeningparticipation in STEM.” Six principal investigatorsof National Science Foundation grants were invitedto give threee-minute presentations. Farmer’s talkdescribed recent work on the automated productionof Braille math textbooks, a natural extension of thePreTeXt Project, an NSF-funded platform for producing open textbooks.For someone more familiar with talking in a mathseminar or at a math conference, this was completelydifferent. The most obvious difference was that thepresentation could not be accompanied by slides or bywriting on a blackboard. The NSF staff who helped thespeakers prepare for the presentations explained it as,“You have to do this Washington style: just stand at apodium and talk.” The three-minute time limit meantthat the exact wording had to be planned in advance:it was not sufficient to have a general outline and thenjust talk extemporaneously.Following the presentations was time for informaldiscussions. Presenters stood beside tables displayingmaterial about their project and their institutio
in the MATHCOUNTS competition series. The cornerstone of the Morgan Hill Math program has always been training for and competing in MATHCOUNTS. Last year, MATHCOUNTS training was available at five local Middle Schools —Britton, Charter, Jackson, Murphy, and Oakwood. In 2019, over 75 students, from eight local schools, trained with
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