Using Fodder From Trees And Shrubs To Feed Livestock In The Tropics .
ISSN 0259-2479better farming seriesusing fodder from treesand shrubs to feed livestockin the tropicsFOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION OF THE UNITED NATIONS42
TTThe titles published in this series are designed as hand-booksfor intermediate-level agricultural education and trainingcourses. They may be purchased as a set or 33.34.35.36.37.38.39.40.41.42.The plant: the living plant; the rootThe plant: the stem; the buds; the leavesThe plant: the flowerThe soil: how the soil is made upThe soil: how to conserve the soilThe soil: how to improve the soilCrop farmingAnimal husbandry: feeding and care of animalsAnimal husbandry: animal diseases; how animals reproduceThe farm business surveyCattle breedingSheep and goat breedingKeeping chickensFarming with animal powerCerealsRoots and tubersGroundnutsBananasMarket gardeningUpland riceWet paddy or swamp riceCocoaCoffeeThe oil palmThe rubber treeThe modern farm businessFreshwater fish farming: how to beginWater: where water comes fromBetter freshwater fish farming: the pondBetter freshwater fish farming: the fishBiogas: what it is; how it is made; how to use itBiagas 2: building a better biogas unitFarming snails 1: learning about snails;building a pen; food and shelter plantsFarming snails 2: choosing snails; care and harvesting;further improvementBetter freshwater fish farming: further improvementRaising rabbits 1: learning about rabbits;building the pens; choosing rabbitsRaising rabbits 2: feeding rabbits; raisingbaby rabbits; further improvementBetter freshwater fish farming: raising fish in pens and cagesRaising ducks 1: how to beginRaising ducks 2: further improvement; a larger flockRaising ducks 3: further improvement; taking care of a larger flockUsing fodder from trees and shrubs to feed livestock in the tropics
IiIllI
The designations employed and the presentation of material in thispublication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever onan.d Agriculture Organization of the UnitedNations concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city orarea or of its authorities, or concerning the dielimitation ef its frontiersor boundaries.David Lubin Memorial library cataloguing in Publication DataSmith, O.B.Using fodder from trees and shrubs to feed livestock in the tropics.(FAO Better Farming Series, no. 42)ISBN 92-5-103476-11. Browse plants 2. Trees 3. Cultivation 4, livestock 5. Animal feedingI. Title II. SeriesFAOcode: 11AGRIS: F01; l02Ail rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in aretrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying Of otherwise, without the prior permission of the copyright owner.Applications for such permission, with a statement of the purpose and extent of thereproduction, shouldaddressed to the Director, Publications Division, Food andAgriculture Organization of the United Nations, Viale delle Terme di Caracalla,00100 Rome, Italy.
The first 26 volumes in FAQ's Better Farming Seriesbasedthepreparedin Cote d'Ivoireent ec nLaterumes, beginning with No., have beenpreparedFAO for use in agricultural development atthe farm and family leveL The approach has deliberatelybeen a general one, the intention being to create a basicmodei that canmodified or expanded accordinglocal conditions of agriculture.Many of the booklets deal with specific crops and techniques, while others are intended to give farmers mogeneral information that can help them to understandthey do what they do, so that th will be able to do itbetter.Adaptations of the series, or individual volumes in it, havebeen published in mharic, rabic, Bengali, Creole,Hindi, igala, In nesian, Kiswahili, Malagasy, SiSwati,Thai and Turkish. This volume has been prepared by theFAO nima! Production and Health Division (Dr P.L.Pugliese).Requests for permission to issue this manual in other languages and to adapt it according to local climatic andecological conditions are welcomed. They should beaddressed to the Director, Publications Division, Foodand Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Vialedei!e Terme di Caracalla, 00100 Rome, Italy.Booklets 27 to 41 in the FAO Better Farming Series werewritten and illustrated by Tom Laughlin, working closelywith the technical divisions concerned.
FeediGractical
I1. Trees and shrubs play a num r of very im rtantroles for peopie and their livestock.e whole treeprovides shade,serves as a windbreakand controls soil erosion.1
3.it2
6.3
8.First !et us describe somethe fodder trees andshrubs that farmers can use to feed their animals.Take note of im rtant characteristics such as thetype of soil and climate (semi-arid, subhumid, humid)in which these trees and shrubs grow best, so thatyou can choose suitable ones for your particular areaand soil conditions.9. This tree grows very well in dry areas with 400-500 mmof rainfall per year.u can plant it in sandy, day,shallow rocky soils; it generally grows well in deepand light soils.4
10.atpreparedinsocan have 70ns mmotreesI-hectare.--· ' --------------------··---.11. in order to get the seeds to germinate quickly in 1days,u need to treat them with hot water. Boilsome water, cool it for 5 minutes and then soak theseeds overnight, using at least three times morewater than seeds in order to cover the seeds completely. (Some agronomists also recommend mechanicalscarification which they consider to be safer undersemi-arid conditions.)5
1r6
1it115.7
again during the dyour animals.17. This tree spreads Iithe umbrella thorn.an umbrella, and is known as18. Farmers in dry and semi-arid areas can plant this treefor shade and feed, because it is very droughtresistant and is able to grow even where rainfall isvery low. For example, you wrn find it in many of thecountries that border the Sahara desert. It likes alkaline soils, but also grows in saline soils.8
19. To piant it, first obtaining thin a mortar and deaning off the chaff.u20. Then prepare the seeds either in the same way asFaidherbia (using hot water) or by shaking the seedsin a can into which holes have been punched.21. You can then plant the seeds directly in the field in1-cm-deep holes or by using 3-8-month-o!d seedlingsraised in your nursery.not expose roots to directsun.,,,,, , · -- :.:.--· -- - . -· -- --- ····-- ----. ----:- .- ---.---.9
Inas a10
ormefirst in a nuthen transfer it to the field after.------· - - - -r months.ix----- - - -- - - ---- -- --- --- ---- -- - - - - - --·-----------. e. .II,; ,,.11
25.igeon pea can be grown neariyrywhere, fromthe d Sahel to the subhumid wooded savannah andthe hum forest areas, but you should use the typesthat are suitable r your particular area.26. It can be establisheddirect seeding in!I-prepared fields; the seeds need no treatment beforeplanting. You can plant pigeon pea with cereals suchas sorghum and millet or with short-duration grainlegumes such as cowpea (niebe, Vigna unguiculata) . The fodder produced is of good quality; you can feedit to your livestock together with grasses or your cropresidues. The plant does not like shade and does notlive long. You may have to replant it every two to threeyears, but never replant it on the same site becauseof possible serious root diseases.12
. This is ammoner tum maparts of e tropics,ere it is kndifferenames, such as matarat6n (rat Iler) or madrecacao (mother of cocoa).29. It grows best in wet and warm weather conditionshere rainfaH is over 800 mm per year. It can begrown in different types of soii - acid, alkaline or evenin soils containing some clay.30. You can grow Gliricidia from seeds or stem cuttings. Ifyou use stem cuttings, make sure they are taken fromplants over six months old, and that they are about1.5 m long and 3-5 cm in diameter.13
31. Pitheofinra15 cm.--- -·- . -- -----32. if planting from seeds, soak the seeds ave ight inhot water before planting. Sheep and goats like toeat this plant and they can be fed a lot of it withoutany problems of toxicity. Sometimesr cattle mayrefuse to eat Gliricidia if you give it to them as soonasu cut the leaves. However, they ill eat theleaves if you dry them in the sun for two to threehours before feeding the animals.33. If you take proper care of the plant by cutting it atregular intervals, as will be described in another section, you will get a lot of green feed for your sheepand goats even during the dry season.14
. This tree isinail tropicaluit isdifferent names, suasinIndonesia, ipil-ipil in the Philippines, andinThmainLeucaena are availabler planting.35. The giant or arborealalso known as Guatemmetres; the Peor Salvador type, can reach up toor Cunninghamhas many branches and canreach about 15 metres; the common bushy orHawaiian type is the shortest: about 5 metres. Thegiant and Peru types are recommended because theyproduce a lot of fodder.II in areas where rainfall is36. Leucaena growsbetween 1and 2 OOO mm. It does not like soilsthat retain too much water, so it grows best in welldrained soils that are preferably al ine. it does notlike acid soils. Areas with about 1 500 mm of rain,four months of d season and alkaline soils are thebest for growing Leucaena.15
37. Leucaena seeds arere p!antihmust--- -Boil water:pour it on the Leucaena seeds, using three times theamount of water to the amount of seeds, and stir theseeds for about five minutes:then pour the hot water away, and add cold water to cooldown the seeds.16
Drain out the co!dand plant the seeds immediately.U you canplant immediately, dand storethem for later planti38. Leucaena as a legume is able to transform the nitrogen gas existing in the air into nitrogen compoundsthat can be used by the plant itself; therefore it growswell without fertilization in soils that are poor in nitrogen.39. This change of nitrogen gas to nitrogen compounds isknown as nitrogen fixation; it is done by bacteriacailed rhizobia that live on the roots of Leucaena.40. When you plant Leucaena for the first time in yourfield, the rhizobia may not be present, so you have toinoculate the seeds with the rhizobia. To do this, yourub the rhizobia on the seeds so that when they germinate, the rhizobia on the roots can then fix nitrogen.We shall describe how to inoculate seeds later inanother section.17
41.find omuchharmingcanrimals. This plant issuitable r dnsannuai rainfall of500 mm orless. It is oii gI! in areasthe(250-350 m ). It gand remains guaimaHUs, inciudingaalkaliis.43. This ant, alknseeds. These seedsasem18esquite, is gin hard
theLIIaimals andIIthe seeds thattheand intact in the animal faeces,outbe tiedanimal hasr planting;collect the seeds;sun-dry the pods and pound or mill them to separatethe seeds;19
thecan alsotreatedicais such asrochloric acid and sodiumidefree theseeds; this m hod ispensive and dangerousbecause the chemicals are harmful.45. After getting the seeds out of the pods,need totreat them to improve germination because, IiLeucaena and some other plants, the seeds have atough coat that prevents water from entering to startthe germination.46. You can soak the seeds in water for six to ten hours;you can also boil water and then put in the seeds andcontinue boiling for about five minutes.47. Then remove the seeds from the water and plantimmediately. You can plant the seeds directly in thesoil or in "torr6es paulistas" (see further on).20
. For dingduring the rains.49.rw1seifISI!!Inot piantrepare for planting in "torr6es paulistas" ich issoil, clay and manure mouided in the form of a pot by mixing two parts of soil, two parts of clay and onepart of manuadding water untii you obtain a semisolid paste.IiIIIyI50. Leave the paste to settle and dry for a day, then cut itout in the form of a pot, let it dry and use when needed. (You can also use, as in Thailand, one part of soil,one part of sand and one part of rice husk ashes.)21
51.lingsaling inrr6a.: ::: : -- --·-- .,,-----·-·.---·--·--- --.-------·------- ---- -- . ,,. -- e-::::.52. It is best to piant at the beginning of the rains so thatthe growing seedlings wiH have enoughr andsurvive the following d season.53. Prosopis juliflora is a good fodder tree that growsrapidly and starts producing a lotpods from esecond or third year.u can feed the pods to allclasseslivestockalonewith other feeds.Read the next section to see how you can utheplant to feed your livestock.22
. The ieaves,shoots,an thand sh rucan be(cattle,sheepgoats) and ton-ruminants (pigs, rabbits andultry). Theyntain highIIs of protein and some im rtant minerals Iiphosphorus (P) hich maur animals grapidly. (See 0.2021Mesquiteb36/14(o/o)Pigeon peaa0.6/280.2023aGreen leaves and shoots. bSeeds/pods.55. They also contain high levels of fibre (see tabie). Thisrapidly fills the stomachs of pigs and chickens, sothese tree fodders are more suitable for cattle, sheepand goats than for non-ruminant animals.56. Some tree fodders contain toxic compounds and soyou should not feed a lot of this type of fodder to anyanimal, including cattle, sheep and goats.57. How much tree fodder can you feed to your livestock,and should you feed them green, fresh or dried?23
. The easiestsheep, goats or camelsrange, in fa!landmnotta!Lr59. If the trees are too tall,branchesr cattle,on trees in, iftreesu may have to cut the. .\PA, ,.and carry them to your animals to eatin the field,in your backyard,24
or in the staiL60. In this way, your animals will eat fresh leaves andsmall stems. Goats will sometimes eat the bark oflarge stems and this is also good for them.61. Another way is to feed dry forage. Cut it and dry it inthe sun for a few days,then store it for feeding later on.25
der shou bemuch treer trees such as GliricidiacontainUttie or nocm uu cantheretoa iot to ruminants, as much asi II, particularly during the d se on henISotherfeed avaiiOther trees such as Leucaena containc compounds that can harmimais, including ruminants, pigs and chickens.therefore need to mthem with other feeds to dilute the toxic compounds.65.r example,u can feed a mixture ofand Gliricidia to sheep and goats, making sure thatLeucaena is not more than 30 to 40 percent of themixture.66. You can also mix one part of dry Leucaena with oneand a half or two parts of crop residues such asmaize bran or stovers, but always provide your animals with salt blocks when feeding them Leucaena.26
If you c nu sshouldyou feedwellreal benefit71. Seedstreesflora alsobewith heatyour animals.tthdei h oth rds
72.u canr.e nwater, thenminutes. letseeds in the sun.soaking the seedsrnigindrain ther andfreshI, and i itr five, drain it and d the73. You can also just soak the seeds overnight in coldwater and dry them in the sun the following day.These methods are long and difficult.74. So, if possible, buy the pod flour from factories whereit has been well processed and mix it with other ingredients to feed your animals.75. Remember to be cautious, although you can evenfeed fodder from these trees and shrubs to ruminantsas the only feed (100 percent), but mix at least two, ormore, sorts of fodder. For example, mix one part ofLeucaena with three parts of Gliricidia. Sheep andgoats like this mixture. You can also mix one part (40percent) of the tree fodder with one and a half parts(60 percent) of grasses, hay straw or crop residues(fresh, green or dried).28
r non-ru inants such as pigsand grithe fodder, andonlyrcent of leaves and stems, andpercent of pods and seeds in thechins, dn515mo thanHowever, in any case, remember that the feeding behaviour of your animals fed fodder tree-based diets is a goodindicator of what is to be done: to reduce or to change theproportion fodder from trees in their diets.29
u. In many differentsize ofur land;mwithIt IIder should nuland.0u can plant trees such as79. On small crop land,Leucaena or Gliricidiaserve as Ifences thatseparate your land from other land, and protect itfrom animals.···-··-----30
lant the nee f( Leucaena) piutcm).as it81.s to eight months, start cutting the branchesdose to the ground, so that more branches can gto form a strong fence.cutting branchesetree grows and feed the leavesr animals.82. You can also plant fodder trees inside your crop landandur crops under the trees. Your crop will gmore nitrogen from the tree leaves that fall and fromthe root of the trees. Do youmember how sometrees are able to fix nitrogen from the air?31
cananting sorghum and mur or in associationwith Faidherbia albida (Acacia albida) or g undnutwith Faidherbia or cactus such as Opuntia ficus indicamesquite (Prosopis juliflora).84. You must make sure that the tree does not shade orcoverur crop too much. So you should plant thetrees 5, 7 or 10 metres apart to give you 60 to 80plants per hectare, depending on how much land youhave, and regularly cut down some branches andfeed the fodder to your livestock. .\ljf,, . 32
i iderinandur crops such as maize, cassava, orasn thetrees. This isailfarming and is stili being discussamongscientists interested in the subjecteris86. One method you can use to establish an alley farm isto plant seedlings of the tree ( Gliricidia, Leucaena,Sesbania, pigeon pea, etc.) in individual hoiesarranged in rows.87. Space the holes in a row 1 metre apart, and the rows4 metres apart.33
91.branches as thisthe sea-34
usmgsmalltotrees isof iand.forpiant treesr arnmgrasses on a'.96. This is called an intensive fodder garden. On a smallpiece of iand measuring 10 x 20 metres, you may getenough fodder to feed five goats or sheep throughoutthe year.u can use Gliricidia or Leucaena as trees andelephant grass or guinea grass. Try this system whererainfall is high: you will observe that grasses andtrees grow rapidly.98. After establishment, do not cut the grasses for thefirst time before eight weeks and the trees before 12months. Then you can cut the grasses once everyfour to six weeks and the trees once every two tothree months, depending on the rainfall. Cut the treebranches at about 1 metre from the ground and thegrasses slightly lower at 75 cm.36
also use a sma!! portionur land to gtrees and shrubs, alonewith grasses,rlivestock.r animals can go and feed in a fencedarea, but make sure they do not eat too much; in thecan also cut the fodder and tie it up r themeat37
1-establish mr animalsorusing seedlings thatfirst need to raiseseif.shaU see later how to raise seedlings;38r-
m cuttingsthe4 metres-··--·---·-·'.· ·101. !fu plantm seeds or seedlings, you will firstneed to obtain theHcanget all theseeds you need?102. For trees such as mesquite, you can collect ripepods that fall natural sun-dry them and remove theseeds as already described.u can get as manyas 1seeds in each pod. Using podsighingabout 5 g, if you collect 1 kg pods, you will get about200-300 pods, that is, about 3 OOO-7 500 seeds, andsometimes many more.39
1. For trees such as Lcan leave theon the tree.henI!too matu anducelosses thshattering and insect damage.104. For other trees such as Gliricidia, you should not letthe pods dry on the tree, or they may shatter and alot of seeds will be lost. Harvest the pods befothey are dry and then dry them in the sun in a container.40
105.u can aisouce seeds on a s anr iand, r youruse,sell or gfarmers.Gliricidia and Leucaena,exampie,fence a smaH portion ofur !and and piant theseeds in rows (2 2 metres).106. Your Leucaena plant may flower after nine monthsand produce mature pods about eight months later.The pods contain 15-25 seeds each. If you collect1 kg of pods, you will get about 20 OOO seeds.107. Gliricidia is a bit slower, and may flower after 18months, to produce pods three months later. Forseed production purposes, do not cut the plants toooften, preferably once, and do not harvest seeds inthe rainy season.108. If you do not plant seeds immediately after collection, you need to store them properly, so that theyare not damaged by insects and moulds. The firstthing is to make sure they are properly dried: dyour seedsthree to five days in the sun.41
19.11. ·.C. --ilffe,-- -,.,
1 .111143
114. Remem r thatndirecting or thtake carejust IirHngs,, eitheru mu2-3 cm deep115. After clearing the land,.in shallow furrowsin individual holesor even under growing food crops such as maize.44
116.such as mesquiteacaciain soilsfertility,u still nurrestabthem just as you ferrnlishment and growth. You can use animal manure, orfioutich type of rtilizer is suitable for yourarea.117. Remember also that some trees, called leguminoustrees, such as Prosopis, Faidherbia and Leucaenacan take nitrogen from the air and turn it into nitrogen that the tree can use to grow, so you may notneed to fertilize the tree with nitrogen.118. !t is not the tree itself that makes this nitrogen available, but bacteria living on its roots. These bacteriaare called rhizobia.119. Sometimes, these rhizobia may not be present inthe soil where you plant your trees, so they do notget this extra nitrogen. This happens when you planta particular leguminous tree for the first time in yourarea or on your farm. If your seedlings grow tooslowly and the leaves become yellow, it may bebecause the rhizobia for that tree are not present inyour soil.45
1"ins121.r thecanu i!ater seeds?HectsoH f m under the same pe of trees gingnearby and m the soil with your seedsreuplant them. You can put somesoil in the planting holes or furrows. ll.'122. Another way is to buy the special rhizobia you needfor your tree from the people who make them, to useon your own farm. (See the end of this manual raddresses.)1the rhizobia with your seeds as follows: preparea gummy or sticky solution such as gum arabicmixing one part of gum arabic with two and a haifparts of hot water in a bucket, and allow to cool,46
124.ix seeds with the gummyution:parts ofone. partgum arabic usone part of sugar solution plus 100 partsor one part vegetable oil plus 50 parts of125.one part of the rhizobia to 20 partsthe wetin a plastic bag.seeds and m well in a bucket47
1. D theSometimes it maylings and then tranmonths later whenr aileplantsr them to the field somestroough to sur-Vi Ve.127. You can use different kinds of containers to plant theseeds: plastic bags, cardboard boxes or pots.1. Make holes in the containers so that water does notaccumulate at the bottom, keep them under shade,not in direct sunlight, water regularly, and protectthem from animals. Move the containers aroundfrom time to time, to prevent the roots of the seedlings from going into the soil.129. Depending on the type of tree, you can plant theseedlings in the field after four to six months, at thebeginning of the rainy season.48
1takeyour trees,u !Iar for feedingur animais r manyHowever, insects and other pests may attackurtrees. Treating the soii or trees with insecticides mayremove these insects. Planting different pesway to make sure allur treestrees is also ado hot g destroyedinsects. For example, thejumping Ithat attack Leucaena will notGliricidia or pigeon pea, so these trees are safewhen Leucaena is attacked. if49
1 1.1
leucaenalasahelienne1Someressesseeds:raderecherche agronomiqueDepartement Foret,internationale enr le developpement,la Belle Gabrielle,Cedex, France.
ian Tree Seed Centre, Divisionand Forest Pucts, POCan rraAustralia, or Division of Tropicalronomy, TheCunningham Laboratory, iii Road, Santa Lucia,Brisbane, Queensland 4067, Australia.roforestry,International Centre r Research inUnited Nationsnue, Gigiri, PO Box 30677, Nairobi,Kenya.International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, P5320, lbadan, igeria.Herbage Seed Unit, International Livestock Centrefor Africa. PO Box 5689, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.nUniversity of Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii, USA.- for obtaining information on rhizobia:as above., as above., as above.International Crops Research Institute for theSemi-arid Tropics, Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh, India.as above.1OOO Hoiomua Avenue, Paoa, Maui,Hawaii, 96779- 0779, USA.n3101 W. Custer Avenue,Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53209, USA.52
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shrubs that farmers can use to feed their animals. Take note of im rtant characteristics such as the type of soil and climate (semi-arid, subhumid, humid) in which these trees and shrubs grow best, so that you can choose suitable ones for your particular area and soil conditions. 9.
Hydroponics technology is required to over come following constraints during conventional green fodder production in the state. 1) Small land holdings amongst dairy farmers 2) Non availability of fertile land for fodder production . Contamination free fodder. Saves water and labour Fodder grown is highly palatable and nutritious
Today a range of commercial hydroponic systems are marketed in Australia for sprouting cereal grains for livestock production (Table 1). Table 1 Some commercial hydroponic fodder systems in Australia States in which the businesses are based NSW QLD VIC WA 1. Fodder Factory 2. Green Feed Solutions 3. Hydroponic Greenfeed 4. Rotating Fodder .
The Man Who Planted Trees Curriculum Guide ABOUT TREES, pg. 1 ABOUT TREES, cont. pg. 12 Author Jean Giono once said that he wrote The Man Who Planted Trees because he wanted to “to make people love trees, or more precisely to make people love planting trees.” Read on to learn more about trees and the many
Compare and contrast the Net and Applet Java packages 4. To develop Java application using Servlet . Trees - Binary trees - Binary tree representation and traversals - Threaded binary trees - Expression Trees -Binary Search Tree - Applications of trees. Balanced trees: AVL trees. Priority queue - Binary heap - Heap operations - Applications .
deletion operations, importance of balancing, AVL trees, searching insertion and deletions in AVL trees, redblack trees, comparison - with AVL trees, search insert and delete operations. 4 7. Multiway Trees: Issues in large dictionaries, m-way search trees, B-trees, search insert and delete operations, height of B-tree
Trees Removed - Rural 60 50 70 50 75 125 100* Trees Planted 323 242 375** 245 162 80 200* *Forecast ** The 2019 "Trees Planted" amount reflects 225 City trees, plus 150 Ballpark Commons trees *** With more developments, we will need to plant more development trees and replacement trees
Balanced search tree: A search-tree data structure for which a height of O(lg n) is guaranteed when implementing a dynamic set of n items. Examples: AVL trees 2-3 trees B-trees Red-black trees Treaps and Randomized Binary Search Trees
Nepal Agroforestry Foundation had carried out a research to find out the cutting height of the fodder species, Morus alba in Kavrepalanchowk and found that 2-2.5 m is suitable for optimum fodder production. A review on the contribution of agroforestry and community forestry to food security and livelihoods of
