Modeling And Simulation Of Hybrid System For Electricity Generation In .

xiiiLIST OF FIGURESFIGURE NO.1.1TITLEPAGEComparison between the present and futureelectricity supply structure72.1The block diagram of a typical hybrid system.102.2Projected annual electricity production from REsbetween 2015 to 2050122.3Photovoltaic cell, module and array132.4Working principle of a PV cell142.5The equivalent circuit of solar cell152.6I-V features of the KC200GT solar array at (a)different temperature with constant irradiances,(b) different irradiances with fixed temperature162.7Typical microturbine structure192.8Microturbine design with (a) single-shaft and (b)two-shaft202.9Microturbine combined with power and heat232.10(a) Fuel consumption curve and (b) efficiencycurve of a 40 kW BD generator.252.11Operation of CNG station [23].262.12Resources of bioethanol and biodiesel302.13World producers of palm oil in 2011312.14Flowchart of commercialized palm BD production332.15Structure of lead-acid battery372.16Constructed 12 V nominal voltage37

xiv2.17Electrochemical operation of battery in (a)charging and (b) discharging mode382.18Boost circuit and its control422.19The bi-directional converter433.1Framework for the selection of off-grid electricity473.2Systematic framework for off-grid electricitygeneration with pre-, intermediate- and postHOMER analysis483.3Hybrid system description.493.4Perkampungan Orang Asli Jahai Sungai KejarHilir, Hutan Belum, Perak, Malaysia503.5The architecture of HOMER.513.6Input window of HOMER‟s component selection.523.7Month-wise solar radiation.533.8Electrical load profile input for (a) daily (b)monthly.3.9Thermal load input profile: (a) daily and (b)seasonal.3.1070Categorized optimization results with CNG andB100 fuel.4.569Categorized optimization results with CNG andB20 fuel.4.468HOMER overall optimization results with CNGand B20 fuel.4.364Configuration of the hybrid system MT/BDG/PVwith battery4.260Generators daily operation schedule: (a) BDG and(b) MT4.156The block diagram for the power source based onCapstone MT technology3.115570Monthly average electrical power production withfuel CNG, B20 and CNG, B100.72

xv4.6Cash flow summary of system by cost type in boththe studied cases.744.7Cash flow summary based on the components.754.8Yearly cash flow by systems component for caseone and two in its lifetime.4.9D-map showing the power generated from PVarray in system.4.107576Monthly average of PV array power output in bothcases.774.11D-map of BD generator output for system one.784.12D-map of BD generator output for system two.784.13D-map of MT output for case one and two.794.14Monthly SOC of the battery in two cases.814.15Frequency histogram of the battery.814.16D-map showing state of charge of Surrette batterybank.4.1781Converter output in system for two cases with (a)inverter and (b) rectifier.834.18Emission of pollutant gases for the hybrid system.844.19Absorption of CO2 through photosynthesis duringthe growth of palm trees4.2085Global warming potential saving from hybridpower generations and total CO2 emission fromMalaysia electricity production874.21Detail sensitivity analysis for two cases.884.22Optimal system type for two cases.884.23Total NCP of the optimal system as a function offuel price and solar radiation.4.24Fuel price and solar radiation dependent totalcapital cost of the optimal system.4.258989Fuel price and solar radiation dependent total NPCwith COE for the optimal system.90

xvi4.26Total NPC of the optimal system with CO2emission for varying fuel price and solar radiationfor case one.90

xviiLIST OF ABBREVIATIONS8MP-Eighth Malaysian PlanBat-BatteryBD-BiodieselBDG-Biodiesel GeneratorCHP-Combine Heat and Power or Cogeneration SystemCO2-Carbon DioxideCNG-Compressor natural gasCOE-Cost of EnergyDOD-Depth of DischargeEDL-Economical Distance LimitGHG-Green House GasesGoM‟s-Government of MalaysiaHOMER-Hybrid Optimization Model for Electric RenewablesHPSs-Hybrid Power SystemsHSMBPB-Hybrid Microturbine, Biodiesel Generator, Photo-voltaicand Battery SystemLCA-Life Cycle AssessmentLCC-Life Cycle CostLCOE-Levelized Cost of EnergyMPPT-Maximum Power Point TrackerMT-MicroturbineNOx-Nitrogen oxideNPC-Net Present CostNREL-National Renewable Energy LaboratoryO&M-Operation and Maintenance

xviiiNREPAP-National. Renewable Energy Policy and Action Plan(Malaysia)RAPS-Remote Area Power Supply SystemRES-Renewable Energy SourcesRET-Renewable Energy TechnologyRM-Ringgit MalaysiaPM-Particulate MatterRPM-Revolution Per MinutePV-PhotovoltaicPWM-Pulse Width ModulationSO2-Sulfur DioxideSOD-State of DischargeSOC-State of ChargeTHD-Total Harmonic Distortion

1CHAPTER 1INTRODUCTION1.1IntroductionLately, the demand of renewable energy technologies (RETs) for ruralelectric power supply is constantly increasing.The large fluctuations and theintermittent nature of RETs make them somewhat costly. Moreover, often long termstorage is required due to their seasonal variations. Thus, hybrid systems emerged assuitable substitute by providing cost-effective and reliable electricity supply inremote areas [1].This chapter develops a rationale of the research topic and attempt to arguewhy intensive research in the cited dissertation topic is absolutely necessary. Theproblem statement, objectives, scope of studies and research significance areunderscored.

21.2Background and MotivationUndeniably, more than billion people living in rural Asia alone are notprivileged to be benefited from electricity even though the worldwide electricitygeneration and transmission has apparently reached to a saturation point.Consequently, the socio-economic developments of these rural communities arealways hindered due to unavailability of electric power in those areas. These energydeprived rural communities are always struggling for betterment in life styles.Education is severely suffered and various inconveniences of storing fresh food andmedicine have significantly reduced their overall efficiency.Furthermore, theworking hours are also slashed due to poor lighting conditions.The economicgrowth in these remote communities is limited by the accessibility of electricity grid[2].Advancement in the power production based on RETs has opened up newavenue for providing electricity in remote rural areas.Largely, the remotecommunities over the globe are not in access of electricity because of the absence ofnational grid nearby. This is majorly due to the high cost involved in the extensionof the transmitting and distributing infrastructure in these remote areas. However, insome developed nations rural inhabitants generate their own electricity via dieselgenerators. The cost of kWh generated by the diesel generator is considerably higherthan the one from the utility grid and remains unaffordable for those remotecommunities. Simultaneously, the involvement of high cost in extending the nationalgrid over remote areas makes it uneconomical for utility companies to expand it.Currently, RETs compared to that of grid expansion renders cost-effective solutionfor remote communities in supplying electric power [3].Interestingly, PV systems can be installed in almost any location due to theavailability of sufficient sunlight on almost every part of the earth surface.Conversely, other energy sources and related technologies are highly accessiblelocation dependent. For instance, a mini hydro plant requires a river with sufficient

3flow rate and a bio energy plant needs an adequate amount of biomass plantation.Thus, an appropriate energy system in a certain geographical location is chosen byconsidering the resources availability throughout the year.Fascinatingly, usingmultiple options of renewable energy resources more reliable electricity can begenerated compared to a single renewable energy source.Combination of aconventional energy source together with renewable sources produces cost effectiveand more reliable energy solution. Assimilations of these complementary energygeneration resources based on renewable or mixed energy (renewable energy with abackup bio-fuel/diesel generator) are termed as hybrid system or hybrid generator.Accordingly, the achieved grid is called off grid due to its size when compared to themain grid [1, 4].The effective operation and implementation of HPSs require carefulconsideration of several factors including complex cultural background, politicalissues, economic environment, and energy related concerns.The suitability ofinstalling HPSs at different regions of Malaysia must consider the availability ofRESs in those areas. It is acknowledged that Malaysia receives an average of 12hours solar radiation per day.Therefore, by combining PV with biodiesel andmicroturbine, the shortage of electricity in the rural areas can be overcome [5].1.3Problem StatementIn the rural area of Malaysia the access to electricity seems to be everdemanding. Meanwhile, the urban communities are yet to achieve reliable electricityservices.Truly, people in rural areas are still dreaming for connecting to anelectricity supply. In 2009, over one million dwellings in Malaysia are still notelectrified those are mostly in rural villages located on large riverbank. Despitecountry‟s strong economy, the lack of electricity supply has contributed to social

4issues such as poverty, poor health services, deprived education, and genderinequality.Recently, the environmental concerns are cropped up regarding thegreenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from fossil fuel burning in diesel power stations.These are known to be the main power generators in Perak state of Malaysia. Peopleare highly dependent on fossil fuel based electricity production due to its costeffectiveness and simple combustion process. Although, this source is capable ofgenerating huge amount of electricity but the environmental pollution due toemission of carbon dioxide will contribute enormously to global warming and maylead to acid rain. To overcome this problem the use of hybrid electric generator isadvocated. It must be admitted that the difficulty of supplying electricity to remoteand inaccessible areas are the reason for obvious use of fossil fuel. There are certainareas where the implementation of grid extension involves high cost and technicallyinfeasible. Due to this reason stand-alone hybrid system is an ideal option [6].Finally, the rural electrification programs in Malaysia are always lacked byinsufficient studies, expertise, and experiences. The obstacle among Governmentagencies to optimize REP implementations in Perak state aggravated the situation.Alternatively, Perak state has potential to build a mixed power development strategyby introducing RE to the existing power generation systems. This work intends toharness the promising RERs such as BDG, SPV, MT, battery and bio-directionalinverter in Perak. It will make valuable contribution in understanding the possibilityof electricity supply at cheaper rate in Perkampungan Orang Asli Jahai, Perak,Malaysia.

51.4Research ObjectivesThe main aim is to propose an optimal off grid techno-economic hybridsystem design by combining microturbine-biodiesel generator-solar PV to provideaffordable and reliable electricity for a rural community in Perak, Malaysia. Toachieve this goal the following objectives are cited:1. To identify the suitable renewable energy resources for the proposedhybrid system.2. To characterize the physical properties of biodiesel fuel.3. To model and simulate of the hybrid system using the HOMER softwarepackage.4. To evaluate the performance of the optimal hybrid system in the contextof Perkampungan Orang Asli Jahai, Perak, Malaysia.5. To determine the daily load profile by selecting component and make costanalysis of the rural community.6. To compare the proposed hybrid model generated results with theconventional resources.1.5Scope of the StudyThe scopes of the present research are:1. Examine different type of renewable energy sources, storage devices andconversion system involved in hybrid energy generation system.2. Simulate the impact of different renewable energy sources on the climatechange.3. Inspect the fuel local supply to explain how the selected available gas andbiodiesel can be fed into the combustion system of an externally fired

6microturbine and biodiesel generator.It takes into account thecomposition of combustion gases in relation to heat exchangers andchimney downstream the combustion.4. Model the entire design and optimize the off grid hybrid system bycombining microturbine-biodiesel and generator-solar PV with battery.5. Make a techno-economic estimate to identify the feasibility of affordableand reliable electricity to rural people.6. Simulate the model using HOMER software for further techno-economicanalysis.7. Analyze the simulation results of electricity power generation usingdifferent fuels (B100 CNG) and compare them with the results ofelectricity generation using (B20 CNG).8. Optimize the hybrid system in HOMER to check the sensitivity.9. Evaluate the proposed model performance in terms of cost and benefit.1.6Benefit of Renewable EnergyIndeed, the renewable resources not only provide environmental friendlyclean electrical energy but also play significant role in ecological benefits. Thesupply of electricity via hybrid energy technology in the rural areas of developingnations can substitute relatively a small amount of fossil fuel. The future fossil fuelbased energy demand seems alarming because this resource is exponentiallydepleting. Furthermore, the rapid industrializations and subsequent deforestationthrough over-exploitation of wood and charcoal resources will lead to environmentalcatastrophe. Thus, the search for alternative route for the electrification of rural areasis inevitable. The renewable energy resources emerged as new stars in the horizondue to its natural compatibility and environmental safety in terms of de-pollutioneffects and climate protection [7]. To this end, the renewable system distributedgeneration of electricity has several added advantages as illustrated in figure 1.1.

7Present systemFigure 1.1structure [7]1.7Future structureComparison between the present and future electricity supplyThesis OutlineThis thesis deals with the optimal sizing of a hybrid renewable energy systemfor electrifying a rural community in Perak, Malaysia.The system design,optimization, implementation, and performance evaluation are the recurring theme.The thesis consisting of 5 chapters are organized as follows:Chapter 1 provides a brief overview on the rationale for this study. It includesthe energy situation in the rural areas of Malaysia. Electricity provision, background,objectives of the study, scope of the study, present status of electric supply for theselected village and most importantly the need to renewable energy is justified.

8Chapter 2 deals with the review of relevant literatures on renewable energysources. Various available technologies used for generating electricity and theiradvantages and disadvantages are emphasizedChapter 3 describes the detailed methodology that is required to fulfill theproposed objectives. The main components of the designed hybrid system togetherwith the relevant characteristics of the system components such as electricalcharacteristics, costs, operation, and maintenance issues are highlighted. The sitemeteorological and load data are also discussed. Finally, the modeling of the hybridsystem using HOMER software and subsequent simulation processes aredemonstrated.The results obtained from the HOMER simulations are discussed in Chapter4. The results of the optimization and sensitivity analysis, the selection of theoptimal hybrid configuration and the performance of the selected system for varyingconditions of load, solar, palm oil and natural gas resource are explained. The basicdesign of the hybrid system is illustrated.Chapter 5 concludes the thesis with the notable contribution and futureoutlook. Due to time constrains is it not possible to give full justice on the topic.However, this research has bred new problems which are worth solving.

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4.5 Simulation result for BD generator output system for case one. 78 4.6 Simulation result for BD generator output system for case two. 79 4.7 Simulation result for MT output for case one and two 80 4.8 Simulation results of Surrette battery for two cases. 82 4.9 Simulation data of converter components for two cases. 83