C1-Foundation- Topic 1-Key Concepts In Chemistry - Atomic Structure And .
QuestionsQ1.An atom of phosphorus contains 15 electrons.Describe how these 15 electrons are arranged in a phosphorus atom.(2).Q2.(a) Complete the table to show the relative mass of a neutron and of an electron.(2)(b) Complete the sentence by putting a cross () in the box next to your answer.An atom has no overall charge because it contains(1)ABCDmore protons than electronsthe same number of electrons and protonsthe same number of electrons and neutronsmore neutrons than electrons(c) The atomic number of lithium is 3.The mass number of an atom of lithium is 7.State the name and number of each of the particles in the nucleus of this atom.(2).Q3.The atomic number of oxygen is 8.
The mass number of an atom of oxygen is 17.Describe the number and type of particles in the nucleus of this atom.(2).Q4.Elements and atomsBeryllium, Be, has atomic number 4.(a) (i) Complete the sentence by putting a cross () in the box next to your answer.From its position in the periodic table (page 2), beryllium is most likely to be a(1)ABCDmetalhalogencompoundgas at room temperature(ii) Give the symbol of an atom of another element in the same period of the periodic table asberyllium.(1).(b) The atomic number of beryllium is 4.The mass number of an atom of beryllium is 9.(i) State the numbers of protons, electrons and neutrons in this atom of beryllium.(3). protons. electrons. neutrons(ii) Complete the sentence by putting a cross (The relative charge on an electron is) in the box next to your answer.(1)ABCD 10 1 2(c) The electronic configuration of phosphorus is 2.8.5.Explain, in terms of its electronic configuration, why phosphorus is in group 5 of the periodic table.(2).
.(Total for question 8 marks)Q5.Sulfur and oxygen are both in group 6 of the periodic table.Explain, in terms of their electronic configurations, why they are both in group 6.(2).Q6.The periodic table is very useful to chemists.(a) Complete the sentence by putting a cross (The periodic table is a table of) in the box next to your answer.(1)A mixturesB elementsC compoundsD solutions(b) Complete the sentence by putting a cross (Group 1 in the periodic table contains) in the box next to your answer.(1)A transition metalsB noble gasesC halogensD alkali metals(c) The table shows some of the gases in group 0 and some of their properties.The gases are shown in the order in which they appear in group 0.(i) Fill in the three spaces in the table.(ii) Some light bulbs contain a metal filament.
These light bulbs are filled with argon.Explain why argon, instead of air, is used inside these light bulbs.(2).(d) The table shows some solids and some properties of solids.Draw one straight line from each solid to properties of that solid.(Total for Question 9 marks)Q7. If you change your mindAnswer the question with a cross in the box you think is correctand then mark your new answer with a crossabout an answer, put a line through the box.Which of the following is true for most metals?(1)Athey are dull
Bthey have low melting pointsCthey are found on the right-hand side of the periodic tableDthey are malleable(Total for question 1 mark)Q8.) in the box next to your answer.Complete the sentence by putting a cross (The particles in atoms are electrons, neutrons and protons.The mass of an electron is(1)ABCDgreater than the mass of a neutronthe same as the mass of a protonsmaller than the mass of a protonthe same as the mass of a neutronQ9.A carbon atom contains 6 electrons, 7 neutrons and 6 protons.(i)State the mass number of this carbon atom.(1).(ii) Give the electronic configuration of this carbon atom.(1).(Total for question 2 marks)Q10.Figure 4 shows information about the charges and relative masses of the three subatomic particles.
Figure 4Use the information to give the names of particles A, B and C.(2)particle A.particle B.particle C.(Total for question 2 marks)Q11.The equation for the reaction that occurs in the Haber process isN 2 3H 22NH 3(i) Use the periodic table to give the number of the group and of the period of nitrogen.(2)group.period.(ii) State what is meant by the symbolin the equation.(1).(Total for question 3 marks)
Q12.The periodic table is very useful to chemists.Complete the sentence by putting a cross (The periodic table is a table of) in the box next to your 3.Figure 5 shows a diagram of an atom of sulfur.Figure 5(i) State why this atom of sulfur has an atomic number of 16 and a mass number of 32.(2).(ii) Give the electronic configuration of an atom of sulfur.(1).(Total for question 3 marks)Q14.Many elements are useful in everyday life.
The mass of a sample of pure gold is compared to the mass of a sample of an alloy of gold.The two samples have the same total number of atoms but the alloy of gold contains both gold atomsand silver atoms.What is the description and explanation for the mass of the alloy compared to the mass of pure gold?Use the periodic table to help you.(1)The sample of the alloy isAheavier because silver atoms are heavier than gold atomsBlighter because silver atoms are lighter than gold atomsCunchanged because the number of atoms is the sameDunchanged because atoms have a negligible mass(Total for question 1 mark)Q15.* Here is some information about the periodic table.In the periodic table elements are arranged in rows and columns.The position of an element in the periodic table depends on its atomic structure.Elements with similar chemical properties are found in the same parts of the periodic table.Identify different parts of the periodic table and explain how the position of an element in the periodic tableis linked to its chemical properties and atomic structure.(You are provided with an outline of the periodic table below and you may use this to help your answer.)(6).
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.Examiner's ReportQ1.Generally, this question was answered well; most candidates scored both marks sometimes by theinclusion of a correct electronic configuration diagram. Occasionally seen was references to shells ofatoms e.g. 2 atoms on first shell. There were some vague responses such as the electrons were 'aroundthe nucleus' or 'in circles dotted around the nucleus'. Some candidates gave incorrect shells such as 2,10, 5 with incorrect numbers of electrons that the shells could hold.Results Plus: Examiner CommentsThe answer was helped with the inclusion of the electronic configuration diagram. This wasgiven 2 marks.Results Plus: Examiner CommentsAlthough there was a clear electronic configuration diagram to aid this answer, therewas some confusion as to where the electrons were located. Unfortunately thecandidate had thought the inner circle of the diagram was part of the nucleus, and soonly the mark for the correct number of electrons in the outer shell could be given.
Results Plus: Examiner TipLearn the maximum number of electrons that can be held in an electron shell and howthe electronic configuration can be worked out.Q2.(a)A large number of candidates failed to score marks here because they gave answers whichclearly referred to the relative charges rather than the relative masses which were asked for.Results Plus: Examiner CommentsResponses like this were very common. The candidate has answered in terms of therelative charge of the particles when the question asked for relative masses.Results Plus: Examiner CommentsThis response was worth both marks.(c)
It was evident that there was some confusion about the meaning of atomic number and massnumber with many getting the numbers of protons and neutrons mixed up. Many candidates alsolisted electrons in their answer but did not clarify they were not in the nucleus.Results Plus: Examiner CommentsThis candidate has correctly stated 3 protons and 4 neutrons but has also mentionedelectrons so was only awarded 1 mark.Results Plus: Examiner CommentsThis answer was given both marks because although electrons were mentioned, thecandidate made it clear that they were not in the nucleus.Q3.Many candidates answered this question very well giving the expected answer of 8 protons and9 neutrons in the nucleus. Candidates sometimes just stated 8 protons, 9 neutrons and 8electrons, implying, probably without intending to do so as they did not make a clear enoughdistinction between the nucleus and the rest of the atom, that the nucleus contained all threesub-atomic particles. Poor maths was evident in the processing of the numbers of particles:candidates also confused atomic number and mass number and therefore obtained incorrectvalues for the numbers of protons and of neutrons.Unfortunately in this question, many candidates had not comprehended the significance of theinformation about the oxygen atom given in the question. This question was about the oxygen-17isotope and was deliberately chosen so it was clear how the numbers of protons and neutronshad been obtained. Some candidates thought they should point out what they perceived as anerror and gave the answer of 8 protons and 8 neutrons – they achieved one mark for this. Doing
this they showed that they did not understand the difference between the terms 'relative atomicmass' (as given on the periodic table) and 'mass number' (as referred to in the question), sinceonly the mass number could give the total number of protons and neutrons.Results Plus: Examiner CommentsEvidence of poor maths skills. One mark scored for the correct number of protons.Results Plus: Examiner CommentsSeveral answers were seen like this. It was not clear if they understood where theelectrons were located in an atom. Answers like this scored one mark, as the presenceof the electrons stopped the awarding of the second mark.Results Plus: Examiner CommentsHere is an example of an answer where the candidate had wrongly corrected the massnumber of the oxygen atom. In this case the answer then went on to describe theelectron arrangement and showed they did not understand the arrangement of particlesin an atom. This answer scored 0 marks.
Results Plus: Examiner CommentsAlthough here the candidate pointed out a perceived error, they then chose to ignore itand obtained two marks for the correct answer.Results Plus: Examiner TipLearn the difference between relative atomic mass and mass number. Learn the basicproperties of the sub-atomic particles - mass, relative charge and location.Q4.(a)(ii)Many candidates could write the symbol for an element in the same period as beryllium.However, a significant number of candidates were confused between a group and a period andthey wrote Mg or Ca as their answer.(b)(i)A significant number of candidates were unable to work out the numbers of protons, electronsand neutrons in an atom of beryllium. Candidates should learn how to work out the numbers ofprotons, electrons and neutrons in an atom from the atomic and mass numbers.(c)The majority of candidates were able to relate the group number to the number of electrons inthe outer shell. Only a small number of candidates referred to proton, neutrons or atoms in theouter shell. Some candidates just referred to 'it has 5 at the end of the configuration' withoutexplaining what the 5 refers to. Only a few candidates wrote about the similar properties ofelements in the same group.Results Plus: Examiner Comments
This answer did not score any marks as it did not refer to electrons or outer shell.Results Plus: Examiner TipRead the information given in the question. The electronic configuration of phosphorusis given as 2.8.5. The question asks you to use this electronic configuration in youranswer.Results Plus: Examiner CommentsThis answer scored 1 mark for writing about the outer shell. Neutrons are in the nucleusof an atom. There was a clue in the question. Electronic configuration is thearrangement of electrons in an atom.Results Plus: Examiner TipLearn the positions of the particles in an atom.Results Plus: Examiner CommentsThis is a good answer, scoring 2 marks.Q5.This question was answered generally well, with many scoring 2 marks. Of the correct answerthe majority were of the type stating that both oxygen and sulfur were in group 6 because theiratoms had 6 electrons in the outer shell and the minority were of the type where their atoms bothneeded two more electrons to fill the outer shell.
Common errors included references to them being in group 6 as they were both gases ornoble/Nobel [sic] gases. There was frequent reference to the atomic number and mass numbere.g. those of sulfur being double that of oxygen: 8 16 or 16 32. Often a reference wasmade to oxygen and sulfur having same properties, qualities or reactivity or to them both beingnon-metals, gases or non-conductors. In these instances, the candidates were not answering thequestion as given.Results Plus: Examiner CommentsThis did not answer the question and scored 0 marks.Results Plus: Examiner CommentsThis was a very good answer scoring 2 marks.Results Plus: Examiner CommentsOne of a number of common errors seen in the marking of this question. 0 marks given.Results Plus: Examiner TipUnderstand how the electronic configuration of an atom of an element is related to theposition of that element in the periodic table.Q6.(c) (i) (1)
Although the majority of the candidates could offer suitable values for the density of argon, ablank space was the usual cause for the mark not being awarded.(c) (i) (2)A large majority of the candidates scored the mark here, and invariably an incorrect answer wasdown to giving the symbol of krypton incorrectly as 'KR' or as 'kr'.(c) (i) (3)Again a large majority of the candidates followed the pattern of reactivity correctly and gave acorrect answer of 'no reaction'; of the remainder quite a few blank spaces were seen and severalanswers of 'reaction' were given.(c) (ii)Many candidates scored at 1 mark, usually for mentioning something about lack of reactivity, butonly a small percentage of candidates were able to explain this lack reactivity to score thesecond mark. Many answers included irrelevant properties such as density or electricalconductivity. It was clear that many candidates did not understand the role of argon in a lightbulb. Several thought that the argon was reacting with the metal filament and giving out light as aresult. Some thought that using argon made the lighter brighter than if air had been used.Overall, almost half of the candidates scored at least 1 mark.Results Plus: Examiner CommentsThis answer indicated that argon was so unreactive that it did not react with anything for this, 1 mark was awarded.Results Plus: Examiner CommentsThe candidate thought that argon was a metal and did not understand the purpose of itspresence in a light bulb. There was nothing here to credit.
Results Plus: Examiner CommentsSeveral answers of this type were seen where candidates thought that the argon madethe light shine brighter. No marks were awarded here.Results Plus: Examiner TipLearn the simple properties of the group 0 elements and be able to explain the lackreactivity in terms of full shells of electrons.(d)It was disappointing to see the number of candidates who could not match up the properties ofthe elements with the correct element, with only about half the candidates scoring at least onemark on this question. Often iodine was matched with the yellow solid and copper matched withthe grey solid.Q7.No Examiner's Report available for this questionQ8.No Examiner's Report available for this questionQ9.(i)Candidates found this question quite difficult with only the best being able to state the massnumber of the carbon atom. Many candidates added all three values to give an answer of 19.Results Plus: Examiner CommentsThis example shows a very common incorrect answer.
Results Plus: Examiner CommentsThis example shows the correct answer that was awarded 1 mark.(ii)As with part (i), candidates found giving the electronic configuration of the carbon atom quitedifficult. Many gave the number of electrons rather than the electronic configuration.Results Plus: Examiner CommentsMany candidates gave the number of electrons in the carbon atom rather than theelectronic configuration of the atom.Results Plus: Examiner CommentsThis example of the correct answer was awarded 1 mark.Q10.No Examiner's Report available for this questionQ11.No Examiner's Report available for this questionQ12.No Examiner's Report available for this questionQ13.No Examiner's Report available for this question
Q14.No Examiner's Report available for this questionQ15.It was very pleasing to see so many good responses with nearly half of the candidates reachingLevel 2. The basic structure of the periodic table was generally well known with many correctlyidentifying and naming some groups. There was however a lot of confusion evident from weakercandidates with groups being described as being rows, and the stepped line on the diagram wassometimes thought to be separating solids and liquids or gases.Good information about the atomic structure and chemical properties aspects was much lesscommon than information about parts of the periodic table. The increasing reactivity down group1 and the inertness of the noble gases were the most frequently mentioned points aboutchemical properties. A number of candidates failed to gain much credit as they mainly wroteabout Mendeleev and the history of the periodic table. Only the best candidates described theelements as being arranged in order of increasing atomic number and the link between theperiod number and the number of shells.
Results Plus: Examiner CommentsThere is a lot of correct information in this answer with reference to different parts of theperiodic table, including on the diagram. Also the link between the position of anelement in a group and its electronic configuration was very well made as was a link totrends in chemical reactivity. Hence the candidate was awarded a Level 3 and 6 marks.
Results Plus: Examiner CommentsThis answer contains references to several parts of the periodic table but in additiononly one other relevant aspect i.e. elements ordered by atomic number. It was worthy ofLevel 2 and awarded 4 marks.
Results Plus: Examiner CommentsThis candidate correctly identified the position of transition metals but unfortunatelymixed up groups and periods. The identification of non-metals as only group 7 is nottotally correct.It was awarded Level 1 and 2 marks.Mark SchemeQ1.AnswerA description toinclude 2.8 (in 1st and 2ndshell)(1) 5 (in outershell)(1)Q2.Acceptableanswerssuitable diagram inplace of 2.8(1).5(1)electrons in shells /orbits / rings(1)Mark(2)
Q3.AnswerAcceptableanswersignore references toelectrons in shells /An description linking charges on particlesif electrons in 8 protons (1)nucleus max 1 (and) 17-8/9protons andneutrons (1)neutrons withincorrect numbers(1)Q4.Mark(2)
Q5.AnswerExplanation linking (both have)same number (ofelectrons) in outershell(1) 6 (electrons inouter shell)(consequent on firstpoint) (1)
The position of an element in the periodic table depends on its atomic structure. Elements with similar chemical properties are found in the same parts of the periodic table. Identify different parts of the periodic table and explain how the position of an element in the periodic table is linked to its chemical properties and atomic structure.
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