Cancer Detection And Treatment In Human: Nanotechnology Application; An .
Cancer Detection and Treatment in Human: Nanotechnology Application; anadvanced Approach.Ifeanyichukwu U. Onyenanu1, Chinwe A. Adubasim2, and Oliver C. Ikwueto31 Department2 Department3of Mechanical Engineering, School of Engineering, Anambra State University – Nigeriaof Industrial Chemistry, School of Sciences, Nnamdi Azikiwe University – NigeriaDepartment of Industrial Physics, School of Sciences, Anambra State University – Nigeria* Corresponding Author’s E-Mail Address: mecury4eva@gmail.com, Phone: 2348067673228AbstractCancer is a complex disease caused by genetic instability and accumulation of multiple molecular alterations inhuman beings. Earlier efforts of diagnostic and prognostic classifications do not reflect the whole clinicalheterogeneity of tumour and are insufficient to make predictions for successful treatment and patients’ outcome. Itmay be noted that current advances in nanotechnology have offered new hope for cancer detection, prevention andtreatment. Nanotechnology has wide-ranging applications such as drug synthesis and delivery, cell surgery andtherapy, early disease diagnosis and prevention, biosensors and medical implants. Nanoparticles formulation areadvantageous over conventional chemotherapy because they can incorporate multiple diagnostic and therapeuticagents and are associated with significantly less adverse effects due to selective accumulation to tumour tissue.Hence, nanoparticles can further be engineered to target specific tumour cells that express particular cell surfacemolecules. The selection of appropriate targets, component materials, formulation strategies and characterizationmethods are critical to achieving successful outcomes. The study is geared towards reviewing aims at integratingsome recent advances of nanotechnology with high potential for improving the cancer detection and treatment inhumans.Keywords: Nanoparticles, molecular therapy, Nano-medicine and nanotechnology.1.BACKGROUNDCancer medically known as malignant neoplasm is abroad group of various diseases, all involvingunregulated cell growth. In cancer, cells divide andgrow uncontrollably, forming malignant tumours andinvade parts of the body. However, not all tumoursare cancerous. It is a potentially fatal disease causedmainly by environmental factors that mutate genesencoding critical cell-regulatory proteins. Theresultant aberrant cell behaviour leads to expansivemasses of abnormal cells that destroy surroundingnormal tissue and can spread to vital organs resultingin disseminated disease, commonly a harbinger ofimminent patient death.Cancer remains a cause of considerable morbidity,mortality. It results to 13% of all deaths worldwide.From Statistics, It is estimated that if current trendscontinues, there will be 22 million new cases ofcancer worldwide occurring each year by 2030(Cancer Research UK 2013).As at present, Cancer has no definite cure but therehave been considerable improvements in the waycancer is treated as current advances innanotechnology have offered new hope for cancerdetection, prevention and treatment. Several cancerdetection methods are emerging which usenanotechnology to see right into the depth of thebody as tumours begin to form, long before theybecome detectable by conventional means. Some ofthem which included Scanning and Imagingcancerous tumours and detecting cancer by analysingtissue samples.Proceedings of the 1st African International Conference/Workshop on Applications ofNanotechnology to Energy, Health and Environment, UNN, March 23 – 29, 2014Page 32
Problem StatementExisting cancer screening methods include:Before now, there were different ways cancer couldbe detected and treated depending on the type ofcancer; which includes but not limited to surgery,chemotherapy, radiation.But all these havenumerous side effects namely; in surgery, sometimesonly part of the tumour can be tribution, with only a small fraction of drugsreaching the tumour, tissue damage also occurs as aresult of radiation. It may be noted that currentadvances in nanotechnology have offered new hopefor cancer detection, prevention and treatment. Thestudy is geared towards reviewing aims at integratingsome recent advances of nanotechnology with highpotential for improving the cancer detection andtreatment in humans.1.1.1 Aim and Objectives of the ResearchThe aim of this research is to:(a) Examine the ineffectiveness of many cancertreatments and their side effects.(b) Address the types and characteristics ofNanoparticle.(c) Show how nanoparticles can be used as drugdelivery system and imaging devices to increasethe efficacy per dose of therapeutic or imagingcontrast agent.(d) Show how nanoparticles will be furtherdeveloped to improve their functionality incancer treatment and imaging.1.2 Scope of WorkThis work will use the principle of Sciences,Engineering, chemistry and medicine (particularly inthe context of an improved understanding offundamental biology), with broad applications formolecular imaging, molecular diagnosis and targetedtherapy.1.3 Limitation of StudyIn Nanomedicine, particles are engineered so thatthey are attracted to diseased cells, which allow directtreatment of those cells. This technique reducesdamage to healthy cells in the body and allows forearlier detection of disease. No human trials havebeen performed yet; they are still at least a few yearsaway but pre-clinical trials reveal that a singleintravenous Nanoparticle injection eradicated 100percent of tumours in mice when exposed to nearinfrared light.Conventional Method of Cancer Detection2.3.4.The Papanicolau test for women to detectcervical cancer and mammography to detectbreast cancer,Prostate-specific antigen (PSA) level detection inblood sample for men to detect prostate cancer,Occult blood detection for colon cancerEndoscopy, CT scans, X-ray, ultrasound imagingand MRI for various cancer detectionNB: some of the screening methods are quite costlyand not available for many people.2.REVIEW OF NANOTECHNOLOGYNanotechnology is the creation of useful materials,devices, and systems used to manipulate matter at anincredibly small scale—between 1 and 100nanometres. This emerging field involves scientistsfrom many different disciplines, including physicists,chemists, engineers, information technologists, andmaterial scientists, as well as biologists.Nanotechnology is being applied to almost everyfield imaginable, including electronics, velopment and biomedicine.Nanoscale devices are one hundred to ten thousandtimes smaller than human cells. They are similar insize to large biological molecules ("biomolecules")such as enzymes and receptors. As an example,haemoglobin, the molecule that carries oxygen in redblood cells, is approximately 5 nanometers indiameter. Nanoscale devices smaller than 50nanometers can easily enter most cells, while thosesmaller than 20 nanometers can move out of bloodvessels as they circulate through the body.Because of their small size, nanoscale devices canreadily interact with biomolecules on both the surfaceand inside cells. By gaining access to so many areasof the body, they have the potential to detect diseaseand deliver treatment in ways unimagined beforenow.2.1 Nanotechnology and CancerNanotechnology allows researchers to build newtools that are actually smaller than cells, giving themthe opportunity to attack cancer cells at the cellularand genetic level. This technology not only enableshealth practitioners to detect cancer earlier but alsoholds the promise of stopping cancer before it evendevelops.Proceedings of the 1st African International Conference/Workshop on Applications ofNanotechnology to Energy, Health and Environment, UNN, March 23 – 29, 2014Page 33
Based on computer chip technology, diagnosticdevices such as nanoarrays are thousands of timesmore sensitive and accurate than current techniques.Because of their size, multiple lab tests can be donemore rapidly and at a much lower cost using onenanodevice instead of many. Nanoshells can belinked to antibodies that recognize tumour cells.Once they are taken up by the cancer cells, nearinfrared light is applied, killing only the tumour andleaving neighbouring, healthy cells intact.3.1 Detection of Cancer using NanotechnologySeveral cancer-detection techniques are emergingwhich use nanotechnology to see right into the depthsof the body as tumours begin to form, long beforethey become detectable by conventional means. Scanning and Imaging Cancerous TumoursImaging techniques, such as MagneticResonance Imaging (MRI) or ComputedTomography (CT) scans, can detect the presenceof tumours in the body. However, by the time thetissue has altered enough to be detected by thismethod, the cancer has progressed to a fairlyadvanced stage, which may make the treatmentless effective. It is also not clear from these scanswhether the tumour is cancerous or benign - afurther stage of tissue analysis is needed toconfirm this.Currently, Scientists are engineering nanoparticlessuch as dendrimers to seek out and destroy cancercells. This amazing technology can be customized fortargeted drug delivery, improved imaging, and nearreal-time confirmation of cancer cell death.This revolutionary approach is so precise; doctorswill be able to design a unique treatment for anindividual’s own medical and genetic profile.To make these scans a more robust method oftesting for cancer at as early a stage as possible, a"tagging" method is required - something whichwill selectively bind to cancerous cells anddrastically increase their visibility scans.Nanotechnology has been developing rapidly duringthe past few years and with this, properties ofnanomaterials are being extensively studied andmany attempts are made to fabricate appropriatenanomaterial. Due to their unique optical, magnetic,mechanical, chemical and physical properties that arenot shown at the bulk scale, nanomaterials have beenused for more sensitive and precise biomarkerdetection. Nanomaterials that have been applied tosensing cancer biomarkers vary from goldnanoparticles, quantum dots, magnetic nanoparticles,carbon nanotubes and nanowires3.DETECTION AND TREATMENT OFCANCER USING NANOTECHNOLOGY.It seems that nanotechnology will be able toprovide the solution to this problem. Metal oxidenanoparticles, which generate a very strongsignal on CT and MRI scans, can be coated withantibodies which bind to a certain receptorswhich are produced in greater quantities incancerous cells than in normal cells. Thenanoparticles would be concentrated aroundcancer cells, allowing cancerous tumours to beidentified very easily. The strong signal meansthat very early stage tumours could be detectedby this technique. DetectingSamplesCancerbyAnalysingTissueWhen it is suspected that a patient has cancer,the only way to verify it for sure is to take abiopsy - a sample of tissue which is analysed forbiomarkers - characteristic chemicals created bythe disease. A technique called a fluorescentimmunoassay (FIA) attaches a fluorescent"label" chemical to these biomarkers, allowingthe disease to be detected.This process could be significantly enhancedusing nanotechnology. Researchers at PrincetonUniversity developed a nanomaterial, calledD2PA, which amplifies the light from thefluorescent labels. This allows the cancer to beProceedings of the 1st African International Conference/Workshop on Applications ofNanotechnology to Energy, Health and Environment, UNN, March 23 – 29, 2014Page 34
detected much earlier, when the light wouldnormally be much too weak to detect.Because cancer is not technically one singledisease, but a huge number of similar diseases,there are hundreds or thousands of biomarkerswhich, if analyzed properly, could indicate thepresence of a specific type of cancer.An immunoassay using markers containingquantum dots could provide a much moredetailed analysis of a blood or tissue sample. Thewavelength of the light emitted by quantum dotsdepends on their size. By attaching quantum dotsof different sizes to the biomarkers for differenttypes of cancer, a single analysis could providedoctors with a spectrum of emitted lightidentifying the profile of healthy and cancerouscells in the individual's body. This could help toidentify when cancer had spread to other parts ofthe body, allowing the best possible treatmentregime to be devised.Nanowires can detect the presence of altered genesassociated with cancer.Cantilevers—microscopic, flexible beams—canprovide rapid and sensitive detection of cancerrelated molecules.3.2 Treatment of Cancer using Nanotechnology Nanoscale cantilevers and nanowire sensorscan detect biomarkers of cancer from a singlecell, which heretofore was unimaginable. Thesetiny levers which are anchored at one end can beengineered to bind molecules that represent someof the changes associated with cancer. They maybind to altered DNA sequences or proteins thatare present in certain types of cancer. Whenthese molecules bind to the cantilevers, surfacetension changes, causing the cantilevers to bend.But monitoring the bending cantilevers,scientists can tell whether molecules are present.Scientists hope this property will prove effectivewhen cancer –associated molecules are present—even in very low concentrations—makingcantilevers a potential tool for detecting cancer inits early stages. Nanotubes: An interesting property ofnanotubes is that they absorb near infraredradiation. This causes them to heat up veryquickly. Once the nanotube is attached to thecancer cells, Dai, uses a near infrared laser beamto heat nanotubes until it kills the cancer cells.This method is still at the testing stage. Gold Nanoshells have a core of silica and ametallic outer layer. These nanoshells can beinjected safely as demonstrated in animalmodels. Because of their size, nanoshells willpreferentially concentrate in cancer lesion sites.This physical selectivity occurs through aphenomenon called Enhanced permeationretention (EPR). Another potential treatment involves absorptionof light by gold nanoparticles (Pitsillides et al.,2003). The method involves gold-coatednanoparticles conjugated to recognition ligands. Finally, the nanoparticle method for direct celldestruction to be discussed is the magneticnanoparticle hyperthermia method (Jordan et al.,Proceedings of the 1st African International Conference/Workshop on Applications ofNanotechnology to Energy, Health and Environment, UNN, March 23 – 29, 2014Page 35
1999). It is hypothesized that the relatively oldconcept of hyperthermia can be combined.4.0 Impact of NanotechnologyDetection and Treatment toCancerNanotechnology protects drugs from beingdegraded in the body before they reach theirtarget.It enhances the absorption of drugs into tumoursand into cancerous cells themselves.It allows for better control over the timing anddistribution of drugs to the tissue, making iteasier for Oncologists to assess how well theywork.It prevents drugs from interacting with normalcells, thus avoiding side effects.4.1 Implications of Nanotechnology and Cancerdetection and TreatmentOf course, nanomedicines aren’t without limitations;1.2.3.that evaluate chronic toxicity are still largelymissing from the scientific literature. However,the potential health risks associated with themanufacture and use of nanomaterial must bebalanced by the benefits that nanotechnology hasto offer society for cancer therapy and beyondThe need for biocompatible and stableNanoparticles: The ability to reproduciblymanufacture nanomedicines at large scales withhigh levels of control over the physicochemicalproperties remains a major obstacle. Thoughmany labs can make nanomedicines at themilligram levels for proof-of-concept in vitrostudies, the costs and manufacturing challengesassociated with making large-scale batches of thesame quality remain great.Cost: New technology often doesn’t comecheaply, and so far nanomedicines are noexception although the increased costs comewith documented advantages: Because thenanomedicines are less toxic to healthy tissue,they afford patients a significantly better qualityof life than their molecular counterparts.Environmental impact: The same materialproperties that make nanoparticles appealing forcancer therapy and other applications may haveunintended effects on human health and theenvironment. Although the acute toxicity ofmany nanomaterials appears to be low, studies5.0 CONCLUSIONCancer is an issue which touches everyone at somepoint in their lives. A huge amount of research effortis being poured into research for diagnosis andtreatment of the condition. Whilst the treatment ofmany common types of cancer has come on in leapsand bounds over the last few years, there is still noabsolute cure for any form of cancer. Nanomedicinewill change the way cancer is diagnosed, treated andprevented. Nanomedicine for cancer has the ability toimprove health care dramatically. By combining theprinciples of engineering, chemistry and medicine –particularly in the context of an improvedunderstanding of fundamental biology – the field ofnanotechnology will move closer to making theelusive 'magic bullet' a reality.References[1.][2.][3.][4.][5.][6.]Jemal A, Siegel R, Xu J, Ward E. Cancerstatistics, CA Cancer J Clin 2010; 60: 277–300, 2010http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NanomedicineSharp PA, Langer R. Promoting convergencein biomedical science. Science. 2011;333(6042):527. [PubMed]Sunderland CJ, Steiert M, Talmadge JE,Derfus AM, Barry SE. Targeted nanoparticlesfor detecting and treating cancer. DrugDevelopment Research. 2006; 67: 70-93Triantafyllos S, Konstantinos S, DepartmentofMechanicalandManufacturingEngineering, University of Cyprus, Nicosia,Cyprus. November 11-November 13. ISBN:978-1-4673-4357-2S. T. Stern, S. E. McNeil, Toxicol. Sci. 101, 4(2007). [MEDLINE]Proceedings of the 1st African International Conference/Workshop on Applications ofNanotechnology to Energy, Health and Environment, UNN, March 23 – 29, 2014Page 36
[7.][8.][9.][10.][11.][12.][13.]J. V. Jokerst et al., Nanomedicine (London) 6,715 (2011).Richard A, 2009. Nanotechnology in cancertreatment and detection"Cancer Nanotechnology - Going Small forBig Advances" - US Department of Health andHuman Services"Impacts on Cancer" - National CancerInstitute"Global Cancer Statistics", Amhedin Jemal etal, CA, 2011. DOI: dramatically improve medical tests" Princeton University"Cancer Diagnosis" - News-Medical.net[14.] http://nano.cancer.gov/learn/understandProceedings of the 1st African International Conference/Workshop on Applications ofNanotechnology to Energy, Health and Environment, UNN, March 23 – 29, 2014Page 37
Nanotechnology has wide-ranging applications such as drug synthesis and delivery, cell surgery and therapy, early disease diagnosis and prevention, biosensors and medical implants. . 2.1 Nanotechnology and Cancer Nanotechnology allows researchers to build new tools that are actually smaller than cells, giving them
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As the Chair and Co-Chair of the Kansas Cancer Partnership (KCP), we are pleased to provide . you with the 2017-2021 Kansas Cancer Prevention and Control Plan. This plan is the result of . Breast Biopsies Breast Cancer Cervical Cancer Colorectal Cancer Lung Cancer Prostate Cancer. Post-Diagnosis & Quality of Life throughout the Cancer Journey.
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