Effects Of Offshore Wind Farms On Marine Mammals And Fish - The .
Effects of offshore Wind Farms on MarineMammals and Fish – The European ExperienceAndrew B. GillFrank ThomsenDept of Natural Resources,School of Applied Sciences,Cranfield University, U.K.Centre for Environment,Fisheries and AquacultureScience (CEFAS), Lowestoft,Suffolk, U.K.
(Adrian Judd, with permission)
Round 3
Spatial & Temporal considerationsExtent of development Multiple devicesCable arraySub-station & connection to shoreEnvironmental footprintOther wind farms & renewable optionsTime scale of developmentOther uses of the coastal zone Elsam A/S
Phases of impacts of ecological relevance1. Construction (& survey)2. Operation3. Decommission GE wind energy
Effects & impacts of ecological relevanceORED ActivityConstruction-energy conversiondevice- substation- cablesOperationDecommissionORED Offshore renewable energy developments
Effects & impacts of ecological relevanceORED ActivityEffectorsConstruction-energy conversiondevice- substation- cablesSediment – removal- disturbanceCable- laying- routingStructure - type- scale- pile drivingAreal extentTiming of activityOperationCableDecommissionSediment disturbanceStructure removalCable removalAreal extentTiming of activity- rating- array configurationElectricity - amount- frequency- variabilityMoving partsStructure – type- scaleORED Offshore renewable energy developments
Effects & impacts of ecological relevanceORED ActivityEffectorsEffects on CoastalEnvironmentConstruction-energy conversiondevice- substation- cablesSediment – removal- disturbanceCable- laying- routingStructure - type- scale- pile drivingAreal extentTiming of activityHabitat removalSmothering - species- habitatIncreased turbidityContaminant remobilisationIncreased Biol Oxygen DemandIncreased noise & vibrationOperationCable- rating- array configurationElectricity - amount- frequency- variabilityMoving partsStructure – type- scaleNoise & vibrationElectromagnetic field (EMF)- frequency- amplitudeCollision - above water- below waterIncreased habitat heterogeneity- colonisation opportunitySediment transportWater movement characteristicsDecommissionSediment disturbanceStructure removalCable removalAreal extentTiming of activityHabitat removalSmothering - species- habitatIncreased turbidityContaminant remobilisationIncreased Biol Oxygen DemandDecreased habitat heterogeneityNew colonisation opportunityIncreased noise & vibrationORED Offshore renewable energy developments
Effects & impacts of ecological relevanceORED ActivityEffectorsEffects on CoastalEnvironmentPotential EcologicalResponseConstruction-energy conversiondevice-substation-cablesSediment – removal- disturbanceCable- laying- routingStructure - type- scale- pile drivingAreal extentTiming of activityHabitat removalSmothering - species- habitatIncreased turbidityContaminant remobilisationIncreased Biol Oxygen.DemandIncreased noise & vibrationSedentary species:Reduced diversityIncrease in opportunistabundanceMobile species:Temporary displacementLong-term displacementHearing lossIndirect effectsOperationCable- rating- array configurationElectricity - amount- frequency- variabilityMoving partsStructure – type- scaleNoise & vibrationElectromagnetic field (EMF)- frequency- amplitudeCollision - above water- below waterIncreased habitat heterogeneity- colonisation opportunitySediment transportWater movement characteristicsAcoustic species:Individual disturbancePopulation disturbanceEMF sensitive species:Individual attraction/avoidancePopulation attraction/avoidanceAltered migration - temporary- long termInjury/fatality of individualsChanges to - diversity- abundance- biomass- connectivity- community structureIndirect effectsDecommissionSediment disturbanceStructure removalCable removalAreal extentTiming of activityHabitat removalSmothering - species- habitatIncreased turbidityContaminant remobilisationIncreased Biol Oxygen DemandDecreased habitat heterogeneityNew colonisation opportunityIncreased noise & vibrationSedentary species:Reduced diversityIncrease in opportunistabundanceMobile species:Temporary displacementLong-term displacementReduction in biomassIndirect effectsORED Offshore renewable energy developmentsSource: Gill (2005) Journal of Applied Ecology 42, p605-615
Investigating potential interactions betweenmarine organisms and offshore wind energyBaseline understanding of the organisms ofinterestConsider the different phases InstallationOperationDecommissioningAppropriate spatial scaleAppropriate temporal scalePolicy driven (eg. EIA & MSFD)Relevance to offshore industry, regulators,other stakeholders
COWRIE studies- taking the lab out into the field Set out the research question to answer (e.g.)Q. Do electromagnetic sensitive fish respond to EMF emitted by offshorewind farm cables?Q. Does pile driving affect the behaviour of marine fish Mesocosm (large fish pen) based studyFocus on semi-realism but study controlRemote coastal site away from background EMF & noiseRelevant species with different attributesBehavioural study with remote methodsPhoto: Rachel Ballwww.ices.dk/marineworld/jaws.asp
COWRIE Mesocosm StudiesNavigationmarker buoysSea surface10-15mFloatingpolyethylenecollarBuoyancyZip accessBridle mooringto mesocosm 25m40mvSinkablepolyethylenecollarFlat, sandysea bedAnchors/mooring
A large-scale experiment todetermine the response ofelectrosensitive fish toelectromagnetic fields (EMF)generated by offshorewindfarmsAndrew B. Gill1*, Ian Gloyne-Phillips3, Yi Huang4, JulianMetcalfe2, Andrew Pate4, Joe Spencer4, Vicky Quayle2 &Victoria Wearmouth11 – Cranfield University; 2 – Centre for Fisheries, Environment andAquaculture Science (CEFAS), 3 - CMACS Ltd, 4 – Centre forIntelligent Monitoring Systems (CIMS), University of Liverpool
Electromagnetic field (EMF)emissions from wind farm cablesX-section cable (internal) –magnetic fieldX-section cable (external)- magnetic field
Magnetic fieldsFish (common eels & salmonids) Focus - migration behaviour- behaviour in relationto the cable traceChelonians (turtles)Cetaceans (whales & dolphins)Pinnipeds (seals)Crustaceans (crabs & lobsters)
Elasmobranchs (sharks, skates and rays) –Electro- & Magneto-receptionElasmobranchs (sharks, skates and rays) – key predators incoastal ecosystems and increasing conservation concern
Density distribution of Thornback Ray, functionalbenthic habitat & offshore wind farm sites
EMF emissions from AC windfarmcablesMagnetic fieldInduced electric field Approximates to E field of 0.9μV/cm (50 Hz)at surface of seabed
Measured electric and magnetic field ofoperational wind farm cable
Response to E-fieldElasmobranchs E field detection range: 10μV/cm – 5nV/cm(variable low frequencies)
Potential effects?- working hypothesisAlong/over the cable traceWithin the cable array
Movement tracking(Figure by Vemco)
Fine scale movement of rayduring 3 hour eventVariables-Near Distance-Step length
Mean Step length ( /-95%C.L.) of individual raysLive2.50*Mean Step length (m h individual and Trial8356RcT1012
EMF at wind farms Both electric and magneticfields are emitted by OWFcablesEMF ConclusionsIndividual effects EM sensitive fish can detectEMF from subsea AC cables Variable response by individuals Attracted to emission at lower end of rangeof sensitivityPopulation effects Need to determine if thisattraction is repetitive Does avoidance occurs athigher emissions of EMF
Underwater sound Four times faster than air Less attenuation Very long ranges (SOFARchannel 1,000 km)
Sound and marine life
Functions of sound for marine lifeCommunicationFinding foodStunning preyEavesdroppingNavigation
Theoretical zones of noise influenceDetectionMaskingResponseHearing loss,discomfort,injury(Richardson et al. 1995)¾TTS Temporarythreshold shift¾PTS Permanentthreshold shift
Important units¾ Sound consist of pressure fluctuations (compressions and rarefactionsof molecules)¾ Pressure fluctuations propagate through medium¾ Sound consists of- pressure component- particle motion componentAcoustic pressure: SPL (dB) 20 log10 (P/P0)P0 underwater 1µPa; P0 air 20 µPaPitch: Hz cycles / s (pitch)
Hearing in cetaceans160SPL (dB re 1 µPa)140120100806040200.010.11Frequency (kHz)Bottlenose dolphin (Johnson 1967)Risso's dolphin (Nachtigall et al. 1995)Striped dolphin (Kastelein et al. 2003)Killer whale (Szymanski et al. 1999; Behaviour)Killer whale (Szymanski et al. 1999; ABR)Harbour porpoise (Kastelein et al. 2002)10100
Hearing in fish160150140SPL (dB re 1 µPa)130120110100908070605010100Bass (Nedwell et al. 2004)Cod (Offut 1974)Cod (Hawkins & Myrberg 1983)Dab (Hawkins & Myrberg 1983))Bass (Nedwell et al. 2004)Herring (Enger 1967)Pollack (Chapm an 1973)Pollack (Chapm an & Hawkins 1969)Atlantic Salm on (Hawkins & Johnstone 1978)Little Skate (Casper et al. 2003)1000
BackgroundConstruction noise Impact pile driving with very highsound pressure levels 228 dB re 1µPa peak – 257 dB re1µPa peak to peak (1m)4Spitzenschalldruck ca. 3400 Pa Several hundred strikes per pile3Schlalldruck in kPa21 Main energy at lower frequencies 1kHz0-1-2-3-40.000.050.100.150.20Zeit in Sekunden(ITAP 2005; Thomsen et al. 2006; Nedwell et al. 2007; review in OSPAR 2009)
Detection2601m(Thomsen et al. 2006)200dB re 1µPa80 km100201001,00010,000Frequency [Hz]100,000
ResponseAgeConditionChannelSexSourceSocial stateProperties-duration-transient /continuousSeasonBehavioural state
Response: harbour porpoises¾ Reduced sightings during impact pile driving¾ Decreased clicking rate¾ 15-20 km from source¾ Short-term effect at Horns Reef¾ Long term effect at Nysted(Tougaard et al. 2003, 2005,2007 Carstensen 2006)
Possible consequences of disturbanceDisplacement from spawning and / orfishing grounds Reduced reproduction and survival Reduced catches(Herring; map from Coull et al. 1998 currently updated by Cefas; see Engas etal. 1996)
Effects of pile driving sound on the behaviourof marine fishFrank Thomsen1, Christina Mueller-Blenkle1, Andrew Gill2, Julian Metcalfe1,Peter McGregor3, Victoria Bendall1, Daniel Wood1, Mathias Andersson4, Peter Sigray41) Cefas, 2) Cranfield University Cranfield, 3) Cornwall College Newquay, 4) Stockholm University
ObjectivesExperimental study on the effects of pile-driving sound on codand sole
COWRIE Mesocosm StudiesNavigation markerbuoysSea surface10-15mFloatingpolyethylene collarBuoyancyZip accessBridle mooring tomesocosm 25m40mvSinkablepolyethylene collarFlat, sandysea bedAnchors/mooring
Playback and recording(Pictures Christina Mueller, Mathias Andersson)
Movement tracking(Figure by Vemco)
Playback Group 1, trial 1
Playback Group 1, trial 2.cont’d Trial with 4 fish each (2 M1 2 M2), 62 trials, 50 Individuals Recordings of position, speed and direction of movement of fish Over 4,000 positional data points
Movement responseBeforeDuringAfter
Swimming speed increase in soleSole mean speed2-5 exposure (n 14,8)Wilcoxon testnear mesocosm p 0.03far mesocosm not significant0.6body lengths per earfar(RL 144 – 156 dB re 1µPa Peak 6.5 x10-3 to 8.6 x10-4 m/s2 peakin near mesocosm)
Freezing response in codNear mesocosmFar mesocosm0.120.120.090.090.06Mean - 1 SEMean - 1 oDDtoTrans2Trans2toA(non-parametric repeated measures 1-way ANOVA; H 13.98, df 3, P 0.0029; RL 140 – 161 dB re 1µPa Peak; 6.5 x10-3 to 8.6 x10-4 m/s2 peak)
Directional response (sole)BeforeDuring002709018027090180
ConclusionsConclusionsObjectiveEffects of pile-driving sound sourceson the behaviour of marine fishThreshold for behavioural responseCharacteristics, scale and duration ofresponsesConclusionsFirst field relevant experimental data that piledriving sound affects the behaviour of cod andsoleNo single threshold but range over whichbehavioural response occursVariety of responses (swimming speed,freezing, directional movement), differencesbetween individuals and species; someindications for habituation (for discussion)
Coastal environment WILL be affected byOffshore Windfarms- including effects on the behaviour of marine life
Assessment of the effects essential and needsto have wide scopeRelevant data and research required to addressspecific information gaps
Environmental management of offshore windfarms needs to be updated based on science
Effects of offshore Wind Farms on Marine Mammals and Fish - The European Experience Frank Thomsen Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture . marine organisms and offshore wind energy Relevance to offshore industry, regulators, other stakeholders Appropriate spatial scale Appropriate temporal scale Policy driven (eg. EIA & MSFD)
Offshore wind farms — the verge of energy revolution 6 Electricity from offshore wind farms enjoys public confidence 8 Domestic electricity production in 2018 10 Wind farms — another milestone of the Polish maritime sector 13 Offshore wind — development and construction 14 Offshore wind — electricity production 16
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