Vegetation Analysis Of Sanctuary And Forest Areas Of Kalahan Forest .
Philippine Journal of Science150 (S1): 271-280, Special Issue on BiodiversityISSN 0031 - 7683Date Received: 05 Oct 2020Vegetation Analysis of Sanctuary and Forest Areasof Kalahan Forest Reserve Nueva Vizcayaand Pangasinan, PhilippinesFlorencia B. Pulhin1*, Alfie M. Torres2,Nelson M. Pampolina3, Rodel D. Lasco5, and Angela Marie Alducente41ForestryDevelopment Center; 2Department of Forest Products and Paper Scienceof Forest Biological Sciences; 4Institute of Renewable Natural ResourcesCollege of Forestry and Natural Resources, University of the Philippines Los BañosCollege, Laguna, Philippines3Department5World AgroforestryCenter, College, Laguna, PhilippinesMany areas in the country are rich in biodiversity but are not assessed as they are not part ofthe identified protected areas of the country. One of which is the Kalahan Forest Reserve (KFR)managed by the Ikalahans, a cultural minority group that practices sustainable agroforestrysystems. The study used a modified quadrat sampling method (QSM) where a total of eight 1-kmtransect with 20-m width were established to assess the biodiversity of the area. The samplingwas undertaken in three layers: overstorey (10 plots each measuring 10 m x 10 m, spaced 100m away from each other in each 1-km transect), intermediate (3 m x 3 m inside the 10 m x 10m plot), and understorey (1 m x 1 m inside the 3 m x 3 m plot). Results of the study show thatBenguet pine (Pinus insularis Endl) and brown oak (Quercus semecarpifolia Sm.) have highimportance values of 49.07 and 45.80, respectively. Moreover, the results of the study indicatethat KFR has very high biological diversity as manifested by the value of Shannon-Weiner (3.50)and the Shannon diversity index scale of Fernando. In terms of the presence of endemic species,KFR is home to 50 endemic species or has 45% endemism. Based on the International Unionfor the Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Red List and DAO 2017-11 KFR has three threatened,two endangered, and three vulnerable species. Considering these results, KFR is worthy to beprotected to conserve and enhance its biodiversity.Keywords: biodiversity, conservation value, endemic, Kalahan Forest ReserveINTRODUCTIONThe Philippines is endowed with rich biological resources.It is host to about 15,000 species of plants representing 5%of the total floral species in the world (Lasco et al. 2013),placing the country at the 5th rank globally (BMB-DENR2016, as cited by Ani and Castillo 2020). In terms of faunalspecies, the Philippines is home to a total of 38,000 species*Corresponding Author: yaybpulhin@yahoo.com(BMB-DENR 2016, as cited by Ani and Castillo 2020).Almost half of these floral and faunal species can only befound in the Philippines (BMB-DENR 2019). The countryoccupies the 4th place in the world in terms of hosting thehighest number of endemic bird species (BMB-DENR2016, as cited by Ani and Castillo 2020).In recognition of the biological richness of the Philippines,the country is tagged as one of the 18 megadiversecountries. The said countries altogether contain around271
Philippine Journal of ScienceVol. 150 No. S1, Special Issue on Biodiversity70–80% of the world’s biodiversity (Lasco et al. 2013).Through time, however, the biodiversity of the countryhas eroded putting the Philippines as one of the hotspotsfor biodiversity loss. As of 2019, there are 60 criticallyendangered, 61 endangered, 440 vulnerable, and 545other threatened wildlife species in the Philippines(DENR 2019). In terms of flora, there are 179 criticallyendangered, 255 endangered, 406 vulnerable, and 145other threatened species as of 2017 (DENR 2017).The erosion of biodiversity is caused by massivedeforestation and forest degradation that occurred in thecountry. From 90% forest cover in the 1900s, it wentdown to 70% by the end of the 19th century (Lasco et al.2001; Garrity et al. 1993; Liu et al. 1993). By the year2015, only 23% (7 Mha) of the country is covered withforest, which is broken down into closed forest (2 Mha),open forest (4.7 Mha), and mangrove forest (0.3 Mha)(FMB-DENR 2018).Loss of biodiversity habitats and degradation is caused bya number of factors: “kaingin” (slash-and-burn farming),mining, climate change, typhoons, floods, landslides androad construction, settlement, conversion into built-upareas/subdivisions, legal and illegal logging, charcoalmaking, timber poaching (Carandang et al. 2012),overpopulation, lack of capacities on natural resourcesmanagement, under-valuation of ecosystem servicesfrom natural resources, weak integration of biodiversityconcerns in landscape planning, and rights overlap withdefined areas for protected areas (PAs) (BMB-DENR2019). In addition to the loss of habitats and degradation,biodiversity is threatened by overexploitation for trade orleisure, pollution, and the introduction of invasive alienspecies (BMB-DENR 2019).Conserving biodiversity is very important as it offers anumber of services such as water, food, pharmaceuticals,biomass fuels, carbon sequestration and climateregulation, crop pollination, cultural, intellectual andspiritual inspiration, and ecotourism (BMB-DENR2019). Before biodiversity conservation can be done,baseline information on the diversity of the speciespresent in the area is needed. Furthermore, havingbiodiversity data is important as it can aid in betterplanning and management of the area. Most biodiversityassessments in the Philippines were undertakenin declared PAs. However, there are a number ofbiodiversity-rich areas in the country, one of which isthe KFR, where no assessment has been done. Thus, avegetational analysis of the KFR was conducted to helpfill such a gap. This paper presents the biodiversityresources present inside the KFR.272Pulhin et al.: Vegetation Analysis Sanctuaryand Forest Areas of KFRMETHODOLOGYDescription of the Study AreaThe KFR is located in Cluster 1 of Ikalahan-KalanguyaAncestral Domain in the provinces of Nueva Vizcaya andPangasinan (Figure 1). It covers 14,730 ha of mountainousland with elevation ranging from 600–1717 m above sealevel. The average rainfall recorded is over 4000 mm/yrand temperatures between 8–24 C.KFR was set aside for the Ikalahans through the memorandumof agreement no. 1 signed on 13 May 1974. It covers six“barangays” (municipal districts; Brgy.) – namely, Imugan,Malico, Sta. Rosa, Unib, Bacneng, and Baracbac (Figure1). KFR is one of the remaining intact habitats for wildlifeand forest species. The area is characterized by diverse floraand fauna ecosystems, as evidenced by the presence ofthreatened species of plants and animals. It is also the homeof the Ikalahans, a cultural minority group characterized bya unique culture and practitioners of sustainable agroforestrysystems. The reserve mountain contains three major typesof forest – 1) pine forest on the western side, 2) dipterocarpforest on the eastern portion, and 3) mossy forest on thecentral part. Within the reserve, sanctuary forests were setaside for watershed and wildlife protection while otherportions were composed of agroforestry farm, agricultural,and grassland areas.Vegetation Sampling ProcedureA reconnaissance survey was conducted to identifythe areas in KFR that were included in the vegetationsampling. Within the reserve, only the sanctuary andforested areas were surveyed. A modified QSM wasapplied. A total of eight 1-km transects with 20-m widthwas established to ensure that a substantial portion of theKFR was sampled (Figure 2).Figure 3 shows the sampling scheme used in the study.The sampling was undertaken in three layers: overstorey,intermediate, and understorey. For the overstorey layer, 10plots each measuring 10 m x 10 m, spaced 100 m awayfrom each other, were alternately established in each1-km transect. Inside each 10 m x 10 m plot, a smallerplot measuring 3 m x 3 m was established to assess theintermediate layer. Inside each 3 m x 3 m plot, a smallerplot measuring 1 m x 1 m was constructed to cover theunderstorey layer. A total of 240 plots were establishedas follows: 80 plots (10 m x 10 m), 80 plots (3 m x 3 m),and 80 plots (1 m x 1 m).Only trees with a diameter at breast height (DBH) of 5were measured in the 10 m x 10 m plots. Trees with DBH 5 cm and more than a meter height were sampled insidethe 3 m x 3 m plots. In the 1 m x 1 m plots, plants withDBH 5 cm and less than a meter height were identified.
Philippine Journal of ScienceVol. 150 No. S1, Special Issue on BiodiversityPulhin et al.: Vegetation Analysis Sanctuaryand Forest Areas of KFRFigure 1. Location map of KFR.Figure 2. Location of transects established in the assessment.273
Pulhin et al.: Vegetation Analysis Sanctuaryand Forest Areas of KFRPhilippine Journal of ScienceVol. 150 No. S1, Special Issue on BiodiversityFigure 3. Transect and plot designs.Taxonomic CharacterizationAll specimens observed within the established transectwere collected and labeled using their local names.Local names were verified based on the morphologicaland vegetative characters of the specimens in theKalahan Educational Foundation and the University ofthe Philippines Los Baños – College of Forestry andNatural Resources herbaria. The 1999 Revised Lexiconof Philippine Trees was also used for further verificationof species identity.Quantitative AnalysisThe important quantitative analysis such as density,dominance, and frequency of tree, shrub, and herb specieswas determined, as per Curtis and McIntosh (1950).Density. Density is an expression of the numerical strengthof a species where the total number of individuals of eachspecies in all the plots is divided by the total number ofplots sampled. Density is calculated by the equation:(1)Frequency. Frequency refers to the degree of dispersion ofindividual species in an area. It was examined by samplingthe study area at several places at random and recordedthe name of species that occurred in each sampling unit.Frequency is calculated by the equation:(2)Dominance. Dominance measurements denote whichspecies is the largest in terms of presence. The dominanceof a species is determined by the value of its basal cover.Dominance is calculated by the equation:(3)274Importance value index. Importance value is a measureto assess the overall significance of a species since ittakes into account several properties of the species inthe vegetation. In calculating this index, the percentagevalues of relative density, relative frequency, and relativedominance are summed up together (Curtis 1959).(4)Relative density. Relative density is the study of thenumerical strength of a species in relation to the totalnumber of individuals of all species. It can be calculatedby the equation:(5)Relative frequency. This refers to the degree of dispersionof individual species in an area in relation to the numberof all the species that occurred. It can be calculated bythe equation:(6)Relative dominance. Relative dominance is the coveragevalue of a species with respect to the sum of coverage ofthe rest of the species in the area. It can be calculated bythe equation:(7)Species diversity index. The number of species andnumber of individuals in a community is a measure ofspecies diversity, which depends on the stability of habitat.The vegetation of the study area was assessed using theShannon-Weiner diversity index:(8)
Pulhin et al.: Vegetation Analysis Sanctuaryand Forest Areas of KFRPhilippine Journal of ScienceVol. 150 No. S1, Special Issue on BiodiversityH’ index of species diversityS species richnessPi proportion of total samples belonging to the ithspeciesln natural log(9)Conservation values. The conservation status of flora inthe area was determined using the DENR (Departmentof Environment and Natural Resources) AdministrativeOrder 2017-11 (Establishing the National List ofThreatened Philippine Plants and Their Categories andthe List of Other Wildlife Species) and the IUCN 2017and 2019.RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONFloristic CompositionFigure 4 shows the number of plant species and thefrequency of occurrence in the sample plots establishedin KFR. Among the sample plots established, the 3 m x 3m sample plots contain the highest number of individualplants and plant species. Inside the said sample plots, thereare 4973 individual plants belonging to 176 species from46 families. The 1 m x 1 m plots host the second-highestnumber of plants with a total of 2929 individual plantsfrom 119 species belonging to 38 families. In the 10 m x10 m plots where only the trees with DBH of 5 cm andabove are identified and counted, there are 111 differentspecies from 37 families found with a total count of 652.It is worthy to note that there are trees inside the 10 m x10 m plots that have DBH of 50 and above. However,since there are only 19 trees that have such diameter, themean diameter of the trees inside the 10 m x 10 m plots is14.43 cm. On average, there are eight individuals in eachFigure 4. Number of plant species and frequency of occurrence ofindividual plants in the different sizes of plots.plot or a density of 0.08 trees/m2. This value is higher thanthe density of the natural forest, which is 0.04–0.05 tree/m2 (Malabrigo et al. 2015).In the eight established transects, the highest frequencywas recorded in Transect 4, which is located in Brgy.Malico while Transect 3 in Brgy. Sta Rosa contains thelowest number of plants. Transect 4 has a total of 119individuals due to an abundance of “binoloan” (Acmenaacuminatissima) or locally known as “baltik.” Generally,the common species in the plot were brown oak (Quercussemecarpifolia Sm.; locally known as “tikleg”), Benguetpine (Pinus insularis Endl), “Rob. banitan” (Glochidionsp.; locally known as “pedped”), and “kamog” (Clethralancifolia Turcz.; locally known as “amoweg”). Theremaining transects are in the following ranking in termsof frequency of occurrence of individual plants: Transect1 (2nd), Transect 7 (3rd), Transect 8 (4th), Transect 6 (5th),Transect 5 (6th), and Transect 2 (7th) (Figure 5).Figure 5. Number of plant species and frequency of occurrence ofindividual plants in the 10 m x 10 m plots.In terms of taxa, Transect 1 – which is located in Brgy.Landingan – has the highest recorded number of plantspecies at 45. Transect 8 closely follows Transect 1 with40 species while Transects 5, 6, and 7 contain almost thesame number of plant species. Transects 4 and 2 have29 and 24 plant species, respectively, while Transect 3contains 13 species only.In the 3 m x 3 m plots, the dominant species are “bulakmanok” (Agerantina adenophora), “cogon” (Imperatacylindrica), and brown oak (Quercus semecarpifolia Sm.).Among the 3 m x 3 m plots established, plots insideTransect 8 contains the highest number of individualplants while plots inside Transect 2 contains the least(Figure 6). Plots inside Transect 7 and 5 contain 785 and732 individual plants, respectively. The remaining 3 m x3 m plots inside the transects have the following numberof species: Transect 4 (660), Transect 3 (555), Transect 6(504), and Transect 1 (395).275
Philippine Journal of ScienceVol. 150 No. S1, Special Issue on BiodiversityPulhin et al.: Vegetation Analysis Sanctuaryand Forest Areas of KFRImportance ValueAmong the identified species in KFR, Benguet pine(Pinus insularis Endl) and brown oak (Quercussemecarpifolia Sm.) have the highest importance values.Importance value is a parameter used in determiningthe dominant species in an ecosystem as well as theabundance and distribution of species. It is computed byadding the relative frequency, relative density, and relativedominance. In this case, the basal area was measured onlyin plants with 5 cm DBH; hence, importance values areavailable for the 10 m x 10 m plot only.Figure 6. Number of plant species and frequency of occurrence ofindividual plants in the 3 m x 3 m plots.As regards the number of species present, plots in bothTransects 5 and 6 contain the highest number of differentspecies (73). The remaining transects are arranged in thefollowing order in terms of number of species present inthe 3 m x 3 m plots: Transect 7 Transect 1 Transect 8 Transect 2 Transect 4 Transect 3.Within the 1 m x 1 m plots, “bulak manok” (Agerantinaadenophora) and “kulape” or “hakatti” mainly coverthe plots. Plots inside Transect 8 contains the highestnumber of individual plants (472), closely followed byplots in Transect 3 (451). Plots in Transect 7 occupy the3rd rank while plots in Transects 5 and 4 are in ranks 4and 5, respectively. Plots in Transect 1 follow next whileplots in Transects 6 and 2 occupy the 7th and 8th ranks,respectively (Figure 7).Figure 7 further shows the number of species presentinside the 1 m x 1 m plots in the transect. Results of theassessment show that the plots in Transect 6 have thehighest number of species (46) while those in Transect 3have the least (27). Other transects are in the followingorder: Transect 5 Transect 1 Transect 7 Transect 4 Transect 8 Transect 2.Figure 7. Number of plant species and frequency of occurrence ofindividual plants in the 1 m x 1 m plots.276Importance values of Benguet pine (Pinus insularis Endl)and brown oak (Quercus semecarpifolia Sm.) are 49.07and 45.80, respectively (Table 1). The results indicate thatthese two species have occupied a large portion of the areaand are densely populated. Relative frequency and relativedensity of Benguet pine are 0.78 and 4.45, respectively,while relative dominance is 43.84. For brown oak, thevalues derived are as follows: relative frequency (2.35),relative density (11.04), and relative dominance (32.41).It is worthy to note that brown oak is an exotic specieswhile Benguet pine is a native species.Other species like “binoloan” (Acmena acuminatissima(Blume) Merr. & Perry), “Rob. banitan” (Glochidion sp.),and “kamog” (Clethra lancifolia Turcz. ) have also beenfrequently encountered in the area but have importancevalues of less than 10. Moreover, “bulak manok”(Agerantina adenophora) is identified to be the densestspecies among the plants with DBH of less than 5 cm.Diversity IndexThe composition and structure of a plant community canbe measured mathematically by determining the diversityindex. In quantifying the biological diversity of thearea, both Simpson’s and Shannon-Weiner indices werecomputed for the study. Simpson’s values of differentplots were nearly 1.00, which implies that there was a highprobability that two individuals belong to different species(Table 2). In addition, the values of Shannon-Weiner werefound to be greater than 3.50, which is indicative of thevery high level of diversity based on the Shannon diversityindex scale of Fernando (Table 3).Endemic SpeciesTable 4 shows the list of species in KFR that are endemicto the Philippines. Out of the 111 tree species present inKFR, 50 species from 29 families are endemic to thePhilippines. The percent endemism of KFR (45%) isa little less than the recorded endemism of the country(60%), according to Merril’s Enumeration of PhilippineFlowering Plants (1923–1926) (Malabrigo et al. 2015) anda lot higher than the endemism of Laiban Sub-watershed,a microbasin of Kaliwa Watershed located in the Sierra
Pulhin et al.: Vegetation Analysis Sanctuaryand Forest Areas of KFRPhilippine Journal of ScienceVol. 150 No. S1, Special Issue on BiodiversityTable 1. Computed importance values of all tree species with 5 cm DBH.Common nameScientific nameFamilyBenguet pineBrown oak“Binoloan”“Rob. ��Tree fern“Pili”“Marabotum”“Tibig”Alder, Nepalese“Alipasio”“Black �Tuai”“Bangkal”“Ligas”“Lansones ��Misperos”“Batikuling surotan”“Kalapat kahoy”Octopus ngag”“Tagpong “Luou”“Lindog “Arangan up”“Alagasi”“Aplas”Pinus insularis Endl.Quercus semecarpifolia Sm.Acmena acuminatissima (Blume) Merr. & PerryChromolaena odorata (L.) R.M.King & H. Rob.Clethra lancifolia Turcz.Palaquium merrillii Dub.Omalanthus populneus (Geisel.) PaxAntidesma subcordatum Merr.Ficus variegata Blume var. sycomoroides (Miq.) CornerEurya coriacea Merr.Dysoxylum gaudichaudianum (A. Juss.) Miq.Ficus septica Burm. f.Wendlandia luzonenzisMelicope triphylla (Lam.) Merr.Grewia multiflora Juss.Cyathea contaminans (Wall. & Hook.) Copel.Canarium ovatum Engl.Ficus subcordata BlumeFicus nota (Blanco) Merr.Alnus nepalensisVillabrunea rubescensAcer curanii Merr.Lumnitzera litoreaSauraria subglabraAstronia candolleanaBischofia javanica BlumeNeonauclea orientalis (L.) L.Semecarpus cuneiformis BlancoLansium dubium Merr.Syzygium melliodorum (C.B.Rob.) Merr.Litchi chinensis var. philippinensisRadermachera fragrans (Elmer) SteenisCratoxylum sumatranum (Jack) BlumeChisocheton cumingianus subsp. cumingianusMelastoma malbathricum L.Eriobotrya japonica (Thunb.) Lindl.Litsea odorifera ValetonFicus virgata Reinw. ex BlumeSchefflera elliptica (Blume) Harms.Neonauclea reticulata (Havil.) Merr.Alstonia scholaris (L.) R. Br.Simplocos cumingianaBuchanania platiphylla Merr.Garcinia binucao (Blanco) ChoisyNeolitsea intermedia ElmerLitsea leytensis Merr.Gmelina arborea Roxb.Ziziphus hutchinsonii Merr.Wendlandia uvariifolia HancePterospermum celebicum Miq.Prunus grisea (C. Muell.) Kalkm.Smilax china L.Bridelia stipulares (L.) Blume.Cinnamomum mercadoi VidalArdisia angustifolia A.DC.Prunus subglabra Merr. KalkmFicus pseudopalma BlancoMangifera indica L.Euphorbia stelluta Willd.Blumeodendron subrotundifolium (Elmer) Merr.Setaria palmifolia (Koenig) Stapf.Viticipremna philippinensis (Turcz.) H. J. Lam.Fagraea obovate Wall.Homalium bracteatumPsidium guajava L.Cryptocarya ampla Merr.Artocarpus blancoi (Elmer) Merr.Caryota cumingii Lodd.Ficus ampelas Burm. f.Canthium dicoccum (Gaertn.) Merr.Callicarpa platiphyllaLeucosyke capitellata (Poir.) Wedd.Ficus irisana mportance 77
Pulhin et al.: Vegetation Analysis Sanctuaryand Forest Areas of KFRPhilippine Journal of ScienceVol. 150 No. S1, Special Issue on BiodiversityTable 2. Diversity indices of the established plots.ParameterPlots10 x 103x31x1Dominance D0.0290.0360.065Simpson 1-D0.9710.9640.935Shannon H4.1003.9543.535Table 3. Fernando’s Shannon diversity index scale.Relative valuesVery highShannon (H’) index 49Very low 1.90Madre Mountain Range (20%) (Villegas and Pollisco2008) and in La Mesa Watershed, which is only 15.22%(Malabrigo et al. 2015). Considering this result, KFRis worth preserving as it hosts a substantial number ofendemic species in the Philippines.Conservation ValueBased on the DENR Administrative Order 2017-11(Updated National List of Threatened Philippine Plantsand their Categories), there are three threatened, twoendangered, and three vulnerable species present inKFR. Threatened species are Canarium ovatum Engl.,Cinnamomum mercadoi Vidal, and Ziziphus hutchinsoniiMerr. while endangered species are Cyathea contaminans(Wall. & Hook.) Copel and Litsea leytensis. Merr. Thethree vulnerable species include Litchi chinensis ssp.philippinensis, Prunus grisea (C. Muell.) Kalkm., andPrunus subglabra (Merr.) Kalkman.Table 4. List of Philippine endemics recorded in KFR.Common �Black “Paguringon”“Binukaw”“Tabau”“Pakong es bono”“Antipolo”“Upling Hauili”“Marabotum”“Dolalog”“Kalapat kahoy”“Binoloan”“Midbit”Benguet ��Scientific nameFamilySemecarpus cuneiformis BlancoAlstonia scholaris (L.) R. Br.Acer curanii Merr.Schefflera elliptica (Blume) Harms.Caryota cumingii Lodd.Radermachera fragrans (Elmer) SteenisCanarium ovatum Engl.Clethra lancifolia Turcz.Cratoxylum formosum (Jack) DyerCratoxylum sumatranum (Jack) BlumeGarcinia binucao (Blanco) ChoisyLumnitzera littorea (Jack.) Voigt.Cyathea contaminans (Wall. & Hook.) Copel.Omalanthus populneus (Geisel.) PaxViticipremna philippinensis (Turcz.) H. J. Lam.Cryptocarya ampla Merr.Litsea leytensis Merr.Cinnamomum mercadoi VidalChisocheton camingianus (C. DC.) Harms. subsp. cumingianusDysoxylum gaudichaudianum (A. Juss.) Miq.Pterospermum celebicum Miq.Grewia multiflora Juss.Lansium dubium Merr.Artocarpus blancoi (Elmer) Merr.Ficus ampelas Burm. f.Ficus irisana ElmerFicus nota (Blanco) Merr.Ficus pseudopalma BlancoFicus septica Burm. f.Ficus subcordata BlumeFicus variegata Blume var. sycomoroides (Miq.)CornerFicus virgata Reinw. ex BlumeAcmena acuminatissima (Blume) Merr. & PerrySyzygium melliodorum (C.B.Rob.) Merr.Pinus insularis EndlSetaria palmifolia (Koenig) Stapf.Bischofia javanica BlumeEurya coriacea Merr.Ziziphus hutchinsonii Merr.Prunus grisea (C. Muell.) Kalkm.Prunus subglabra Merr. KalkmCanthium diococcum (Gaertn.) Merr.Nauclea orientalis (L.) ceaeRubiaceae
Philippine Journal of ScienceVol. 150 No. S1, Special Issue on BiodiversityCommon tpit”“Alagasi”Pulhin et al.: Vegetation Analysis Sanctuaryand Forest Areas of KFRScientific nameFamilyWendlandia luzonenzis DC.Neonauclea reticulata (Havil.) Merr.Melicope triphylla (Lam.) Merr.Litchi chinensis Sonn. subsp. philippinensis (Radlk.) LeenhPalaquium merrillii Dub.Smilax china L.Leucosyke capitellata (Poir.) aeSmilacaceaeUrticaceaeIn the IUCN Red List, two species inside KFR arevulnerable. Cinnamomum mercadoi Vidal is included inthe IUCN Red List 2017-3 while Canarium ovatum Engl.is recorded in the IUCN Red List 2019.The presence of threatened, endangered, and vulnerablespecies in KFR shows that the area is worthy to be protectedto ensure conservation and or enhancement of biodiversity.CONCLUSIONConsidering the results obtained from the study, i.e. highimportance value (49.07) of Benguet pine (an endemicspecies in Luzon), the very high biological diversity ofKFR – as manifested by the value of Shannon-Weiner(3.50) and the Shannon diversity index scale of Fernando;the presence of many endemic species in the area (45%endemism); and the presence of three threatened, twoendangered, and three vulnerable species – it can beinferred that KFR is worthy to be protected to conserveand enhance its biodiversity. KFR is one of the areasin the country that is biodiverse but is not given muchattention by the government. It is noteworthy that KFR ismanaged by an indigenous community that does not haveregular allotment from the government for its protectionand rehabilitation activities and just relies on occasionalfunds from donors.REFERENCESANI PAB, CASTILLO MB. 2020. Revisiting the Stateof Philippine Biodiversity and the Legislation on Access and Benefit Sharing. FFTC Agricultural PolicyPlatform (FFTC-AP). 6p.[BMB-DENR] Biodiversity Management Bureau – Department of Environment and Natural Resources.2019. Philippine Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan(2015–2028): Bringing Resilience to Filipino Communities. United Nations Development Programme– Global Environment Facility, Foundation for thePhilippine Environment.CARANDANG AP, BUGAYONG LA, DOLOM PC,GARCIA LN, VILLANUEVA MMB, ESPIRITUNO. 2012. Analysis of Key Drivers of Deforestationand Forest Degradation in the Philippines. DeutscheGesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ)GmbH. Manila, Philippines. 110p.CURTIS JT. 1959. The Vegetation of Wisconsin, An Ordination of Plant Communities. Madison, WI: Universityof Wisconsin Press.CURTIS JT, MCINTOSH RP. 1950. The Interrelationsof Certain Analytic and Synthetic PhytosociologicalCharacters. Ecology 31: 434–455.[DENR] Department of Environment and Natural Resources. 2017. Administrative Order No. 2017-11:Updated National List of Threatened Philippine Plantsand Their Categories. Quezon City, Philippines.[DENR] Department of Environment and Natural Resources. 2019. Administrative Order No. 2019-09:Updated National List of Threatened Philippine Faunaand Their Categories. Quezon City, Philippines.FERNANDO ES. 2007.
deforestation and forest degradation that occurred in the country. From 90% forest cover in the 1900s, it went down to 70% by the end of the 19th century (Lasco et al. 2001; Garrity et al. 1993; Liu et al. 1993). By the year 2015, only 23% (7 Mha) of the country is covered with forest, which is broken down into closed forest (2 Mha),
the repentant are by faith placed upon Christ and transferred, in fact, to the heavenly sanctuary.” This transfer of sin from the sinner to the earthly sanctuary caused the sanctuary to become unclean. That is why there was a special day in Israel, the day of atonement, when the sanctuary was cleansed from all
Earth's terrestrial photosynthetic vegetation activity in support of phenologic, change detection, and biophysical interpretations. Gridded vegetation index maps depicting spatial and temporal variations in vegetation activity are derived at 16-day and monthly intervals for precise seasonal and interannual monitoring of the Earth’s vegetation.
Pasco County - 30% Native vegetation required. Polk County - Recommends native vegetation and includes native vegetation on the recommended plant list St. Lucie County - 50% Native vegetation or waterwise landscape required - Existing, native trees, vegetation and other natural features shall be preserved to the extent practicable.
threatened areas for biodiversity (SCBD, 2010; Daltry et al, 2010). Areas of ‘sanctuary’ are therefore vital for the long term conservation of endangered species in the region. Phnom Prich Wildlife Sanctuary sits between Srepok Wildlife Sanctuary (SWS) and Keo Seima Wildlife Sanctuary (KWS) and was established by Royal Decree in 1993.
SASHA Farm Animal Sanctuary Share your artwork with Farm Sanctuary! We would love to see the artwork and artist’s statements created by your students! If you would like to share their portraits and writing with Farm Sanctuary, please email photos to education@farmsanctuary.org. Photograph of Sophie at Farm Sanctuary Julia P., age 9 Sample Artwork
Note: Several standards make reference to a sanctuary’s “Director.” GFAS recognizes that a sanctuary may use a different title, and the term “Director” is intended to reference the sanctuary’s Sanctuary Director, who may be called an Executive Director or Chief Executive Officer, etc.
stand: God now guides men to salvation through His Son, Jesus Christ. Jesus and His gospel . Perfection of His SANCTUARY. 9:1-l1 a. The earthly sanctuary described. 9:1-5 b. Functions of the earthly sanctuary. 9:6-10 c. A better sanctuary now enjoyed. 9:11
Myrna Orozco Sanctuary Organizer, Church World Service Rev. Noel Andersen . Rene “Alex” Garcia entered Sanctuary on September 21, 2017 after he was denied a stay of removal even though he had been receiving one for several years. Alex is the father of five U.S. citizen children and has been residing in Missouri for over ten years. Alex came
