INSIGHTS MAY 2019 2019 Terrorism Risk Insurance Report - Marsh
INSIGHTSMAY 20192019 TerrorismRisk Insurance Report
INSIGHTSMAY 20192019 Terrorism RiskInsurance Overall Terrorism Risk Remains ComplexUS Terrorism Risk Backstop up for Renewalin 2020Global Terrorism Insurance Market TrendsGlobal Terrorism TrendsNorth AmericaLatin America and the CaribbeanEuropeSub-Saharan AfricaMiddle East and North AfricaAsia-PacificRecommendations
IntroductionTerrorism remains a dynamic global risk and a seriousthreat for people and organizations. The evolutionof terrorism risk exposes many countries to complexthreats from both international and home-growngroups, as well as individuals acting on their own,known as “lone wolves.”Ebbs and flows in terrorism are common, but the evolving and ever-present nature ofthis risk requires people and organizations to be continuously on guard.The means and perpetrators of terrorist attacks continue to shift, with soft or relativelyunprotected targets becoming more of a focal point. In response, insurers are continuingto develop and offer new and innovative solutions for risk professionals, who have beenchallenged to adopt new strategies to protect properties, employees, and balancesheets in response to constantly evolving threats. The market for property terrorisminsurance remains competitive for most buyers, due in recent years to a steady decline inthe number of global terrorist incidents and minimal insurance claims.The means andperpetrators ofterrorist attackscontinue toshift, with softor relativelyunprotectedtargets becominga focal point.In the US, attention will soon turn to Congress as the Terrorism Risk Insurance ProgramReauthorization Act (TRIPRA) approaches expiration at the end of 2020. TRIPRA, as withsimilar public-private mechanisms in other countries, has played an important role inensuring the continued stability and health of the property terrorism insurance market,and Marsh will continue to monitor developments regarding its renewal.Our Terrorism Risk Insurance Report explores the state of terrorism and the terrorisminsurance marketplace in key regions. In this year’s report, you will find insurance marketinsights and data and rankings from Marsh’s World Risk Review ratings system.We hope you find this report to be useful as you take steps to manage your terrorism risk.Marsh 1
WORLDRISKREVIEWWorld Risk Review is Marsh’sproprietary country risk ratingplatform, providing risk ratingsacross nine different perilsfor 197 countries. Ratings aregenerated by an algorithmbased modeling system thatincorporates more than 200international indices.The terrorism risk rating isgenerated using a number ofindividually weighted indicators,and assesses the risk of theuse of force or violence byone or more persons or anyorganization, the object ofwhich includes the intimidationor coercion of a governmentand/or the civil populationfor political, religious, orideological purposes.Overall Terrorism RiskRemains ComplexDespite Declining Trendline, RiskiestStates See Little ImprovementBetween May 2018 and May 2019, World Risk Review ratingsreveal a trend toward decreasing terrorism risks.In that period, risk ratings fell in 116 countries, while increasing in only 34. Rating scoresfell in many countries as security services redoubled their efforts to tackle internationalterrorist groups in the Middle East, Europe, and Sub-Saharan Africa.FIGURE1Little change in the countries at highest risk fromMay 2018 to May 2019.SOURCE: WORLD RISK REVIEWTerrorismMay 2018May 20191. Afghanistan1. Afghanistan2. Yemen2. Syrian Arab Republic3. Iraq3. Libya4. Syrian Arab Republic4. Yemen5. Somalia5. IraqStrikes, riots, and civil commotionMay 2018May 20191. Venezuela1. Venezuela2. Yemen2. Yemen3. South Africa3. South Africa4. Bangladesh4. Zimbabwe5. Bolivia5. IraqWar and civil war2 2019 Terrorism Risk Insurance ReportMay 2018May 20191. Syrian Arab Republic1. Syrian Arab Republic2. Afghanistan2. Afghanistan3. South Sudan3. Yemen4. Yemen4. Libya5. Libya5. South Sudan
Terrorism risks fell notably in Egypt, Turkey, and Spain between May2018 and May 2019. However, there has been little improvement inthe world’s riskiest states for terrorism. In May 2018, Afghanistan,Yemen, and Iraq held the top three highest terrorism risk ratings.A year later, Afghanistan retained its position, followed by Syria,then Libya (see Figure 1).Despite a trend of decreasing risk, the dynamic nature of terrorismall but ensures that new threats will arise in the coming years.In 2018, a number of key trends emerged that will likely affectterrorism risks in 2019. First, Islamic State (IS) suffered a near-totalcollapse. By March 2019, the self-described “caliphate” no longercontrolled territory; at its peak, the group held territory the size ofPortugal. Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi, the group’s leader, reappeared inApril via video after a five-year absence.FIGURE2The territorial defeat of IS will likely bring new threats both in theMiddle East and in Western states. In Iraq and Syria, IS is expectedto revert to insurgent-style attacks. European governmentswill continue to grapple with the legal and security challengespresented by returning fighters.Although terrorists and other non-state actors globally have killedmore than 230,000 people over the last decade, the number of peoplekilled in terrorist incidents fell by more than one-quarter and thenumber of attacks fell by nearly one-third in 2018, according to Jane’sTerrorism and Insurgency Centre by IHS Markit (see Figure 2). But asattacks by lone wolves and small groups become more commonplace— including against soft targets, which are not limited to majormetropolitan areas — the threat of terrorist incidents occurring in ornear workplaces has become a growing concern for employers.The number of lives lost to acts of terrorism, insurgency, and politically or ideologicallymotivated violence fell again in 2018.SOURCE: JANE’S TERRORISM AND INSURGENCY CENTRE BY IHS MARKITNumber of attacks2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018While religious extremism is expected to remain the dominantterrorism threat globally, the threat from the extreme right-wing (ERW)is deepening in Western states. Boosted by the success of far-rightpolitical parties, there has been a growing trend of attacks by loneperpetrators inspired by far-right ideology. Security services facea difficult task in disrupting plots, given the absence of a unifyingERW structure and the unlikelihood of perpetrators being directedby an organized group. ERW attacks may mirror the methodologyused successfully by extremists since 2014. Low-capability attacksusing firearms, bladed weapons, or vehicles are likely to be favored,entrenching a shift toward attacks that generate little propertydamage, but pose significant risks to 56114,81923,72734,59545,081Number of lives lost2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018Moreover, the financial and reputational impacts of terroristattacks remain sizeable. Organizations operating internationally,and their employees, are often priority targets for terrorists.The Institute for Economics and Peace estimates that the averageannual economic impact of terrorism was 83 billion between2013 and 2017 (see Figure 3). Organizations should continue toimplement adequate risk and crisis management strategies toprotect their people and balance sheets from the persistent threatof terrorism.Marsh 3
FIGURE3Economic cost of global terrorist attacks averaged 83 billion between 2013 and 2017.SOURCE: GLOBAL TERRORISM DATABASE, INSTITUTE OF ECONOMICS AND PEACE100Economic cost of terrorism (USD billions)Deteriorating situation in Iraq and the emergence of IS80September 11, 2001, attacks604020020002001200220034 2019 Terrorism Risk Insurance 20152016 2017
IN FOCUSUS Terrorism RiskBackstop up forRenewal in 2020The last several years have beencharacterized by a decline in both thefrequency and severity of terroristincidents in the US. There have been nocertified terrorism losses in the countrysince the Terrorism Risk Insurance Act(TRIA) was originally passed followingthe attacks of September 11, 2001.Nevertheless, the federal backstopcreated by TRIA and reauthorized asTRIPRA — along with similar publicprivate mechanisms that exist in othercountries — remains crucial to thecontinued stability and health of theproperty terrorism insurance market.MMC will continue to advocate for arobust reauthorization bill to help keepthe terrorism insurance market viableand competitive for US buyers.As TRIPRA’s expiration on December 31,2020, approaches, Marsh & McLennanCompanies (MMC) colleagues havespoken with Treasury departmentofficials and legislators in bothchambers of Congress, who generallyrecognize TRIPRA’s importance andappear optimistic about its extension.In the coming months, policymakerswill continue to consider their optionsand the potential effect that programchanges could have on the marketplace.TRIPRA’S IMPACT ON THEREINSURANCE MARKETMeanwhile, we expect that insurers willclosely monitor legislative activity. Ifit appears likely that the backstop willnot be in place beyond 2020, they mayimpose sunset clauses in upcomingrenewals for policies that would be ineffect beyond December 31, 2020.Some insurers may also increase pricesor limit deployed capacity as theyreassess their exposure to terrorism.Reinsurance capacity for terrorismcan differ by reinsurers’ preference,appetite, and expertise. Forconventional terrorism, reinsurerscan deploy multiple aggregates toindividual attack types. However,the potential exposure from nuclear,biological, chemical, and radiological(NBCR) events is much larger andlikely a “net loss” to reinsurers sinceretrocessional facilities do not typicallycover NBCR. Due to uncertainty aroundTRIPRA’s future, insurers and terrorisminsurance buyers are selectivelyseeking additional reinsurance limitsand coverages, under the assumptionthat there is a finite amount of capacityavailable in the private market,especially for NBCR events.If TRIPRA is allowed to expire or isrenewed with significant cedent netretention increases, terrorism-exposedinsurers with less than 300 millionin surplus will likely need to purchaseadditional private reinsurance marketcapacity to help protect capitaland satisfy rating agencies andregulators. Multiple carriers accessingthe reinsurance market capacitysimultaneously will impact pricing.Should TRIPRA expire without areplacement, insurers with the abilityto do so will likely deploy terrorismcapacity only for preferred locations andpricing. Reinsurers are also likely to onlyprovide additional capacity at notablyhigher rates, which could create capacityshortfalls for some central businessdistricts and employers with significantworkers’ compensation accumulations.As such, a federal backstop remainsessential if the private reinsurancemarket is to continue to providecapacity to higher-risk areas.“The federal backstop created by TRIAremains crucial to the continued stability ofthe property terrorism insurance market.”Marsh 5
Global TerrorismInsurance Market TrendsInsurance Markets Adapt to Meet GlobalBusiness NeedsTerrorism cover was originally designed to respond to propertylosses from terrorism caused by large explosive devices.However, attack methodologies have shifted in recent years.Today, the predominant threat globallyis from Islamist extremists focused oninflicting mass casualties in low-capabilityattacks on crowded public spaces. Modernattacks are often less sophisticated, withassailants deploying bladed weapons,firearms, and/or vehicles.This new attack methodology generallygenerates relatively little propertydamage. In fact, two-thirds of terroristattacks in Western Europe between2014 and 2018 did not generate anyproperty damage, according to PoolRe. Still, multiple businesses sufferedsignificant revenue losses as a result ofvarious attacks.For example, in the wake of the 2017London Bridge attack, extensive policecordons remained for 10 days, generatingwidespread business interruption losses.Since there was limited physical damage,many insureds were left without cover.Businesses lost an estimated 1.4 millionfrom the London Bridge attack, accordingto Pool Re.Beyond direct business interruption losses,many businesses in or near areas struck byterrorism often see a decline in foot trafficwell after cordons are cleared. The tourismand retail sectors are particularly at risk forlosses following terrorist attacks.6 2019 Terrorism Risk Insurance ReportThese trends, coupled with theproliferation of incidents that are notclearly described as acts of terrorism, suchas mass shootings in schools, churches,private businesses, and public settings,have prompted insurers to innovate amiddemand from buyers. Specifically, insurershave focused on developing: Active assailant coverage, also knownas active shooter, malicious attack, ordeadly weapons coverage — whichtypically offers affirmative coverage thatis triggered by premediated maliciousphysical attacks by active assailantswho are physically present and armed.Such policies can offer coverage forproperty damage, business interruption,and extra expenses; legal liability; lossof business and denial of access; andthe costs of public relations consulting,crisis management, medical services,counseling and/or psychiatric care,the hiring of additional staff, andadded security. Non-damage business interruption(NDBI) coverage, which can respondto the loss of revenue even withouta physical damage coverage trigger.NDBI policies are evolving to respondregardless of whether an event isofficially classified as a terrorist attack.This coverage is tied to a predeterminedvicinity of an insured location, which canvary from policy to policy.
Standalone Market OffersFlexible and DependableCoverageStandalone property terrorism insurance isavailable as an alternative or complementto TRIPRA coverage. Pricing for thestandalone market is typically notaffected by natural catastrophe eventsand is expected to remain competitivein 2019, barring a material change inmarket conditions.Unlike TRIPRA coverage, which is availablewithin annual “all-risk” property policiesfor US locations, a standalone propertyterrorism insurance policy does notrequire the government to certify an act ofterrorism in order for a claim to be paid.Standalone policies offer broad terms andconditions that can include: A definition of “act of terrorism” asthe use of force or violence — of anyperson or group, whether actingalone or on behalf of or in connectionwith any organization — for political,religious, or ideological purposes,including the intention to influenceany government and/or to put thepublic in fear for such purposes. Consistent wording globally. Tailored coverage for selectedlocations, coverage outside of the US,and political violence coverage. Multiyear policy terms. Nuclear, biological, chemical, andradioactive (NBCR) coverage, althoughthis may be limited in scope and costly. Non-damage business interruptioncoverage.Although available standalone capacitycurrently has a theoretical maximum ofapproximately 4.3 billion, locations inthe central business districts of Tier 1cities, which are perceived as at higher riskfor terrorism, can present accumulationconcerns for insurers. Any uncertaintyabout the future of TRIPRA could depresscapacity in Tier 1 cities as companies lockin the coverage certainty on a first-come,first-served basis.Political Violence Coveragecan Supplement TerrorismInsuranceTIER 1CITIES1. London2. New York3. Chicago4. San Francisco5. WashingtonWhile terrorism insurance can coverphysical damage and business interruptionresulting from acts that are motivated bypolitics, religion, or ideology, multinationalbusinesses may also wish to considerpurchasing political violence (PV)coverage. In addition to terrorism, PVpolicies can provide coverage related towar, civil war, rebellion, insurrection, coupd’état, and other civil disturbances.6. TorontoBecause PV policies are designed torespond to the perceived risk within theterritories in which a business operates,purchasing such coverage can help avoiddisputes about whether an event was anact of terrorism or political violence.11. Bangkok7. Montreal8. Calgary9. Frankfurt10. SingaporePurchasing terrorism and/or PV coveragealone, however, can leave some buyerswith gaps in coverage, as potentialrisks can extend beyond the threat ofviolence. Broader political risk insurancepolicies can include PV coverage whilealso responding to a range of otherperils related to government actions andinstability, including expropriation ofassets, forced abandonment, currencyinconvertibility, and nonpayment andcontract frustration. Property damage as a result of acyber-attack.Marsh 7
60%Terrorisminsurance takeup rates haveremained closeto 60% in the USover the lastseveral years.US Organizations Continue to PurchaseTerrorism Insurance at High LevelsOverall Purchasing Rates SteadyThe US is the world’s largest buyer of terrorism insurance, and US-based organizationscontinue to purchase coverage at a high rate. In 2018, the take-up rate for TRIPRA coverageembedded in US property policies was 62% (see Figure 4). Take-up rates have remainedclose to 60% over the last several years.FIGURE4Overall US terrorism insurance take-up rates remainnear 60%.SOURCE: MARSH y Approaches VaryThe percentage of companies that purchased terrorism insurance — and the amount theyspent on terrorism insurance as a portion of their overall premiums — varied significantlyby industry in 2018. Education institutions, media organizations, financial institutions,and real estate companies were the most frequent buyers while transportation andhospitality and gaming companies spent the most on terrorism as a percentage of theirtotal premium spend due to their perceived vulnerability (see Figure 5).8 2019 Terrorism Risk Insurance Report
FIGURE5Education entities bought terrorism insurance most frequently in 2018; transportationcompanies allocated the largest share of overall premium.SOURCE: MARSH PLACEMAPTake-up rateIndustryPremium allocation87%Education81%Media4%79%Financial Institutions5%75%Real Estate4%72%Hospitality and Gaming7%70%Health Care6%69%Life Sciences66%Tech/Telecom66%Public Entity and Nonprofit 8%Food and Beverage1%53%Construction2%52%Power and gy and Mining3%6%2%5%3%8%3%Marsh 9
Lower Costs for Larger CompaniesWith insurers suffering few significant losses in recent years — most of which occurredoutside of the US — and both new entrants and incumbents committing to underwritingterrorism risk, overall property terrorism insurance capacity remains abundant. Consistentwith previous years, property terrorism insurance rates in 2018 were typically lower forlarger companies (see Figure 6). In 2018, the cost of terrorism insurance as a percentage ofoverall property premiums was highest for companies with total insured values (TIV) of 1billion or more (see Figure 7).FIGURE62018 median terrorism insurance pricing per millionwas generally lower for larger companies.SOURCE: MARSH PLACEMAP 62 25 19 14 100m 100m to 500m 500m to 1bn 1bnTIV rangeFIGURE7Larger companies generally allocated more of theirproperty premium to terrorism in 2018.SOURCE: MARSH PLACEMAP3%4%4%5% 100m 100m to 500m 500m to 1bn 1bnTIV range10 2019 Terrorism Risk Insurance Report
Take-Up Rates Highest in MajorMetropolitan AreasCompanies based in the Northeast United States havetraditionally purchased property terrorism insuranceat a higher rate than companies based in other regions.Unsurprisingly, 80% of companies based in New Yorkpurchased terrorism insurance in 2018, tying it with Chicagofor the lead among major US cities that are perceived ashigher-value targets for terrorist acts (see Figure 8).FIGURE8New York-based companies also spent the most onterrorism insurance as a percentage of total premiums.Companies based in Los Angeles and Houstonpurchased terrorism insurance at the lowest ratewithin this group, but the price per million for terrorisminsurance was highest for Houston-based companies— exceeding even New York-based companies — inpart because of high overall property insurancepremiums paid by energy companies, many of whichare headquartered in Houston.New York City-based companies were the most frequent buyers ofterrorism insurance.SOURCE: MARSH PLACEMAPTake-up RatePremium AllocationNEW YORK80%CHICAGO7%80%ATLANTA79%4%SAN FRANCISCO5%70%LOS ANGELES63%2%HOUSTON5%61%3%* Based on company’s headquarters locationNEW YORKCHICAGOSAN FRANCISCOLOS ANGELESATLANTAHOUSTONMarsh 11
PL ANNINGEXERCISESREMAINCRUCIALAlthough insurance can provideessential protection in theevent of a terrorist attack,it’s vital that businesses alsodevelop, maintain, and exercisecorporate and site-level crisismanagement plans.Organizations should developand test an overall frameworkand crisis management teamstructure for management,response, and recovery atthe senior executive level.Following a terrorism incident,organizations should beprepared to ensure the safetyof employees and provide themwith support as needed, protectphysical assets, and stay incontact with employees and theirfamilies, customers, investors,and other stakeholders.Once life safety issues havebeen addressed, organizationsshould look to keep operations— including critical technologies— running smoothly. Amongother actions, businesses shoulddevelop and test businesscontinuity plans, coordinateinsurance coverage, andprepare to gather appropriateinformation to support a claim.Risk models and other analytictools can help organizationsassess the potential magnitudeof terrorism events and optimizeinsurance programs and otherrisk financing strategies.12 2019 Terrorism Risk Insurance ReportCaptives Continue to WriteTerrorism RiskIn 2018, 182 Marsh-managed captivesaccessed TRIPRA to write property,workers’ compensation, general liability,and cyber risk for their parent companies.Captive owners have often found thatthe total cost of implementing terrorisminsurance programs compares favorablyto the cost of buying from commercialinsurers. Captive insurers can generallyoffer broader coverage than commercialinsurance policies, which often restrictcoverage for: NBCR events. Contingent time-element losses. Cyber terrorism.Managing Risks to WorkersAs attacks by lone wolves and smallgroups remain a significant threat,employers are increasingly concernedabout terrorist incidents occurring in ornear their workplaces.UNITED STATESWork-related injuries and deaths arecovered under workers’ compensationsystems in US states. Workers’compensation insurance policies cannotexclude terrorism-related losses and area compulsory purchase for employers innearly all states. Still, insurers carefullymanage their overall portfolios and considerlarge employee concentration exposuresand the associated loss potential, whichmeans that data quality in underwritingsubmissions can significantly affect howinsurers evaluate and price an organization’sworkers’ compensation terrorism risk.Robust and complete data can also enableinsurers to understand employers’ riskprofiles in the context of their overallworkers’ compensation book andcorrelating risks, including property,personal lines, and life insurance.Simple payroll data by location, however, isunlikely to suffice; instead, employers shouldbe prepared to share with underwriters: Detailed address information, includingZIP codes. Employee locations on campuses. The number of shifts per location andemployees assigned to each. The number of telecommuters that anorganization employs. Details from swipe cards showingthe actual or maximum number ofemployees present at each location orbuilding on a given day.OUTSIDE OF THE USGlobally, employers are oftenlegally required to secure workers’compensation for some or all employees.In many countries, it is provided throughgovernment programs; in others,employers must secure it.Workers’ compensation policies issued tothe parent company or “local” operationsin other countries alone, however,may not address exposures associatedwith multinational enterprises and atransient workforce. To expedite workers’recovery and to protect companies fromlawsuits, employers may also purchasediscretionary coverages. These include: Employers liability coverage, whichdefends and indemnifies employersfrom lawsuits brought by workersfor injuries arising out of the courseof their employment within the policyterritory. Similar to foreign voluntaryworkers’ compensation (FVWC), itis provided in the US as part ofworkers’ compensation insurance.Outside of the US, the coverage maybe found as an endorsement on localworkers’ compensation or generalliability policies or purchased on astandalone basis.
Coverage under employers liability is customarilyincluded in umbrella or excess liability policies. Personal accident insurance coverage, which cansupplement local workers’ compensation benefitsor act as an employee benefit program.The provision of compensation for medical care and lostwages for terrorism-related injuries will depend on thesystem in place in the worker’s country of hire and/orwork. Expatriate workers present a unique situation; whenand where specific programs will apply to an expat willdepend on: The employee’s nationality (country of origin). Where payroll is reported (country of hire). The length of the employee’s work assignment.Coverage for injuries and illnesses due to acts of waror terrorism may differ depending on which insurancepolicies are in place, which are triggered and, for workers’compensation, whether the law extends coverage to suchevents. For compulsory workers’ compensation coverage,terrorism is typically provided due to the broad extentof coverage under the law or by specific laws. In somecountries, however, government-provided benefits arebroad and may not distinguish the cause of injury orillness in determining eligibility.For discretionary insurance, such as FVWC, employers liability,and personal accident policies, terrorism coverage is typicallynot required and may be excluded by default. Coverage forterrorism can typically be added by endorsement, usually foran additional premium. However, terrorism is generally notexcluded for FVWC policies placed in the US. Multinationalsbased in the US should review their general liability controlledmaster programs and other umbrella or excess liability policiesfor coverage.As part of an effective terrorism risk managementprogram, employers should consider local insuranceregulations along with the size, concentration, andsignificance of their workplace injury exposure in thecountries in which they operate.Marsh 13
Global Terrorism TrendsWorld Risk Review Ratings Showed an Overall Trend TowardDecreasing Terrorism Risks, Though Country Results VaryFIGURE9Mozambique saw largest year-over-year increase in terrorism risk as measured byWorld Risk Review score.SOURCE: WORLD RISK REVIEWCountryScore changeActual score (May 0.64.9Tajikistan0.65.1FIGURE10South Sudan saw the largest year-over-year decrease in terrorism risk as measured byWorld Risk Review score.SOURCE: WORLD RISK REVIEWCountryScore changeActual score (May 2019)South ited Kingdom-0.94.314 2019 Terrorism Risk Insurance Report
World Risk Review ratings are based on modeling more than 200international indices. The terrorism risk rating, or score, for eachcountry is generated using a number of individually weightedindicators. Among the trends identified over the last 12 monthsthrough the terrorism score modeling:MOZAMBIQUESCORE 6.4 INCRE ASE 2.1Mozambique faces an emergent terrorism risk in its northern Cabo Delgado province. Between October2017 and December 2018, at least 20 attacks and 57 non-militant deaths were recorded. In February2019, militants used small arms to attack convoys transporting employees to a liquefied natural gas(LNG) project. One contractor was killed, in what was the first attack to directly target assetsor personnel in the LNG sector.CHADSCORE 7.1 INCRE ASE 0.7Chad faces increased activity by insurgents in the north. Libya-based militants from the Union des Forcesde la Résistance (UFR) have staged incursions into Chadian territory, which security forces have struggledto contain. In February 2019, President Idriss Déby requested air support from France’s Barkhanecounterterrorism operation to tackle an incursion.TURKEYSCORE 6.6 DECRE ASE 0.5Terrorism risks in Turkey receded in 2018. The government effectively used unmanned aerial vehicles tocounter the threat posed by the Partiya Karkerên Kurdistanê (PKK) in the southeast. IS’s capacity to organizeattacks has similarly reduced. IS has not launched a successful attack in Turkey since January 2017.SPAINSCORE 3.5 DECRE ASE 1.0In May 2018, Basque separatist group Euskadi Ta Askatasuna (ETA) officially disbanded, significantlyreducing the threat of separatist terrorism in Spain. However, Islamist extremists continue to organize inSpain, generating a persistent risk of attacks targeting crowded public spaces with small arms or bladedweapons. The 2017 Barcelona and Cambrils attacks, in which 15 people died, also revealed the existenceof a cell with bomb-making capabilities.EGYPTSCORE 7.0 DECRE ASE 1.1The government launched a counterterrorism campaign in February 2018 that successfully reducedthe frequency of IS attacks to the west of the Suez Canal. However, IS retains capabilities in Sinai and islikely to launch effective attacks against religious
6 2019 Terrorism Risk Insurance Report Global Terrorism Insurance Market Trends Insurance Markets Adapt to Meet Global Business Needs Terrorism cover was originally designed to respond to property losses from terrorism caused by large explosive devices. However, attack methodologies have shifted in recent years.
Terrorism Steele, New Craft of Intelligence - Terrorists & Terrorism in the Contemporary World, Future Forms of Terrorism - Merari, Terrorism as a Strategy of Struggle: Past and Present - HASC, Report on Future of Terrorism Week One Forum Discussion 2 History of Terrorism: 1 st Wave CO 1, 4-5 - Rapoport, Four Waves of Modern Terrorism (pp.
externalities of terrorism: terrorism fatalities, terrorism incidents, terrorism injuries and terrorism-related property damages. The inquiry is positioned as an applied research study because the intuition for assessing the nexus between social media and terrorism is sound, given that information
From the Table of Free Voices: Terrorism, Liberty, Security, Profit PART TWO: GROUP AND INDIVIDUAL TERRORISM - NON-STATE ACTORS Defining Individual and Group Terrorism The Colonial Roots of Terrorism and the Fallacy of Nation-Building Revolutionary Violence, Civil War and Terrorism The People's Mojahedin of Iran - Case Study of a Flawed .
CHAPTER 11 Homeland Security 298 CHAPTER 12 America’s Vulnerability to Terrorism 334 CHAPTER 13 Emergency Management 355 PART IV Combatting Terrorism and the Future CHAPTER 14 Combatting Terrorism 387 CHAPTER 15 Terrorism, Intelligence, and Homeland Security: The Future 423 A01_TAYL8146_02_SE_FM.indd 6 02/12/17 1:12 AM
terrorist fighters, transport-related terrorism offences, CBRN terrorism and respect for human rights while countering terrorism. Furthermore, UNODC/TPB co-organized three side events, i.e. on the alternatives to pre-trial detention in terrorism cases, jointly with the United States, on the nexus between terrorism and TOC in
The Four Horsemen of Terrorism – It’s not Waves, it’s Strains David Rapoport’s concept of four waves of terrorism, from anarchist terrorism in the 1880s, through nationalist and Marxist waves in the early and mid‐ Twentieth Century, to the present religious wave, is one of the most influential concepts in terrorism studies.
ISS 23343745 165 Jun 2021 PERSPECTIVES ON TERRORISM Volume 15, Issue 3 Sinai, Joshua (in press): Bibliography of Terrorism and Counter-Terrorism. Abingdon: Routledge. [ca. 2,000 Titles] Tinnes, Judith (2017, August): Bibliography: Root Causes of Terrorism.
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