Percentage Change In Crime Rates New York State Crime Report 2006 Vs. 2015
May 2016New York State Crime ReportAndrew M. CuomoMichael C. GreenGovernorExecutive Deputy CommissionerMay 2016Crime in New York State2015 Preliminary DataNew York State and the FBI use seven Index crime categories as indicators of overall crime trends: murder,rape, robbery, and aggravated assault, which are classified as violent crimes; and the property crimes ofburglary, larceny and motor vehicle theft.This report details Index crime in New York State, its 62 counties and two regions - New York City and the 57counties outside of the five boroughs - for 2015. Police departments and sheriffs’ offices report Index crime tothe Division of Criminal Justice Services (DCJS) through the Uniform Crime Reporting and Incident BasedReporting programs.Index crime rates per 100,000 population statewide and by county and region also are included. DCJS usescounty population data from the FBI, which is based on U.S. Census estimates, to calculate those crime rates.As of 2015, rape statistics reported in New YorkState conform to the FBI’s expanded definition ofthe crime. The FBI implemented this change tomore accurately reflect the scope and volume ofsexual assaults nationwide.While this report compares Index and violent crimeover the 10-year period from 2006 through 2015and 2015 versus 2014, caution should be usedwhen citing or interpreting any percentage changes. Index and violent crime totals include the number of rapes reported under the expanded definition of the offense. As a result, increases in thosecrime categories may be attributable in part to theexpanded definition.In addition, this report does not include percentagechange comparisons between rape statisticsreported in 2006 and 2015 or 2014 and 2015.Appendices 6, 7 and 8 detail additional informationabout this reporting change and its impact on NewYork State crime trends.Index crimes reported by each police departmentand sheriff’s office in the state from 2011 through2015 are available on the DCJS ats.htmOffice of Justice Research & PerformanceChange in Crime Rates: 2006 vs. 2015Crime reached an all-time low in 2015. A total of 388,731Index crimes were reported, the fewest since statewidereporting began in 1975.That milestone — surpassing one set in 2014 — resultedin the state’s Index crime rate declining by 21 percentwhen comparing 2006 vs. 2015.During the same 10-year period, the violent crime ratedropped 13 percent and the property crime rate, 22percent. Appendix 1 provides additional details.Percentage Change in Crime Rates2006 vs. %-38%-50%-60%-54%-70%1New York State Division of Criminal Justice Services
May 2016Change in Crime Volume: 2006 vs. 2015New York State’s reduction in crime rate isdue to a significant decline in reported crimecoupled with an increase in the state’s population. In 2015, there were 89,136 fewercrimes reported than in 2006.Meanwhile, the state’s population increasedby nearly half a million residents during the10-year period from 2006 to 2015.The volume of reported crime statewidealso decreased by 18.7 percent whencomparing 2006 and 2015. Index crimetotals have declined annually since 2012.New York State Index Crime ,000388,731350,000300,0002006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015Trends in Regional Crime: 2006 to 2015Regional Trends in Index 000205,522150,000100,000-12.4%179,9482006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015New York CityNon-New York CityRegional Trends in Violent .1%31,73024,7232006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015New York CityOffice of Justice Research & PerformanceNon-New York CityIndex crimes in the state’s two regions —New York City (five counties, also calledboroughs) and non-New York City (thestate’s remaining 57 counties) — declinedwhen comparing 2006 to 2015.This 10-year period saw a shift in crimetrends, with the number of Index crimesreported outside of New York City decliningmore sharply than those reported in the fiveboroughs.Between 2006 and 2015, reported Indexcrime declined 12.4 percent in New York Cityand 23.3 percent in the 57 counties Upstateand on Long Island. At the same time, thedecrease in violent crime in those 57counties was nearly six times greater than inNew York City: 22.1 percent vs. 3.8 percent.In addition, violent crime outside of New YorkCity declined annually from 2006 through2011, and again from 2012 through 2014. InNew York City since 2006, violent crimepeaked in 2012 and then declined for twoconsecutive years.The uptick in violent crime from 2014 to 2015in both regions was due to the expandedrape definition. The change resulted in 3,516additional crimes being classified as theIndex crime of rape. In years’ past, the FBIclassified those crimes as Part II sexoffenses.Appendix 6 details those changes.2New York State Division of Criminal Justice Services
May 2016Statewide Crime Trends: 2014 vs. 2015In 2015, the total number of Index crimesreported in New York State decreased 5.2percent when compared to the year before.Percentage Change in Crime Volume2014 vs. 2015New York StateSix of the seven Index crimes declined, with thelargest reductions reported in burglary (-13.7%)and larceny (-6%).The 3.4 percent increase in violent crime wascaused, in part, by the expanded definition ofthe rape crime -7.0%-10%-15%All other violent crimes — murder, robbery andaggravated assault — decreased in 2015 whencompared to 2014.-1.9%-13.7%-20%Regional Crime Trends: 2014 vs. 2015New York .4%-10%Meanwhile, reported crime in the 57 countiesUpstate and on Long Island decreased 7.1percent in 2015 when compared to the yearbefore. Decreases were reported in six Indexcrime categories:In the violent crime category, murder (-8.8%)and robbery (-7.5%) decreased significantlywhile aggravated assaults were flat. Each of thethree property crime categories — burglary,larceny and motor vehicle theft — also declined.-11.4%-15%Non-New York 5%-7.8%As noted earlier, percentage differences werenot calculated for rape in either region becauseof the expanded definition of the crime.Appendix 3 lists crime rates by county for 2015.Appendix 7 contains two parts: 7A details crimecounts by county for 2014 vs. 2015 using theexpanded rape definition while 7B uses thehistorical definition of the crime to show thecounty-by-county comparison for those years.-8.8%-14.8%-20%Office of Justice Research & PerformanceThe total number of Index crimes in New YorkCity decreased by 2.8 percent when comparing2014 and 2015.The reduction in the five boroughs is attributableto fewer property crimes being reported: burglary(-11.4%), larceny (-3.3%) and motor vehicletheft (-4.4%) all declined. In the violent crimecategory in New York City, reported murdersand robberies increased by 5.7 percent and2.2 percent, respectively. Aggravated assaultsdecreased by 2.9 percent.3New York State Division of Criminal Justice Services
May 2016Trends in Violent Crimes by FirearmPolice departments and sheriffs’ offices in New York State report to DCJS the number of violent crimes thatinvolved the use of a firearm. In New York City, violent crimes involving firearms decreased by 6 percent,with 428 fewer violent crimes reported in 2015 as compared to 2014.During the same time frame, violent crimes involving a firearm in the 57 counties outside of New York Citydecreased by 5 percent, with 221 fewer crimes reported (Appendix 4).Violent Crime by 003,0002,0001,0000New York CityNon-New York City20142015Regional Trends in HomicideMirroring the trend in overall Index crime, the number of homicides reported statewide in 2015 reached thelowest point since crime reporting began in 1975. This decline is driven primarily by a decrease in the numberof homicides reported in New York City (Appendix 5).When comparing 2006 to 2015, homicides statewide decreased by 34 percent (927 vs. 610). Since 2010, thenumber of homicides has declined in every subsequent year. Homicides by firearm showed a similar trend,declining 5.4 percent over the past 10 years and 26.6 percent between 2010 and 2015.New York State Homicides 2006 - 2015% Change2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2014-15 2006-15Total HomicideNon-Firearm RelatedFirearm 0% -34.2%-15.3% -56.5%10.1% -5.4%Source: DCJS, Uniform Crime/Incident-Based Reporting sytem. Includes all reports received as of 4/11/2016.Office of Justice Research & Performance4New York State Division of Criminal Justice Services
May 2016Appendix 1New York State Index Crime Counts and Rates per 100,000 Population: 2006 - 2015CountsIndex CrimeViolent CrimeMurderRapeRobberyAgg. AssaultProperty CrimeBurglaryLarcenyMV TheftRates per 100,000 Pop.Index CrimeViolent CrimeMurderRapeRobberyAgg. AssaultProperty CrimeBurglaryLarcenyMV % change2014-15 13.1%-52.6%% change2014-15 15.2%-53.8%Note: The increase in the violent crime total in 2015 is attributable in part to the expanded crime category of rape (see Appendix 6).Source: DCJS, Uniform Crime/Incident-Based Reporting system.Includes all reports received as of 4/11/2016.Appendix 2New York State Index Crime Summary by Region: 2006 - 2015NEW YORK CITYIndex CrimeViolent CrimeMurderRapeRobberyAgg. AssaultProperty CrimeBurglaryLarcenyMV TheftNON-NEW YORK CITYIndex CrimeViolent CrimeMurderRapeRobberyAgg. AssaultProperty CrimeBurglaryLarcenyMV ,8346,85513,776184,06029,574146,6697,817% change2014-15 %-53.7%% change2014-15 17.7%-51.6%Note: The increase in the violent crime total in 2015 is attributable in part to the expanded crime category of rape (see Appendix 6).Source: DCJS, Uniform Crime/Incident-Based Reporting system.Includes all reports received as of 4/11/2016.Office of Justice Research & Performance5New York State Division of Criminal Justice Services
May 2016Appendix 3New York State Index Crime Summary by County: 2015Rates per 100,000 PopulationCrime RateViolent ngstonMadisonMonroeMontgomeryNassauNew 8.81,051.62,337.62,413.72,095.6Crime RateViolent egoOtsegoPutnamQueensRensselaerRichmondRocklandSt 1.1890.31,090.7New York CityNon-New York CityNew York 637.51,586.1Note: The increase in the violent crime total in 2015 is attributable in part to the expanded crime category of rape(see Appendix 6).Source: DCJS, Uniform Crime/Incident-Based Reporting system.Includes all reports received as of 4/11/2016.Office of Justice Research & Performance6New York State Division of Criminal Justice Services
May 2016Appendix 4Violent Crime by Firearm2014 vs. 2015New York City201420152014 vs. 15 Non-New York City 2014 vs. 15% Change20142015% ChangeViolent CrimesFirearm RelatedPercent rm RelatedPercent 5814857.4%-8.8%-7.5%RapeFirearm RelatedPercent 8%3,834130.3%161.3%-51.9%RobberyFirearm RelatedPercent 4082,28230.8%6,8552,03929.7%-7.5%-10.6%Aggravated Assault31,46030,546-2.9%13,74213,7760.2%Firearm Related3,3723,016-10.6%2,1392,1872.2%Percent Firearm10.7%9.9%15.6%15.9%Note: The increase in the violent crime total in 2015 is attributable in part to the expanded crimecategory of rape (see Appendix 6).Source: DCJS, Uniform Crime/Incident-Based Reporting system.Includes all reports received as of 4/11/2016.Appendix 5Homicides and Homicides by Firearm2006 - 2015YearNew York CityFirearmHomicidesRelatedNon-New York CityFirearmHomicidesRelatedNew York 6.8%-22.1%-20.0%-34.2%-5.4%20152006 vs. 2015% ChangeSource: DCJS, Uniform Crime/Incident-Based Reporting system.Includes all reports received as of 4/11/2016.Office of Justice Research & Performance7New York State Division of Criminal Justice Services
May 2016Appendix 6: Federal Changes in Rape ReportingThe FBI has expanded the definition of rape used by law enforcement agencies when collecting and reportingIndex crime statistics through its Uniform Crime Reporting (UCR) program. This change was made to moreaccurately reflect the scope and volume of sexual assaults nationwide and in New York State, and was fullyimplemented statewide in 2015.Prior to the expanded definition taking effect, a violent sexual assault was only classified as an Index crimerape if the victim was a female who had been vaginally penetrated by a male. The federal Justice Departmentestablished that limited definition in 1929 and it remained in effect through the end of 2012. During that time,the UCR program classified all other sexual assaults as “Part II” sex offenses, which are not included in theseven Index crime categories used to gauge overall crime trends.The new definition still includes the historical elements of the crime but the crime of rape now applies tofemale and male victims and includes the following additional elements: “penetration, no matter how slight,of the vagina or anus with any body part or object, or oral penetration by a sex organ of another person,without the consent of the victim.” A complete list of Penal Law offenses that are now required to be reportedas rape are included in Appendix 8. Please note that certain crimes in that list contain a “T” or “H” designation;those letters reflect that the crimes can be charged as a Hate Crime (Penal Law Article 485) or a crime ofTerrorism (Penal Law Article 490). Other letters denote a specific subsection of the law.DCJS modified its crime reporting system so it could track offenses historically defined as rape as well asthose reported under the expanded definition. This allows New York State to measure the impact of the expanded definition on New York State’s crime trends, using 2015 as a baseline year.The following tables detail the impact of the expanded rape definition on Index and violent crime counts for2014 and 2015. A total of 3,516 offenses were defined as rape in 2015 as a result of the expansion, in addition to the 2,562 offenses historically defined as the crime. This change resulted in a 139.6 percent increasein rape between 2014 and 2015. Controlling for the new crimes as a result of the expansion, there was anincrease of 1 percent in rape between 2014 and 2015.New York State Index Crime Counts: 2014 - 2015Historical Rape Definition AppliedNew York StateIndex CrimeViolent CrimeMurderRapeRobberyAgg. AssaultProperty CrimeBurglaryLarcenyMV Theft20142015% -0.8%-1.9%-7.0%-13.7%-6.0%-3.3%New York State Index Crime Counts: 2014 - 2015Expanded Rape Definition AppliedNew York StateIndex CrimeViolent CrimeMurderRapeRobberyAgg. AssaultProperty CrimeBurglaryLarcenyMV Theft20142015% %-0.8%-1.9%-7.0%-13.7%-6.0%-3.3%The chart on the following page — New York State Rapes by County: 2015 — details the total number ofrapes reported broken down by offenses that meet the historic definition of the crime versus those using theexpanded definition. Appendix 7 has two parts with additional information: 7A details crime counts by countyfor 2014 vs. 2015 using the expanded rape definition while 7B uses the historical definition of the crime toshow the county-by-county comparison for those years.Office of Justice Research & Performance8New York State Division of Criminal Justice Services
May 2016Appendix 6New York State Rapes by County: isonMonroeMontgomeryNassauNew YorkNiagaraOneidaHistorical alRapeHistorical selaerRichmondRocklandSt hingtonWayneWestchesterWyomingYatesNew York CityNon-New York CityNew York 482,3683,5162,2443,8346,078Source: DCJS, Uniform Crime/Incident-Based Reporting system.Includes all reports received as of 4/11/2016.Office of Justice Research & Performance9New York State Division of Criminal Justice Services
May 2016This page has been intentionally left blank for double-sided printing.Office of Justice Research & Performance10New York State Division of Criminal Justice Services
May 2016Appendix 7: New York State Index Crime Summary by CountyThis Appendix contains two parts:7A: New York State Index Crime Summary by County — Expanded Rape Definition AppliedIndex and violent crime totals for 2015 include the number of rapes reported under the expanded definition.As a result, this table does not include percentage change calculations for rape counts between 2014 and2015. Percentage change calculations between 2014 and 2015 Index and violent crime totals should beinterpreted with caution, as increases may be due in part to the expanded definition.7B: New York State Index Crime Summary by County — Historical Rape Definition AppliedIndex and violent crime totals for 2015 and 2014 include only those crimes historically defined as rape. As aresult, percent changes between 2014 and 2015 rape counts have been calculated.Appendix 8 details the Penal Law crimes reported as rape under the historical definition and the additionalcrimes now included in the expanded definition. Please note that certain crimes in that list contain a “T” or “H”designation; those letters reflect that the crimes can be charged as a Hate Crime (Penal Law Article 485) ora crime of Terrorism (Penal Law Article 490). Other letters denote a specific subsection of the law.PLEASE NOTE:Data included in this report differ slightly from those published by the FBI, as that agency estimates Indexcrimes for agencies with incomplete reporting, and excludes data submitted after FBI deadlines.In addition, New York State’s 2014 rape counts as published by the FBI in its “Crime in the United States”report are incorrect due to a calculation error. This error resulted from the FBI’s use of a formula to estimaterape counts for each state because of the change in the definition of the crime.Office of Justice Research & Performance11New York State Division of Criminal Justice Services
May 2016Appendix 7ANew York State Index Crime Summary by County2014 vs. 2015Expanded Rape Definition AppliedCountyAgg.Assault 5% Allegany20142015% Bronx20142015% me20142015% ,784110-0.5% -19.1%Cattaraugus20142015% 734-10.0% -33.3%Cayuga20142015% .9%34340.0%Chautauqua20142015% -8.1%9997-2.0%Chemung20142015% 51,42940-10.5% -11.1%Chenango20142015% 34352.9%859748-12.9%177141-20.3%6711158324-13.1% 118.2%Clinton20142015% 42015% .0%879787-10.5%1571612.5%7022061214-12.8% -30.0%Cortland20142015% 422-8.3%1,032511-50.5%22995-58.5%7802340610-47.9% -56.5%Office of Justice Research & 88207-10.5% -10.8%1,019939-7.9%23244.3%New York State Division of Criminal Justice Services
May 2016Appendix 7ANew York State Index Crime Summary by County2014 vs. 2015Expanded Rape Definition AppliedAgg.Assault 0142015% 6%710656-7.6%180154-14.4%5121848814-4.7% -22.2%Dutchess20142015% 03,342-4.2%9111020.9%Erie20142015% Essex20142015% .4%29733613.1%90977.8%193142271217.6% -14.3%Franklin20142015% %797750-5.9%1481490.7%6272258714-6.4% -36.4%Fulton20142015% -13.0% -18.8%Genesee20142015% 78-22.0%Greene20142015% %648025.0%608481-20.9%151122-19.2%440173509-20.5% -47.1%Hamilton20142015% 34.4%2516-36.0%342231-32.4% -50.0%Herkimer20142015% 277.8%Jefferson20142015% 67-5.4%395028.2%Kings20142015% -6.6%Office of Justice Research & New York State Division of Criminal Justice Services
May 2016Appendix 7ANew York State Index Crime Summary by County2014 vs. 2015Expanded Rape Definition AppliedCountyAgg.Assault % 456.5%82864.9%Livingston20142015% adison20142015% 162025.0%Monroe20142015% y20142015% 41.7%Nassau20142015% 11,708-11.5%New York20142015% 2,6782,538-5.2%Niagara20142015% 3,9422533,829211-2.9% -16.6%Oneida20142015% 9843,808-4.4%Onondaga20142015% ,850-17.7%8,7155007,785439-10.7% -12.2%Ontario20142015% 425-21.0% -13.8%Orange20142015% ce of Justice Research & .9% -40.0%12,83587011,914683-7.2% 71170-0.6%192183-4.7%New York State Division of Criminal Justice Services
May 2016Appendix 7ANew York State Index Crime Summary by County2014 vs. 2015Expanded Rape Definition AppliedAgg.Assault 4,1913,396-19.0
Percentage Change in Crime Rates 2006 vs. 2015. May 2016 Office of Justice Research & Performance 2 New York State Division of Criminal Justice Services 388,731 New York State's reduction in crime rate is due to a significant decline in reported crime coupled with an increase in the state's pop-
AQA A LEVEL SOCIOLOGY BOOK TWO Topic 1 Functionalist, strain and subcultural theories 1 Topic 2 Interactionism and labelling theory 11 Topic 3 Class, power and crime 20 Topic 4 Realist theories of crime 31 Topic 5 Gender, crime and justice 39 Topic 6 Ethnicity, crime and justice 50 Topic 7 Crime and the media 59 Topic 8 Globalisation, green crime, human rights & state crime 70
Crime Scene is the area where the original crime occurred. The Secondary Crime Scene comprises of the subsequent crime scenes. The Size of the crime scene can further be classified as Macroscopic and Microscopic. While Microscopic focuses on specific type of physical evidence at the crime scene, Macroscopic refers to one particular crime .
Index Crime Clock t City of McAllen 2018 14 Crime Facts at a Glance t City of McAllen 2018 15 CHAPTER TWO: UCR INDEX CRIME ANALYSIS 16 Index Crime Summary: Murder and Non -Negligent Manslaughter . 2016 135,667 138,659 141,716 144,841 148,034 2012 2013 2014. Crime Trends & Analysis: Crime Volume vs Crime Rate CRIME VOLUME
§ Property crime rates have fallen to half the level of a quarter century ago. Crime in America: Two Sources of Data The Uniform Crime Reports (UCR) and National Crime Victimization Survey (NCVS) both measure the level of violent crime nationally. However, each source uses a different methodology and provides a different story of crime in America.
Figure 2. Total recorded crime rates per 100 000 population by State and Territory 2000 Figure 3. Violent and non-violent crime rates per 100 000 by State and Territory 2000. Figure 4. Percentage change in recorded crime rates per 100 000 population by State and Territory between 1999 and 2000 Figure 5. Number of homicide and related offences .
Appendix A.4: State Ranking Tables: Percentage Change in Violent Crime Rates: 1960-1980-1992 . 33 Appendix AS: State Ranking Tables: Total Crime Incarceration Rates: 1960-1980-1992 . 34 Appendix A6: State Ranking Tables: Percentage Change in Total Crime
Crime offenses, arrests, and associated crime rates per 100,000 inhabitants; Drug offense arrests; . indicates the percentage change could not be calculated. . and each of the eight Index Crime offenses based on the percentage of the population residing in each county. In some cases, the percentages may not sum to 100 due to rounding.
Alfredo López Austin TWELVE PEA-FashB-1st_pps.indd 384 5/4/2009 2:45:22 PM. THE MEXICA IN TULA AND TULA IN MEXICO-TENOCHTITLAN 385 destroy ancestral political configurations, which were structured around ethnicity and lineage; on the contrary, it grouped them into larger territorial units, delegating to them specific governmental functions that pertained to a more complex state formation. It .
