Part 4 Systems And Components Chapter 4 Rotating Machinery - Power - DNV
RULES FOR CLASSIFICATIONShipsEdition October 2015Part 4 Systems and componentsChapter 4 Rotating machinery – powertransmissionThe content of this service document is the subject of intellectual property rights reserved by DNV GL AS ("DNV GL"). The useraccepts that it is prohibited by anyone else but DNV GL and/or its licensees to offer and/or perform classification, certificationand/or verification services, including the issuance of certificates and/or declarations of conformity, wholly or partly, on thebasis of and/or pursuant to this document whether free of charge or chargeable, without DNV GL's prior written consent.DNV GL is not responsible for the consequences arising from any use of this document by others.The electronic pdf version of this document, available free of chargefrom http://www.dnvgl.com, is the officially binding version.DNV GL AS
FOREWORDDNV GL rules for classification contain procedural and technical requirements related to obtainingand retaining a class certificate. The rules represent all requirements adopted by the Society asbasis for classification. DNV GL AS October 2015Any comments may be sent by e-mail to rules@dnvgl.comIf any person suffers loss or damage which is proved to have been caused by any negligent act or omission of DNV GL, then DNV GL shallpay compensation to such person for his proved direct loss or damage. However, the compensation shall not exceed an amount equal to tentimes the fee charged for the service in question, provided that the maximum compensation shall never exceed USD 2 million.In this provision "DNV GL" shall mean DNV GL AS, its direct and indirect owners as well as all its affiliates, subsidiaries, directors, officers,employees, agents and any other acting on behalf of DNV GL.
Part 4 Chapter 4 Changes - currentCHANGES – CURRENTThis is a new document.The rules enter into force 1 January 2016.Rules for classification: Ships — DNVGL-RU-SHIP-Pt4Ch4. Edition October 2015Rotating machinery - power transmissionDNV GL ASPage 3
Changes – current. 3Section 1 Shafting. 81 General. 81.1 Scope. 81.2 Application. 81.3 Documentation of shafts and couplings. 81.4 Documentation of shafting system and dynamics.112 Design.122.1 General. 122.2 Criteria for shaft dimensions.122.3 Flange connections. 212.4 Shrink fit connections. 242.5 Keyed connections.312.6 Clamp couplings. 332.7 Spline connections.342.8 Propeller shaft liners.342.9 Shaft bearings, dimensions.352.10 Bearing design details. 362.11 Shaft oil seals. 362.12 Lubrication systems. 363 Inspection and testing.373.1 Certification. 373.2 Assembling in workshop. 384 Workshop testing. 384.1 General. 385 Control and monitoring.385.1 General. 385.2 Indications and alarms.386 Arrangement. 396.1 Sealing and protection. 396.2 Shafting arrangement. 406.3 Shaft bending moments. 407 Installation inspection. 417.1 Application.41Rules for classification: Ships — DNVGL-RU-SHIP-Pt4Ch4. Edition October 2015Rotating machinery - power transmissionDNV GL ASPage 4Part 4 Chapter 4 ContentsCONTENTS
8 Shipboard testing. 428.1 Bearings. 428.2 Measurements of vibration. 42Section 2 Gear transmissions. 441 General. 441.1 Application.441.2 Documentation. 442 Design.482.1 General. 482.2 Gearing. 512.3 Welded gear designs.512.4 Shrink fitted pinions and wheels. 522.5 Bolted wheel bodies.542.6 Shafts. 552.7 Bearings. 552.8 Casing.552.9 Lubrication system. 563 Inspection and testing.563.1 Certification of parts. 563.2 Welded gear designs.613.3 Assembling. 614 Workshop testing. 634.1 Gear mesh checking. 634.2 Clutch operation.634.3 Ancillary systems. 645 Control and monitoring.645.1 Summary. 646 Arrangement. 656.1 Installation and fastening. 657 Vibration. 667.1 General. 668 Installation inspection. 668.1 Application.668.2 Inspections. 669 Shipboard testing. 669.1 Gear teeth inspections. 669.2 Gear noise detection.67Rules for classification: Ships — DNVGL-RU-SHIP-Pt4Ch4. Edition October 2015Rotating machinery - power transmissionDNV GL ASPage 5Part 4 Chapter 4 Contents7.2 Assembly.41
Section 3 Clutches. 681 General. 681.1 Application.681.2 Documentation. 682 Design.692.1 Torque capacities.692.2 Strength and wear resistance. 692.3 Emergency operation. 692.4 Type testing.702.5 Hydraulic/pneumatic system. 703 Inspection and testing.703.1 Certification. 703.2 Ancillaries. 704 Workshop testing. 704.1 Function testing. 705 Control, alarm and safety functions and indication. 715.1 Summary. 716 Arrangement. 726.1 Clutch arrangement. 727 Vibration. 727.1 Engaging operation.728 Installation inspection. 728.1 Alignment. 729 Shipboard testing. 729.1 Operating of clutches.72Section 4 Bending compliant couplings. 731 General. 731.1 Application.731.2 Documentation. 732 Design.742.1 General. 742.2 Criteria for dimensioning. 743 Inspection and testing.753.1 Certification. 753.2 Inspection and testing of parts. 754 Workshop testing. 75Rules for classification: Ships — DNVGL-RU-SHIP-Pt4Ch4. Edition October 2015Rotating machinery - power transmissionDNV GL ASPage 6Part 4 Chapter 4 Contents9.3 Bearings and lubrication.67
4.2 Stiffness verification. 765 Control, alarm, safety functions and indication.765.1 General. 766 Arrangement. 766.1 Coupling arrangement.767 Vibration. 767.1 General. 768 Installation inspection. 768.1 Alignment. 769 Shipboard testing. 769.1 General. 76Section 5 Torsionally elastic couplings. 771 General. 771.1 Application.771.2 Documentation. 772 Design.812.1 General. 812.2 Criteria for dimensioning. 812.3 Type testing.833 Inspection and testing.853.1 Certification. 854 Workshop testing. 854.1 Stiffness verification. 854.2 Bonding tests.854.3 Balancing. 855 Control, alarm, safety functions and indication.865.1 General. 866 Arrangement. 876.1 Coupling arrangement.877 Vibration. 877.1 General. 878 Installation inspection. 878.1 Alignment. 879 Shipboard testing. 889.1 Elastic elements. 88Rules for classification: Ships — DNVGL-RU-SHIP-Pt4Ch4. Edition October 2015Rotating machinery - power transmissionDNV GL ASPage 7Part 4 Chapter 4 Contents4.1 Balancing. 75
1 General1.1 Scope1.1.1 Calculation methodsThe Society has several alternative advanced shaft design requirements in addition to the acceptance criteriabased on IACS UR M 68.This section of the rules contains three calculation setups— Simplified diameter formulae for plants with low torsional vibration such as geared plants or direct drivenplants with elastic coupling.— Simplified diameter formulae for stainless steel shafts subjected to sea water and with low torsionalvibration— Simplified calculation method for shafts in direct coupled plants1.2 Application1.2.1 Shafting is defined as the following elements:— shafts— rigid couplings as flange couplings, shrink-fit couplings, keyed connections, clamp couplings, splines, etc.(compliant elements as tooth couplings, universal shafts, rubber couplings, etc. are dealt with in theirrespective sections)— shaft bearings— shaft seals.Shafts or couplings made of composite materials are subject to special consideration.This section also deals with the fitting of the propeller (and impeller for water jet).1.2.2 The rules in this section apply to shafting subject to certification for the purposes listed inCh.2 Sec.1[1.1]. However, they do not apply for generator shafts, except for single bearing type generators, wheredocumentation may be requested in case of high torsional vibrations. Furthermore, they only apply toshafts made of forged or hot rolled steel. Shafts made of other materials may be considered on the basis ofequivalence with these rules.1.2.3 Ch.2 describes all general requirements for rotating machinery, and forms the basis for all sections inCh.3, RU SHIP Pt.4 Ch.4 and Ch.51.2.4 Stern tube oil seals of standard design shall be type approved. Standard design is components which amanufacturer has in their standard product description and manufactured continuously or in batches in orderto deliver for general marked supply.1.3 Documentation of shafts and couplings1.3.1 The Builder shall submit the documentation required by Table 1. The documentation shall be reviewedby the Society as a part of the class contract.Rules for classification: Ships — DNVGL-RU-SHIP-Pt4Ch4. Edition October 2015Rotating machinery - power transmissionDNV GL ASPage 8Part 4 Chapter 4 Section 1SECTION 1 SHAFTING
ObjectShaftingDocumentation typeC020 - Assemblyor arrangementdrawingAdditional descriptionInfoDrawings of the complete shafting arrangement shall be submitted.Type designation of:— prime mover,— gear,— elastic couplings,— driven unit,AP— Shaft seals.The drawings shall show all main dimensions as diameters and bearing spans,bearing supports and any supported elements as e.g. oil distribution boxes.Position and way of electrical grounding shall be indicated.C030 - DetaileddrawingDrawings of the shafts, liners and rigid couplings.The drawings shall show clearly all details, such as:— fillets,— keyways,— radial holes,— slots,— surface roughness,AP— shrinkage amounts,— contact between tapered parts,— pull up on taper,— bolt pretension,— protection against corrosion,C040 - DesignanalysisApplicable load data shall be given. The load data or the load limitations shallbe sufficient to carry out design calculations as described in [2], see also Ch.2Sec.1 [2.1.1]. This means as a minimum:— P maximum continuous power (kW)— or T0 maximum continuos torque (Nm)— n0 r. p. m. at maximum continuous power.For plants with gear transmissions the relevant application factors shall begiven, otherwise upper limitations (see Ch.2 Sec.2 [2] for diesel engine drives)shall be used:— KA application factor for continuous raster however, not to be taken lessthan 1.1, in order to cover for load fluctuationsAP— KAP application factor for non-frequent peak loads (e.g. clutching-inshock loads or electric motors raster— KAice application factor due to ice shock loads (applicable for ice classedvessels), see Pt.6 Ch.6 of the Rules for Classification of Ships— KA Application factor, torque range (applicable to reversing plants) rasterAs a safe simplification it may be assumed that KA 2 KA or 2 KAP or 2 KAicewhichever is the highest.For all kinds of plants the necessary parameters for calculation of relevantbending stresses shall be submitted.Rules for classification: Ships — DNVGL-RU-SHIP-Pt4Ch4. Edition October 2015Rotating machinery - power transmissionDNV GL ASPage 9Part 4 Chapter 4 Section 1Table 1 Documentation requirements
BearingShaftsealingDocumentation typeAdditional descriptionInfoM010 - Materialspecification, metalsMaterial types, mechanical properties, cleanliness (if required, see [2.2.3]).For shafts with a maximum diameter 250 mm (flanges not considered)that shall be quenched and tempered, a drawing of the forging, in its heattreatment shape, shall be submitted upon request.M060 - Weldingprocedures (WPS)Welding connections details including procedures if relevantC050 - Nondestructive testing(NDT) planType extent and acceptance criteria for NDTC030 - DetaileddrawingDrawings of separate thrust bearings, shaft bearings shall be submitted. Thedrawings shall show all details as dimensions with tolerances, material types,and (for bearings) the lubrication system. (Drawings of ball and roller bearingsneed not to be submitted.) For separate main thrust bearings the mechanicalproperties of the bearing housing and foundation bolts.APC040 - DesignanalysisFor separate thrust bearings, calculation of hydrodynamic lubricationproperties.APS020 - Piping andinstrumentationdiagram (P & ID)Control and monitoring system, including set-points and delays.Q040 - Qualitysurvey plan (QSP)Documentation of the manufacturer's quality control with regard to inspectionand testing of materials and parts.FI, RC030 - DetaileddrawingDrawings oil seals shall be submitted. The drawings shall show all details asdimensions with tolerances, material types. The maximum permissible lateralmovements for shaft oil seals shall be specified.APQ040 - Qualitysurvey plan (QSP)Documentation of the manufacturer's quality control with regard to inspectionand testing of materials and parts.FI, RAPFIFIAPAP For approval; FI For informationACO As carried out; L Local handling; R On request; TA Covered by type approval; VS Vessel specific1.3.2 For general requirements for documentation, including definition of the info codes, see Pt.1 Ch.3 Sec.2.1.3.3 For a full definition of the documentation types, see Pt.1 Ch.3 Sec.3.1.3.4 Applicable load data shall be given. The load data or the load limitations shall be sufficient to carry outdesign calculations as described in [2], see also Ch.2 Sec.3 [2.1.1]. This means as a minimum:P maximum continuous power (kW)n0or T0 maximum continuous torque (Nm) r/min at maximum continuous power.For plants with gear transmissions the relevant application factors shall be given, otherwise upper limitations(see Ch.2 Sec.2 for diesel engine drives) shall be used:Rules for classification: Ships — DNVGL-RU-SHIP-Pt4Ch4. Edition October 2015Rotating machinery - power transmissionDNV GL ASPage 10Part 4 Chapter 4 Section 1Object
application factor for continuous operationhowever, not to be taken less than 1.1, in order to cover for load fluctuationsKAP application factor for non-frequent peak loads (e.g. clutching-in shock loads or electric motors with stardelta switch)KAice application factor due to ice shock loads (applicable for ice classed vessels), see: Pt.6 Ch.6 of the Rules forClassification of Ships Application factor, torque range (applicable to reversing plants)As a safe simplification it may be assumed thatwhichever is the highest.Where:Tv vibratory torque for continuous operation in the full speed range ( 90 100% of n0)τv nominal vibratory torsional stress for continuous operation in the full speed rangeτ0 nominal mean torsional stress at maximum continuous powerτmax maximum reversed torsional stress, which is the maximum value of (τ τv) in the entire speed range (forastern running), or τice rev (for astern running) whichever is the highest.reversedFor direct coupled plants (i.e. plants with no elastic coupling or gearbox) the following data shall be given:τv nominal vibratory torsional stress for continuous operation in the entire speed range. See torsional vibration inCh.2 Sec.2τvT nominal vibratory torsional stress for transient operation (e.g. passing through a barred speed range) and thecorresponding relevant number of cycles NC. See torsional vibration in Ch.2 Sec.2.Reversing torque if limited to a value less than T0.For all kinds of plants the necessary parameters for calculation of relevant bending stresses shall besubmitted.1.4 Documentation of shafting system and dynamics1.4.1 Torsional vibration see Ch.2 Sec.2.Rules for classification: Ships — DNVGL-RU-SHIP-Pt4Ch4. Edition October 2015Rotating machinery - power transmissionDNV GL ASPage 11Part 4 Chapter 4 Section 1KA
Shaft alignment see Ch.2 Sec.4.2 Design2.1 General2.1.1 The shafting shall be designed for all relevant load conditions such as rated power, reversing loads,foreseen overloads, transient conditions, etc. including all driving conditions under which the plant may beoperated. For further design principles see Ch.2 Sec.1 [2.1.1].2.1.2 Determination of loads under the driving conditions specified in [2.1.1] is described in [6] and [7] aswell as in Ch.2 Sec.2, Ch.2 Sec.3 and Ch.2 Sec.4.2.2 Criteria for shaft dimensions2.2.1 Shafts shall be designed to prevent fatigue failure and local deformation. Simplified criteria for themost common shaft applications are given in [2.2.6], [2.2.7] and [2.2.8].Guidance note:Class Guideline CG-0038 offers detailed methods on how to assess the safety factor criteria mentioned in Table 2.Alternative methods may also be considered on the basis of t-e---It is sufficient that either the detailed criteria in Class Guideline CG-0038 or the simplified criteria are fulfilled.In addition, the shafts shall be designed to prevent rust or detrimental fretting that may cause fatiguefailures, see also [2.4.2].2.2.2 The major load conditions to be considered are:34— low cycle fatigue (10 to 10 cycles) due to load variations from zero to full load, clutching-in shock loads,5reversing torques, etc. In special cases, such as short range ferries higher number of cycles ( 10 cycles)may apply6— high cycle fatigue ( 3·10 cycles) due to rotating bending and torsional vibration67— ice shock loads (10 to 10 cycles), applicable to vessels with ice class notations and ice breakers46— transient vibration when passing through a barred speed range (10 to 3·10 cycles).2.2.3 For applications where it may be necessary to take the advantage of tensile strength above 800 MPaand yield strength above 600 MPa, material cleanliness has an increasing importance. Higher cleanlinessthan specified by material standards shall be required (preferably to be specified according to ISO 4947).Furthermore, special protection against corrosion is required. Method of protection shall be approved.Table 2 Shaft safety factorsCriteriaSafety factor, S4Low cycle (NC 10 stress cycles)1.256High cycle (NC 3·10 stress cycles)1.6Rules for classification: Ships — DNVGL-RU-SHIP-Pt4Ch4. Edition October 2015Rotating machinery - power transmissionDNV GL ASPage 12Part 4 Chapter 4 Section 1Lateral (whirling) and axial vibration see Ch.2 Sec.3.
Safety factor, STransient vibration when passing through a barred speed range:46(10 NC 3·10 stress cycles)Linear interpolation (logτ-logN diagram) between thelow cycle, peak stresses criterion with S 1.25 andthe high cycle criterion with S 1.5. For propellershafts in way of and aft of the aft stern tube bearing,the bending influence is covered by an increase of Sby 0.05.2.2.4 Stainless steel shafts shall be designed to avoid cavities (pockets) where the sea water may remainun-circulated (e.g. in keyways). For other materials than stainless steel I, II and III as defined in Table 4,fatigue values and pitting corrosion resistance shall be specified and specially approved.2.2.5 The shaft safety factors for the different applications and criteria detailed in Class Guideline CG-0038shall be, at least, in accordance with Table 2. See also guidance n
Rules for classification: Ships — DNVGL-RU-SHIP-Pt4Ch4. Edition October 2015 Page 3 Rotating machinery - power transmission DNV GL AS CHANGES - CURRENT This is a new document. The rules enter into force 1 January 2016.
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Components and resolution of vectors The components of a vector are the vectors we add together to get that vector. For example, the vector shown below (in red) has many pairs of components (shown in various blues) and one pair at right angles (black). Components A Components C Components B Vector Components D (at 90 these are the most
components in electronics. Electronic components are divided into groups: Passive components Very important and essential parts but they can't amplify the voltage Electromechanical components Contains moving parts Active components Used to amplify the voltage. They are also called semiconductors. Optoelectronics components Emits or receives light
Rad-hard components: Dose 100 krad(Si) - Mrad(Si) COST components : Dose 3-30 krad(Si); some up to 100 krad(Si) The technological development of rad-hard components is 5 -7 years after COTS components. Rad-hard components are very expensive compared to COTS components. Rad-hard components may be difficult to obtain.
