DEQ Water Quality Monitoring Strategy 2020 - Oregon
DEQ Water QualityMonitoring Strategy2020State of OregonDepartment ofEnvironmentalQualityDEQ’s mission is to be a leader in restoring, maintaining,and enhancing the quality of Oregon’s air, land, and water.
This report prepared by:Department of Environmental Quality700 NE Multnomah Street, Suite 600Portland, OR 97232-41001-800-452-4011www.oregon.gov/deqContact: DEQ Laboratory503-693-5700Cover images (left to right):South Falls at Silver Falls state park, ORHaystack rock, Cannon Beach, ORTualatin River, Tualatin, ORBack cover image:Koosah Falls, Willamette National Forest, ORDEQ can provide documents in an alternate format or in a language other than English upon request.Call DEQ at 800-452-4011 or email deqinfo@deq.state.or.us.
Table of ContentsTable of Contents. iResponse Monitoring. 16Images. iiTotal Maximum Daily Load. 16Figures. iiiWater Quality Toxics Monitoring. 16Tables. iiiAdditional Strategic Influences. 18Abbreviations. ivStatewide Monitoring Partners and Teams . 25Background . 1Monitoring Designs and Considerations . 28Oregon DEQ’s Water Quality MonitoringStrategy. 3Probabilistic Design. 29Five-year Strategic Goals . 3Compliance and Enforcement monitoring. 30Looking Forward . 4Monitoring Governance at DEQ. 6Monitoring to Support DEQ Water QualityPrograms . 7Program Monitoring Data Requirements . 8Water Quality Standards. 8Water Quality Assessment. 8Total Maximum Daily Loads. 9Nonpoint Source. 10Drinking Water. 10Permitting and Certification. 11Compliance and Enforcement. 11Monitoring Programs and Achievements . 12Ambient Water Monitoring. 12BEACH Program. 13Cyanotoxin Monitoring. 13Biomonitoring . 14Groundwater. 15Pesticide Stewardship Partnerships. 15Targeted Designs. 29Public Health Monitoring . 31Reference Monitoring. 31Environmental Justice (EJ). 32Water Quality Indicators . 32Quality Assurance . 33Data Management . 35Data Analysis, Assessment, Reporting andCommunication. 36Emerging Water Quality Issues . 38DEQ Monitoring Strategy Future Direction . 39Rivers and Streams. 39Lakes. 41Groundwater. 41Oceans and Estuaries. 42Wetlands. 43Data Management and Reporting. 43Monitoring Resources. 44Resources. 45This report covers DEQ’s five-year water quality monitoring strategy for Oregon. This monitoring strategydescribes the environmental information needed to assess, manage, and ultimately protect water quality.Review and revision of this strategy as needed will occur in 2025.
ImagesImage 1: The Oregon Beach Monitoring Program staff collect and analyze weekly marine water samples fromMemorial Day to Labor Day to identify public health risks from fecal bacteria. 13Image 2: Biomonitoring staff at DEQ collect and analyze macroinvertebrate samples to identify watershedimpairments. We often train monitoring partners in the appropriate methods to collect macroinvertabratesamples. 14Image 3: A DEQ Water Quality Monitoring Specialist collects a bacteria sample from a domestic well spigot. 15Image 4: DEQ monitoring staff collecting a sediment sample using a sieve and scoop for the statewide toxicsmonitoring program. 16Image 5: Toxics monitoring staff collecting a water sample for toxics analysis using a Van Dorn bottle. . 17Image 6: Sharing science makes it useful to people. It helps establish common ground for understanding issues,making decisions and identifying information gaps. Oregon’s STREAM Team sponsored a monitoring summit in2018 bringing together monitoring partners form the Mid- and North Coast region of Oregon to share the mostcurrent water science in the region. . 26Image 7: This earth observation satellite has an Ocean Land Color Instrument or OLCI is for used to monitorharmful algae blooms in Oregon. 28Image 8: The Oregon Beach Monitoring Program is a partnership between DEQ and OHA. DEQ collects andanalyzes marine water samples for fecal indicator bacteria and OHA issue advisories to beach users ifwarranted. 31Image 9: DEQ staff checking volunteer monitoring partners field instruments against National Institute ofStandards and Technology (NIST) certified standards. 34Image 10: Large woody debris spanning the channel of the McKenzie River. 40Image 11: Fish are collected to analyze their tissue for bioaccumulation of toxic chemicals. 40Image 12: DEQ staff collect a sediment sample as part of EPA’s National Lakes Assessment. 41Image 13: Collecting a groundwater sample in Harney. 41Image 14: Lowering an Eckman Dredge to collect benthic samples for the National Coastal Condition survey.Harney. 42iiDEQ Water Quality Monitoring Strategy 2020
FiguresFigure 1: Monitoring, assessment, planning and implementation phases of the management cycle forevaluating, protecting and restoring water quality. Environmental data informs each step. 1Figure 2: Relevant federal and state requirements for Oregon’s monitoring programs. . 2Figure 3: Monitoring Strategy Roadmap. 5Figure 4: DEQ Water Quality Monitoring Governance Structure. 6Figure 5: Common themes among agency strategic water quality initiatives. 18Figure 6: Statewide water-related 2019 monitoring locations for DEQ, ODFW, WRD, ODA and OWEBmonitoring grant recipients. 25Figure 7: DEQ and ODA Ambient Sites. 29Figure 8: Examples for types of beneficial use measured in association with indicators: stressors, exposure,and response to stressors and exposure. . 33Figure 9: AWQMS data input. 35TablesTable 1: The relationship between DEQ’s water quality programs and EPA guidance for monitoring strategyobjectives. . 7Table 2: Federal and state required reports. 36iii
AbbreviationsAWQMS Ambient Water Quality Monitoring SystemCFR Code of Federal RegulationsCWA Clean Water ActDQO Data Quality ObjectivesDSL Department of State LandsEJ Environmental JusticeGWMA Groundwater Management AreaGWTAT Groundwater Technical Advisory TeamHAB Harmful Algal BloomLIMS Laboratory Information Management SystemMAG Monitoring and Assessment GroupNARS National Aquatic Resource SurveysNCCA National Coastal Condition AssessmentNIST National Institute of Standards and TechnologyNLA National Lakes AssessmentNRSA National Rivers and Streams AssessmentNWQMC National Water Quality Monitoring CouncilOAH Ocean Acidification and HypoxiaOAR Oregon Administrative RulesOBMP Oregon Beach Monitoring ProgramODA Oregon Department of AgricultureODF Oregon Department of ForestryODFW Oregon Department of Fish and WildlifeOLCI Ocean Land Color InstrumentOWEB Oregon Watershed Enhancement BoardOWRD Oregon Water Resources DepartmentPPA Performance Partnership AgreementPPG Performance Partnership GrantQAPP Quality Assurance Project PlanSAP Sampling Analysis PlanSIA Strategic Implementation AreaSTORET EPA’s Storage and Retrieval databaseSTREAM Oregon Strategic Enterprise Approach to MonitoringTMDL Total Maximum Daily LoadUSGS United States Geological SurveyivDEQ Water Quality Monitoring Strategy 2020
BackgroundWater quality monitoring and assessment providesnecessary information to protect water qualityin Oregon. Strategic planning aligns monitoringprogram objectives and resources with waterquality program needs, legal requirements andother information priorities.determine the appropriate levels of protectionfor human health and aquatic life, develop waterquality management plans, assess compliancewith water quality standards and regulations,understand trends in water quality conditions overtime, and measure the effectiveness of waterprotection projects and programs.DEQ’s monitoring programs provide informationfor all stages of an adaptive managementcycle (Figure 1). DEQ uses data to identifythe magnitude and extent of emerging issues,Figure 1: Monitoring, assessment, planning and implementation phases of the management cycle for evaluating,protecting and restoring water quality. Environmental data informs each step.MonitoringOregon’s ompliance andEnforcing ng WaterQuality al MaximumDaily LoadsImplementingPollution ControlStrategies/Non-Point SourceControls1
Many of the monitoring data and information needs are legally required or provide necessary information tocarry out DEQ’s water quality programs. Applicable federal and state requirements are shown in Figure 2 below.Figure 2: Relevant federal and state requirements for Oregon’s monitoring programs.Federal Clean Water ActSection106(e)Section303(d)(1) (A)and (B)Administrator shall not make any grants under this section to any state which has not provided oris not carrying out as a part of the program - (1) The establishment and operation of appropriatedevices, methods, systems, and procedures necessary to monitor, and to compile and analyze dataon (including classification according to eutrophic condition) the quality of navigable water and tothe extent practicable, groundwaters, including biological monitoring; and provisions for annuallyupdating such data and including it in the report required under Section 305 of this Act.Requires each state to identify waters within its boundaries for which effluent limits and controlsof thermal discharges required by section 301 are not stringent enough to meet water qualitystandards and to assure protection and propagation of a balanced indigenous population ofshellfish, fish and wildlife.Section305(b)(1)Requires each state submit a biennial report by April 1 on even numbered years that includes adescription of the water quality of all navigable waters in the state, an analysis of the extent towhich they provide for shellfish, fish, wildlife and recreation, the extent to which the elimination ofpollutants has provided for the above and recommendations for additional actions necessary todo so, the economic and social costs to do so, and a description of the extent of nonpoint sourcepollutants and recommended actions to address nonpoint sources including costs.Section314Requires the establishment of a clean lakes program including an assessment of the status and trends inwater quality in publicly owned lakes and list of impaired lakes and the pollutant sources in those lakes.Section314Requires the establishment of a coastal recreation water monitoring and notification program.Code of Federal Regulations240 CFR130.4(a)In accordance with section 106(e)(1), States must establish appropriate monitoring methods andprocedures (including biological monitoring) necessary to compile and analyze data on the qualityof waters of the United States and, to the extent practicable, ground-waters.40 CFR130.4(b)The State’s water monitoring program shall include collection and analysis of physical, chemicaland biological data and quality assurance and control programs to assure scientifically valid data.The uses of these data include determining abatement and control priorities; developing andreviewing water quality standards, total maximum daily loads, wasteload allocations, and loadallocations; assessing compliance with National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES)permits by dischargers; reporting information to the public through the section 305(b) report andreviewing site-specific monitoring efforts.DEQ Water Quality Monitoring Strategy 2020
Oregon Revised StatutesORS468B.110(4)ORS468B.035Requires the department to establish guidelines describing how the department and commission willdetermine whether water quality standards in waters affected by nonpoint sources are being met.Authorizes the department to implement the Clean Water Act.ORS468B.160(3)Requires the department to conduct statewide programs to identify and characterize groundwaterquality.ORS468B.162(3)Requires the department to submit a report to the legislature on the first of January, of each oddnumbered year on the status of groundwater in Oregon.ORS468B.190Requires the department conduct a groundwater monitoring and assessment program based onvulnerability to contamination that determines status, long-term trends, and emerging problems.Oregon DEQ’s Water Quality Monitoring StrategyDEQ’s Water Quality Program staff developed thefollowing mission statement, “The Water QualityProgram’s mission is to protect and improveOregon’s water quality. Protecting Oregon’s rivers,lakes, streams and groundwater keeps thesewaters safe for a multitude of beneficial uses suchas drinking water, fish habitat, recreation andirrigation” (Department of Environmental Quality,Water Quality, January 2019). Implementingthis mission requires a monitoring program thatsupplies information to meet the various needs ofthe Water Quality program areas and to assessall waterbody types across the state including:rivers and streams, estuaries, lakes and reservoirs,coastal waters, wetlands, and groundwater.DEQ’s monitoring strategy describes acomprehensive, statewide water monitoring andassessment program for providing high quality,publically accessible data, to address water qualityprogram and statewide needs. The strategyoutlines the chartered governance structure DEQuses to propose, evaluate, prioritize and implementmonitoring activities. It describes the status ofexisting monitoring programs and identifies internaland external strategic documents that influenceOregon DEQ’s Water Quality Monitoring Strategythe direction of DEQ’s monitoring programs.The strategy emphasizes the important role thatmonitoring partnerships play in providing neededmonitoring data. It outlines the monitoring designs,indicators, quality assurance processes and datamanagement systems required to provide anddeliver the right information. Most importantly,the document looks at Oregon’s emerging waterquality challenges to identify the informationneeded to understand Oregon’s emerging waterquality concerns.Five-year Strategic GoalsOver the next five years, DEQ’s monitoring strategywill focus on data acquisition and collection tomeet the regulatory information requirements ofDEQ’s water programs, to provide important publichealth data, and to inform high priority water qualitythreats to the environment. Objectives includecollecting data to clarify areas of potential concernor that are unassessed for the Integrated Report.Data will be collected to develop and understandthe implications of new water quality standards andto revise or develop TMDL’s. When appropriate,3
data will be collected to interpret the effectivenessof the water quality projects and programs and tosupport the development of water quality permits.Monitoring will also focus on providing water qualitydata to evaluate public health risks associated withdrinking water and aquatic recreation. DEQ willcontinue to support collaborative partnerships thatprovide high-quality data to address water qualityinformation needs.As resources and time permit, DEQ will incorporateadditional partner data into its Ambient Water Quality System (AWQMS). We will work with our monitoring partners to develop robust quality assuranceprocedures and leverage monitoring efficiencies.Finally, we will identify monitoring gaps for DEQ’sleadership to prioritize for future policy requests orfor the redistribution of existing flexible resources.Looking ForwardOn the 10-year horizon, capturing more monitoringdata on lakes, reservoirs, coastal estuaries,and territorial seas and wetlands are neededto fill information gaps. In Oregon, lakes thatare regularly impaired by harmful algal bloomsrequire more monitoring data to understand thephysical and chemical conditions that promotebloom formation. Current coastal water qualityissues such as ocean acidification, hypoxia andalgal blooms pose a threat to Oregon’s coastalecology and economy. Characterizing regionaland local pollution sources requires monitoringdata to locate and quantify pollution loads to tailorpollution reduction plans for mitigating coastalwater quality impairments. In many cases, thesewaterbodies lack the comprehensive data neededfor understanding water quality impairments,to characterize the status and trends of thesewaterbodies, or for the developing water qualitymanagement plans. Where information gapsremain, additional monitoring resources shouldsought to collect needed monitoring data.4As snowpack in Oregon declines, groundwaterplays an increasingly important role in meetingOregonian’s water needs. Understanding thequality of this critical resource to protect it fromcontamination or mitigate existing pollutionproblems is essential as Oregonians increasinglyrely on groundwater to meet demands. Monitoringdata is critical for tracking and identifying threatsto groundwater quality but monitoring resourceshave been declining. Reduced data collection inOregon’s three Groundwater Management Areas(GWMA’s) has slowed our ability to understandwater quality trends in these areas. Dwindlingstatewide groundwater monitoring resources haveslowed water quality investigations in new aquiferseach year. Seeking to restore and enhance thesemonitoring capabilities should be considered in thefuture.Continuing to incorporate new monitoringtechnologies will provide DEQ with morecomprehensive and refined information for waterquality assessments and planning. Improvedcontinuous data instrumentation, capable ofproviding near real-time access to water qualityinformation, can fill gaps in our understanding oftemporal changes in water quality parameters. Thisinformation is useful for developing more robustwater quality management plans, triggering othermonitoring activities, and in strategically importantlocations, providing publically accessible to realtime water quality information. Handling theselarge datasets is challenging and DEQ will need toimprove data systems and data analysis methodsto fully utilize and share the information withstakeholders and the public. Enhanced deploymentof continuous monitoring instruments will providecomprehensive data to identify water qualityimpairments and improve DEQ’s water qualitymanagement planning efforts.Ongoing identification, development, and deployment of new analytical methods to monitor for chemicals of emerging concern or to lower detection levels is important to evaluate threats to public healthand aquatic life. Analytical method developmentwill be prioritized based on DEQ’s Toxics ReductionStrategy focus list. This will be supplemented withDEQ Water Quality Monitoring Strategy 2020
information on chemicals of emerging concern forOregon using EPA or USGS lists for reference. AsDEQ’s toxics focus list is updated, additional chemicals will be prioritized for method development. Inaddition, microbial techniques such as QuantitativePolymerized Chain Reaction (qPCR) will improvethe identification of fecal contamination sources andprovide early detection of cyanotoxins producedduring HABs. This information will help DEQ tailorplans for reducing bacterial sources and protectdrinking water sources from cyanotoxins.Utilizing the expertise of DEQ monitoring staff tosupport monitoring partnerships will help DEQ accomplish the agency’s mission to protect the environment by leveraging resources outside DEQ to meetthe agencies needs for water quality data. Engagingwatershed partners in monitoring efforts, builds trustwith our partners and communities, and increaseslocal commitment to the scientific information beingproduced. DEQ benefits from local knowledge andadditional data in priority areas to cover informationgaps. DEQ’s monitoring staff could be strategicallydeployed to assist regional monitoring partners todevelop quality assurance plans, train staff and volunteers on field collection methods, collect field dataand submit samples for laboratory analysis, providefield audits, and provide data management assistance with the agency partnerships. These effortsneed to be tracked to capture, quantify and report onthe environmental data these efforts provide.Figure 3: Monitoring Strategy RoadmapNear TermFutureMonitoring data to supportDEQ’s Integrated report,Standards Development, TMDLdevelopment and LegislativePerformance Measures.Monitoring to provide data for thedeveloping and understandingimplementation outcomes ofnew water quality standards.Identify and capture monitoring datasources for lakes and reservoirs,estuaries, territorial seas and wetlandsin Oregon.Monitoring data to supportpublic health information needsfor bacteria, cyanotoxins andchemicals of emerging concern.Focused monitoring to assessareas of “potential concern” orhigh priority “unassessed” areasfor DEQ’s Integrated Report.Fill information gaps for lakes andreservoirs, estuaries, territorial seasand wetlandsIdentification and integration ofprioritized partner data into DEQ’sAmbient Water Quality MonitoringSystem or Federal data systems.Monitoring to support TMDLdeveloped in priority watersheds.Work to restore and enhancegroundwater monitoring and analyticalresources in priority aquifers statewide.Collect data to protect publicdrinking water systems andrecreational activities.Identify, seek funding for theimplementation for continuous datacollection at high priority monitoringstations statewide.Monitoring data to assessstatus and trends regionallyand statewide.Identify high priority Chemicals ofEmerging Concern to focus thedevelopment of new analyticalmethods.TodayCurrent10 YearsUse technical expertise of DEQmonitoring staff to strengthenmonitoring partnerships and leveragemonitoring resources outside of DEQ.Oregon DEQ’s Water Quality Monitoring Strategy5
Monitoring Governance at DEQDEQ developed an internal governance structureto support planning and resource allocation formonitoring activities. The governance structureconsists of a decision-making body and foursubcommittees representing the variousaspects of the water quality programs that usemonitoring data. Subcommittee members aresubject matter experts who discuss, consult, andprovide recommendations to the Water QualityMonitoring and Assessment Governance Team.The governance team is made of water qualitymanagers and administrators who consider inputfrom each of the subcommittees, make decisionsabout resourcing monitoring proposals, anddiscuss topics relevant to water quality monitoringand information needs. The governance structureutilizes the depth of staff experiences andperspectives to develop vetted monitoring activitiesthat meet the information needs of the waterprograms at DEQ. The structure of the governanceteam and the subcommittees that representthe following water quality programs: statewidemonitoring, groundwater, TMDL/nonpoint source/drinking water, and permitting and compliance areshown below (Figure 4).Figure 4: DEQ Water Quality Monitoring Governance Structure.PermittingandComplianceSubcommitteeWater QualityMonitoring isory DL /NonpointSourceDrinkingWater TeamStatewideMonitoring andAssessmentSubcommittee6DEQ Water Quality Monitoring Strategy 2020
Monitoring to Support DEQ Water Quality ProgramsDEQ’s monitoring strategy for the department’swater quality programs is framed by the objectivesidentified in EPA’s “Elements of a State WaterMonitoring and Assessment Program” (EPA, March2003). This EPA guidance reflects the full range ofwater quality data and information needs to informClean Water Act requirements. They also reflect theobjectives required to support scientific and policyquestions for states to consider in the developmentof their monitoring strategies. EPA’s six overarchinginformation objectives outlined in the document are:1. What is the overall quality of waters across thestate?2. To what extent is water quality changing over time?3. What are the problem areas needing protection?4. What level of protection is needed?5. How effective are clean water projects andprograms?6. Where does water quality need to be restored andhow?The monitoring strategy is rooted in the core workof each program characterized by the six EPAmonitoring objectives to identify and restore waterquality impairments (Table 1). Monitoring emphasisis strategically oriented towards moving waterprograms forward in their goal to identify, protect andrestore water quality.Table 1: The relationship between DEQ’s water quality programs and EPA guidance for monitoring strategyobjectives.Water Quality ProgramWhat isthe overallqualityof watersacross thestate?To whatextentis waterqualitychangingover time?What arethe problemareasneedingprotection?Whatlevel ofprotectionis needed?Howeffectiveare cleanwaterprojectsandprograms?Wheredoes waterqualityneed to berestoredand how?Water Quality StandardsWater Quality AssessmentTMDL’sNonpoint SourceDrinking WaterPermitting and CertificationGroundwater protectionCompliance and EnforcementMonitoring Governance at DEQ7
Program Monitoring Data RequirementsWater Quality StandardsThe Water Quality Standards Program routinelyreviews Oregon’s water quality standards andupdates or modifies existing standards, as needed,to protect designated beneficial uses of thestate’s waters. The DEQ Water Quality StandardsProgram establishes the foundation for other waterquality programs. Operational roles of the WaterQuality Standards Program include: 1) water bodyclassification and use designations, 2) reviewand revision of existing water quality criteria, 3)development of new criteria, 4) developmentof site-specific water quality standards, 5)Outstanding Resource Waters designations, and6) development of standards variances. Supportroles of the section include: 1) advising theDEQ on state and national water quality goals,initiatives, policy and emerging issues, 2) providinginterpretation and guidance to DEQ programs,including the 303(d) assessment methodology,and 3) providing oversight to DEQ pr
ii DEQ Water Quality Monitoring Strategy 2020 Images Image 1: The Oregon Beach Monitoring Program staff collect and analyze weekly marine water samples from Memorial Day to Labor Day to identify public health risks from fecal bacteria. . 13 Image 2: Biomonitoring staff at DEQ collect and analyze macroinvertebrate samples to identify watershed
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The candlestick flare is also onsite, and is reserved for when landfill . EMP updated to incorporate new or replacement monitoring wells? b) Site characterization reports for new disposal cells submitted for . DEQ Lab split-sampling report supports permittee’s results? X Notes: 48. Groundwater Monitoring Well Network. All DEQ-approved .
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