Farmscaping To Enhance Biological Control - Washington State University
FARMSCAPINGTOENHANCE BIOLOGICAL CONTROLPEST MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS GUIDEw w w.at tra.orgATTRA is the national sustainable agriculture information center funded by the USDA’s Rural Business—Cooperative Service.by Rex DufourNCAT Agriculture SpecialistDecember 2000Abstract: This publicationfor your valuable feedback!Thank YouHedgerow of insectary plants at Fong Farms Ltd.in Woodland, CA.contains information aboutincreasing and managingbiodiversity on a farm to favorbeneficial organisms, withemphasis on beneficial insects.The types of informationfarmscapers need to consider isoutlined and emphasized.Appendices have informationabout various types and examplesof successful “farmscaping”(manipulations of the agriculturalecosystem), plants that attractbeneficials, pests and theirpredators, seed blends to attractbeneficial insects, examples offarmscaping, hedgerowestablishment and maintenancebudgets, and a sample floweringperiod table.CONTENTSRex DufourNCAT/ATTRAPO Box 3657Fayetteville, AR 72702Introduction . 2Farmscape Planning . 2Other Considerations . 4Weather . 4Perennial vs. Annual . 4Healthy Soil Ecology . 5Insectary Plant Characteristics . 5Mulches & Trap Crops . 7Farmscaping for Birds and Bats . 7Bat Housing . 8A Recap: Steps to Farmscaping . 9Federal Cost Share Programs . 9References . 13Useful Contacts . 14Additional Reading . 16Appendix A:Plants that Attract BeneficialsAppendix B:Pests and Associated BeneficialInsectsAppendix C:Seed Blends, Plants and Sprays toAttract Beneficial InsectsAppendix D:Examples of FarmscapingAppendix E:Hedgerow Installation andMaintenance Cost EstimatesAppendix F:Sample Flowering Period ChartAppendix G:Farmscaping Practices DefinedATTRA is a project of the National Center for Appropriate Technology
“Farmscaping” is a whole-farm, ecologicalapproach to pest management. It can bedefined as the use of hedgerows, insectaryplants, cover crops, and water reservoirs toattract and support populations of beneficialorganisms such as insects, bats, and birds ofprey.knowledge and management skill on the partof the grower than conventional pestmanagement. The investment in knowledgeand management may yield such benefits as:In some respects, beneficial organisms shouldbe considered—and managed as—minilivestock. The larger varieties of livestockare healthier and reproduce morereadily when provided anadequate and nutritious diet.Likewise, “mini-livestock”require adequate supplies ofnectar, pollen, andherbivorous insects and mitesas food to sustain andincrease their populations.The best source of thesefoods is flowering plants.Flowering plants are particularly important toadults of the wasp and fly families, whichrequire nectar and pollen sources in order toreproduce the immature larval stages thatparasitize or prey on insect pests.products A safer farm environment and more onfarm wildlife.However, using a random selection offlowering plants to increase the biodiversity ofa farm may favor pest populations overbeneficial organisms. It is important to identifythose plants, planting situations, andmanagement practices that best supportpopulations of beneficial organisms.Farmscaping, like other components ofsustainable agriculture, requires more A reduction in pesticide use Savings in pesticide costs Reduced risk of chemical residues on farmBeneficial insects should be viewed as minilivestock. They will be healthier, reproduce morereadily, and be more effective biocontrols whenprovided habitat with an adequate and easilyavailable diet of nectar, pollen, and herbivorousinsects and mites.However, farmscaping is not a magical cure forpest problems. It is simply an ecologicalapproach to pest management that can be anintegral component of a biointensive integratedpest management (IPM) program.The use of farmscaping to increase beneficialorganism habitat must be understood andpracticed within the context of overall farmmanagement goals. For example, whenconsidering planting a perennial hedgerow theproducer should evaluate the various costs andbenefits likely to be associated with ahedgerow. Growers with farmscapingexperience will likely be the best source for thiskind of information.Farmscape PlanningThere are probably as many approaches tofarmscaping as there are farmers. Somegrowers, after observing a cover cropharboring beneficial insects, plant strips of it inor around their crop fields. The advantages ofthis kind of approach are: It is simple to implement It is often very effective The farmer can modify the system afterobserving the results.Problems arise when the beneficial insecthabitat, unbeknownst to the grower, alsoharbors pest species. (For a more detaileddiscussion of this topic, visit: http://www.lib.uconn.edu/CANR/ces/ipm/ATTRA// Farmscaping to Enhance Biological ControlPage 2 IntroductionFeedback1. What information do you think is missing from this publication?2. Do you know someone implementing farmscaping techniques on theirfarm? Can you pass on their address and phone number?3. Do you know of farmscaping-related research that would improve thispublication?4. Do you know of a good farmscaping-related website not listed in thispublication?
The electronic version of Farmscaping to EnhanceBiological Control is located farmscaping.pdfgeneral/htms/cvercrop.htm). In otherinstances the beneficials may not exist innumbers sufficient to control pest populationsduring the time when pest populationsgenerally increase. Predator/prey populationbalances are influenced by the timing ofavailability of nectar, pollen and alternateprey/hosts for the beneficials. Therefore, thereis a strong argument to be made for havingyear-round beneficial organism habitat andfood sources. The “beneficial habitat season”may be extended by adding plants that bloomsequentially throughout the growing season orthe whole year.What are the primary food sources,habitat, and other ecologicalrequirements of both pests andbeneficials? (Where does the pest infestthe field from, how is it attracted to thecrop, and how does it develop in thecrop? Where do the beneficials comefrom, how are they attracted to thecrop, and how do they develop in thecrop?)!2. TimingWhen do pest populations generallyfirst appear and when do thesepopulations become economicallydamaging?!When Do They Bloom?The ATTRA Phenology Resource Listprovides additional resources abouttime-of-bloom at:!When do the most important predatorsand parasites of the pest appear?!When do food sources (nectar, pollen,alternate hosts, and prey) for beneficialsfirst appear? How long do they last?!What native annuals and perennialscan provide tmlA sample blooming chart for California plants can befound in Appendix F.by Rex DufourNCAT Agriculture SpecialistDecember 2000When contemplating farmscaping,consideration should be given to the cost ofdeveloping beneficial habitat and maintenanceof the habitat as well as the cost of any landthat might be taken out of production. In anycase, a more systematic, research-orientedapproach to farmscaping can often help thegrower avoid mistakes and develop desirablehabitats that match the needs of the beneficialorganisms as well as the pest managementneeds of the farm.The following are key considerations incrafting a farmscaping plan:The ATTRA Project is operated by the National Center for Appropriate Technology under agrant from the Rural Busines—Cooperative Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture. Theseorganizations do not recommend or endorse products, companies, or individuals. ATTRA islocated in the Ozark Mountains at the University of Arkansas in Fayetteville at P.O. Box 3657,Fayetteville, AR 72702. ATTRA staff members prefer to receive requests for information aboutsustainable agriculture via the toll-free number 800-346-9140.3. Identification of Strategies!Reduction of pest habitat (i.e., reduce/alter overwintering pest sites, orreduce/alter locations from which pestinvades.)!Augmentation of beneficial habitat(insectary establishment; consider bothperennial options—permanentplantings such as hedgerows—andannual options.)!Trap Crops—planted specifically to bemore attractive to the pest than is thecrop to be harvested. This is due to thetiming of the appearance of the trapcrop or the fact that it is physiologicallymore attractive to the insect. (Please seeappendices D and G for descriptions ofplanting systems that can be used infarmscaping.)1. Ecology of Pests and Beneficials!What are the most important(economic) pests that requiremanagement?!What are the most important predatorsand parasites of the pest?ATTRA// Farmscaping to Enhance Biological ControlPage 3
4. Insectary Establishment!!!Appendix GResourcesFarmscaping Practices DefinedSeed and plant sourcesCost of ground preparation, plantingand maintenance (irrigation,weeding, etc.) for: at least one year followingestablishment of perennials needed number of plantings perseason of beneficial habitat(remember that many annualsprovide pollen or nectar for only afew weeks during the croppingseason, so that either relayplantings or plant species mixesmay be needed for beneficialhabitat.)Equipment needs (Cost estimates forinstallation and first-yearmaintenance of a typical hedgerow inCalifornia are given in Appendix E.)For information about croppests, their parasites andpredators, and the ecologicalrequirements of both, contactyour local county extensionservice (under county listings in the phone book) orstate Cooperative Extension Service (CES):http://www.reeusda.gov/hrd/state2.pdfThe type of cropping system, perennial vs.annual, is an important factor in farmscaping.Perennial systems such as orchards possess aninherent ecological stability derived from thevariety of tree-based habitats, which are notharvested or destroyed as in annual systems.Adding a cover crop to an orchard canincrease and complement the biodiversity ofthe system.Ideally, cover crops (CCs) in orchard systemsshould be selected and managed for thefollowing attributes (1) :Strip planting,Strip ol/To receive a free copy of Suppliers of BeneficialOrganisms of North America, call the California EPA’sDepartment of Pesticide Regulation:(916) 324-4100 or download ng WeatherPerennial vs. AnnualPracticeCompanionplantingBiological Control: A Guide to Natural Enemies ofNorth America:Other ConsiderationsWeather variations from year to year maycause a particular management practice to bebeneficial one year and problematic the next. Aflexible approach is needed in order to adjustbeneficial habitat according to weathervariations. An observant eye is the grower’smost valuable tool in this respect.The practices described below can be integrated with an array of cultivation schemes. Each farm can take advantageof the variety of farmscaping tools available to create a cropping system especially suited to its unique environment.DescriptionA mix of species of plants within a row or bed--was rated difficult to manage by farmers inone study (G1) due to varying cultural needs such as planting time, irrigation needs, andharvesting.The practice of growing two or more crops in different strips across a field wide enough forindependent cultivation, (e.g., alternating six-row blocks of soybeans and corn, oralternating strips of alfalfa with cotton) was rated as most easily adapted to vegetableproduction systems (G1). Like intercropping, strip cropping increases the diversity of acropping area, which in turn may help "disguise" the crops from pests. Another advantageis that one of the crops may act as a reservoir and/or food source for beneficial organisms.However, much more research is needed to study the complex interactions betweendifferent crops and their pest and predator complexes.The production of more than one crop on the same land in one year. Depending on the typeof cropping sequence used, multiple cropping can be useful as a weed control measure,particularly when the second crop is interplanted into the first.The seeding or planting of a crop into a growing stand, such as overseeding a cover cropinto a grain stand.The practice of growing two or more crops in the same, alternate, or paired rows in the samearea. This technique is particularly appropriate in vegetable production. The advantage ofintercropping is that the increased diversity helps "disguise" crops from insect pests, and ifdone well, may allow for more efficient utilization of limited soil and water resources.Cover crops CCs should not harbor important orchard pestsCCs should have some ability to divertgeneralist pests from the orchard cropCCs should confuse specialist pests visuallyor olfactorily (by smell) and thus reducetheir colonization of orchard treesCCs should be capable of altering hostplant nutrition (without negativelyimpacting the crop) and thereby reducepest successCCs should reduce dust and thereby reducespider mite outbreaksCCs should change the microclimate andthereby reduce pest successCCs should increase natural enemyabundance or efficiency, thereby increasingbiological control of arthropod pests.Studies of commercial pecan orchards inOklahoma (2) and almond plantations inCalifornia (3) have demonstrated the efficacyATTRA// Farmscaping to Enhance Biological ControlPage 4Cover crops and green manures can be integrated into both perennial and annual croppingsystems. Cover crops, often a legume or grass species, prevent soil erosion and suppressweeds. A cover crop can also be used as a green manure.Green manures Generally incorporated into the soil to provide nitrogen and organic matter for subsequentcrops. When incorporated, some cover crops in the Brassica family (such as rapeseed,broccoli and radish) have the ability to suppress nematode pests (G2). Left in the field asresidues, rye, wheat, and some other grasses will provide greater than 90 percent weedsuppression (G3,G4).WindbreaksThese are linear barriers of trees, shrubs, perennial forbs and grasses that are planted alongShelterbelts and field edges or other unused areas. When done correctly, they reduce windspeed and, as aHedgerowsresult, modify the microclimate in the protected area. Aside from providing a microclimatefavorable to beneficial organisms, shelterbelts also protect against wind erosion of soil,decrease the dessicating effect of winds on crops, help enhance snow distribution andprovide wildlife habitat.PermanentA strip of permanent vegetation bordering a field. A border such as this can be modified toborderattract beneficial insects throughout the cropping season if the proper plants are used andsufficient water is made available.Sources:G1) Bachmann, Janet, et al. 1995. Habitatenhancement for beneficial insects in vegetableand fruit farming systems. SARE/ACE AnnualReport AS92-2. Southern Region. p. 87.G3) Doll, Jerry and Tom Bauer. 1990. Rye: More than amulch for weed control. Paper presented toWisconsin Crop Improvement Association.Madison, WI. 7 p.G2) /v3-615.htmlG4) Worsham, A.D. 1984. Crop residues kill weeds.Crops and Soils Magazine. November. p. 18–20.ATTRA// Farmscaping to Enhance Biological ControlPage 37
of managing cover crops for pest control inorchard systems. In all instances, thisfarmscaping technique resulted in significantreductions in pesticide applications.Appendix FFlowering Periods of California Native Insectary PlantsCommon NameWillowCalifornia lilacMule fatCoffeeberryHollyleaf cherryYarrow*Silverlace vineToyonGolden sticky monkeyflowerElderberryCalifornia buckwheat**DeergrassCreeping boobiallaCalifornia fuchsiaNarrowleaf MilkweedSt. Catherine's laceCoyote bushGenus/ sp.Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun JulAug Sep Oct Nov DecSalix sp p .Ceano thus spp.Baccharis vim ineaRhanm us califo rnicaPrunus ilicifo liaAchillea m illefoliumPo lygo num aubertiiHetero m eles arbutifo liaMim ulus guttatusSam bucus m exicanaErio go num fasciculatumMuhlenbergia rigensMyo p o rum p arvifo liumZauschneria califo rnicaAsclep ias fascicularisErio go num giganteumBaccharis p ilularisAnnual cropping systems are much less stablethan perennial ones. Depending on the amountof tillage involved, the ecology of annualsystems, both above and below ground, isdramatically altered every year. To help anchorthe ecology of an annual system, considerplanting “permanent” insectary strips orhedgerows in or along an annual crop field.The idea of undisturbed beneficial habitatdistributed at intervals in or around crop fieldsis a theme common to many farmscapingtechniques. Depending on the plant species,these “perennial islands” provide foodresources for beneficial organisms as well asoverwintering sites from which crops can becolonized in the spring. Kenny Haines, avegetable grower in North Carolina whopractices farmscaping, notes that his insectarystrips provide a “meetin’ place” for thebeneficials. Springtime environments of annualcropping systems are characterized byextremes of temperature, sunlight andhumidity—conditions in which colonizationand survival of beneficials is unlikely withoutgood habitat nearby. For details on how somefarmers (including Kenny Haines) incorporatea “permanent” component into their annualfields, see Appendix D.*Insects prefer common yarrow over the ornamental (salmon-colored) yarrows. Yarrow reseeds itself well.**California buckwheat is very attractive to beneficials, but also very sensitive to overwatering.Source:F1) Kimball, Mary, and C. Lamb. 1999. Establishing Hedgerows for PestControl and Wildlife. p. 16. In: Bring Farm Edges Back to Life! YoloCounty Resource Conservation District, Woodland, CA. 105 p.Healthy Soil EcologyMany organisms, including pest insectsassociated with both perennial and annualcrops, spend part of their life cycle in the soil.A diverse soil ecology maintained with regularadditions of organic matter helps to regulatepopulations of both pest and beneficialorganisms (4, 5, 6).Insectary Plants: Characteristics andStrategiesExperimentation is the key to finding asuccessful combination of planting systems,ground covers/mulches, and managementATTRA// Farmscaping to Enhance Biological ControlPage 36practices that work best for the unique soil andenvironmental conditions of a particular farmand crop.As a first step, the producer should chooseplants that provide good habitat for the desiredpredators or parasites, and at the same time,do not harbor insects that are likely to becomepests. For example, subterranean cloverharbors many beneficials like big-eyed bugs,and also harbors relatively few Lygus species.pests. Avoid aggressive, invasive plants andthose that may act as reservoirs for diseasesthat attack surrounding crops. (See box onpage 9 for more information about invasiveplants.)Cover crops that are good insectary plantsinclude buckwheat, sweet clover, faba beans,vetch, red clover, white clover, mustards, andcowpeas. Herbaceous plants that are goodinsectary plants and which may be planted instrips include species in the carrot(Apiaceae Umbelliferae), sunflower(Asteraceae Compositae), and mint(Lamiaceae) families. (Refer to appendices A,B, and C for detailed information on pests,beneficials, and seed blends for plants thatattract beneficials.)In many instances, floral structure is animportant consideration. Beneficials with shortmouthparts, such as the tiny parasitic wasps,find it easy to obtain nectar and pollinateplants in the parsley and sunflower familiesbecause of the small, shallow flowers thesespecies provide. Plants that possess extrafloralnectaries (nectar sources outside the flower),such as faba beans, cowpeas, vetch, andseveral native ground covers, providebeneficials with easy access to an importantfood source in addition to the nectar andpollen of their flowers.Recent work in Georgia investigated theimportance of different food sources—extrafloral nectaries, honeydew (a liquidemitted by whiteflies, aphids, scales, andleafhoppers, composed of unused portions ofplant sap as well as certain waste products ofthe insects), sucrose, or no food sources—onATTRA// Farmscaping to Enhance Biological ControlPage 5
Appendix EMicroplitis croceipes, a parasitoid of the cornearworm in cotton (7). Important findingsincluded:A study in California (8) revealed that beneficials infact do feed on nectar and pollen provided byinsectary plants, and will move up to 250 feet intoadjacent crop lands. Further research is needed to Retention of the wasp and parasitizationdetermine the optimum spacing of insectariesrates were highest in cotton plots in whichwithin a particular crop and ecosystem so thatwasps were able to feed on extrafloralparasites spend most of their time controlling pestsnectar.(as opposed to searching for food) and producers Retention of the wasp and parasitization inknow how much land insectaries will require andpatches with honeydew was comparable towhere they arepatches withoutmost effectivelyfood—probably due toplaced.Important characteristics of an idealthe rapid decrease inbeneficial insect food source in thequality of honeydew asThe appearancefield are high quality, high quantityit dries, combined withof beneficialsper site, high detectability and highlow quantity per siteshould be timedpredictability of the food location.and general lowto coincide withNectar sources possess all thesedetectability of thispeak need forqualities.food by the parasitoid.biological controlHoneydew is scatteredof pestsabout randomly withinassociated witha field and on a plant.the main crop. Another way of looking at this isExtrafloral or floral nectaries, on the otherthat an insectary crop should grow and bloom at ahand, are always found at the sametime that best meets the needs of beneficials forlocation on a particular plant, making itpollen, nectar, or alternate hosts. Strategies toeasier for beneficials to locate this foodprolong bloom include planting cover crops insource.strips on successive planting dates. Planting a mix Important characteristics of an ideal foodof plants, particularly perennials, that bloom insource in the field are high quality, highsuccession and that meet the habitat needs ofquantity per site, high detectability, anddesired beneficials is another farmscaping option. Ithigh predictability of the food location.may be helpful to develop a diagram, such as theNectar sources possess all these qualities.one below (from Appendix F), when planninghabitat that will have something in flower yearTo summarize this research, some species ofround.parasitic wasps will stay in an area with nectarsources—either floral or extrafloral—and thisJan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Decresults in a higher parasitization rate of hostCommon NameGenus/ sp.Salix spp.Willowpests in that area. This makes sense, becauseCeanothus spp.California lilacBaccharis vimineaMule fatthe wasp can spend more time hunting forRhanmus californicaCoffeeberryhosts and less time hunting for food. ManyPrunus ilicifoliaHollyleaf cherryAchillea millefoliumcrop plants do not provide sufficient food for Yarrow*Polygonum aubertiiSilverlace vinehungry parasitoids. As a consequence,Heteromeles arbutifoliaToyonGolden sticky monkeyflower Mimulus guttatusparasitoids will disperse from target areas inSambucus mexicanaElderberrysearch for food. After feeding, parasitoidsEriogonum fasciculatumCalifornia buckwheat**Muhlenbergia rigensDeergrassmay not return to original target areas,Myoporum parvifoliumCreeping boobiallaespecially when the distance between foodZauschneria californicaCalifornia fuchsiaAsclepias fascicularisNarrowleaf Milkweedand host locations is too great or when theEriogonum giganteumSt. Catherine's lacefood locations also harbor hosts (7). BecauseBaccharis pilularisCoyote bushnectar sources are so important to manybeneficials, non-invasive plants with floral orSource: Kimball and Lamb, 1999. (See p. 36)extrafloral nectaries might be considered primecandidates for use in farmscaping.ATTRA// Farmscaping to Enhance Biological ControlPage 6Hedgerow Installation and Maintenance Cost EstimatesFor one hedgerow 1400 feet long x 15 feet wide ( .5 acre) planted with a strip of native grasses next to a line of shrubs.Labor costs are estimated at 10/hr.TaskHedgerow InstallationHedgerow designRoundup: summer weed controlDisk: pre-plant weed controlBed preparation: plants/grassesFertilize-preplant (tablets)Plant trees, shrubs, and forbsInstall 2' Tubex tree tubesPlant grasses (broadcast)Harrow to cover grass seedRoundup: annual weed controlRonstar-G: apply in plant rowInstall drip irrigation systemDate ofLaborCost EstimateMaterialNov. 96Aug. 96Oct. 96Oct. 96Nov. 96Nov. 96Nov. 96Nov. 96Nov. 96Nov. 96Nov. 96Mar. 97Survey flags: 8.00Roundup 30.00Total InstallationTask 260.00 20.00 10.00 10.00 20.00 120.00 50.00 20.00 10.00 10.00 10.00 100.00Hedgerow Maintenance2,4 D: Broadleaf weed controlHoe hedge plant row*Irrigate twice/mo.Mow grasses: annual weedcontrolRemove TubexRoundup: spot-sprayFertilize: preplant (tablets)Replant trees, shrubs & forbs2,4 D: spot-spray in grassesFlame: annual grass weed controlRonstar-G: entire hedgerowMow grasses twice: weed controlHoe hedge plant rowIrrigate twice/mo.Hoe hedge plant rowHerbicide: 2,4 D (in grasses)Total MaintenanceTotal CostMar. 97Mar.-Sep.97Mar.-Oct.97Apr. 97Apr-May 97May-Jun 97Sep. 97Sep. 97Sep. 97Oct. 97Oct. 97Mar-May 98Jun-Jul 98Apr-Sep 98Jun-Jul 98Aug. 98ATV sprayer: 8.08Tractor disc: 18.08Tractor bedshaper: 14.33ATV harrow: 4.04Roundup: 15.00Ronstar-G" 75.00Drip supplies: 200.00 1,319.00Material 44.54Equipment 10.00 2,4 D: 20.00 250.00 250.00 Emitters/plugs: 8.25 10.00 20.00 20.00 10.00 80.00 10.00 10.00 20.00 20.00 120.00 200.00 120.00 10.00 1,160.00 1,800.00TotalFertilizer: 43.50Plants: 500Tubex: 172.00Seed: 275.00 640.00Date ofLaborCost EstimateEquipmentRoundup: 15Fertilizer: 8.70Plants: 100.002,4 D: 10.00Propane: 15.00Ronstar-G: 225.00 2,003.54TotalATV sprayer: 4.04Tractor mower: 10.19ATV flamer: 4.04Tractor mower: 20.382,4 D: 10.00 411.95 1,730.95 268.00 58.08 28.09 24.33 63.50 620.00 222.50 295.00 14.04 25.00 85.00 300.00 38.65 83.19 34.04 250.00 258.25 20.19 20.00 35.00 18.70 180.00 20.00 29.04 245.00 40.38 120.00 200.00 120.00 20.00 1,610.60 3,614.14Source:E1) Kimball, Mary, and C. Lamb. 1999. Establishing Hedgerows for Pest Controland Wildlife. p. 19. In: Bring Farm Edges Back to Life! Yolo County ResourceConservation District, Woodland, CA. 105 p.ATTRA// Farmscaping to Enhance Biological ControlPage 35
Appendix DExamples of Farmscaping continuedCroppingLocation; Strategy (e.g. beneficial habitat, trap crop) and DetailsSystem &ProblemPhylloxera on California: A recent 2-year field study (D8) by UC Davis researchers foundGrapesthat soil management practices can significantly influence the amount of rootdamage resulting from phylloxera-induced fungal infections. The researchersfound that per-unit root populations of phylloxera did not significantly differbetween organically managed vineyards (OMV) and conventionallymanaged vineyards (CMV), when both were infested with phylloxera.However, root samples from OMVs displayed significantly less root necrosis(9%) caused by fungal pathogens than did samples from CMVs (31%).Organic vineyard management is characterized by use of cover crops andcomposts and no synthetic fertilizers or pesticides.Researcher andContact InformationDr. Jeffrey Granett380B Briggs Hall(530) 752-7650FAX: (530) 752-1537jgranett@ucdavis.eduBirds and bats are important insect predators,particularly during the spring when they areraising young. Their activities complementeach other. Birds are generally active duringthe day and feed on caterpillars and otherinsects, while bats feed during dusk and intothe night on mosquitoes, moths, and othernocturnal insects.D1) Dietrick, E.J., J.M. Phillips and J. Grossman. 1995.Biological Control of Insect Pests Using PestBreak Strips. Nature Farming Research andDevelopment Foundation. Lompoc , CA.(booklet)D5) Prasifka, J.R., P.C. Krauter, K.M. Heinz, C.G.Sansone and R.R. Minzenmayer. 1999. Predatorconservation in cotton: using grain sorghum as asource for insect predators. Biological Control.Vol.16. p. 223–229.D2) Grossman, Joel and W. Quarles. 1993. Stripintercropping for biological control. The IPMPractitioner. April. p. 1–11.D6) Nicholls, C., M. Parrella and M.A. Altieri. 2000.Establishing a plant corridor to enhancebeneficial insect biodiversity in an organicvineyard. Organic Farming ResearchFoundation. Winter. Number 7. p. 7–9.D7) Grossman, Joel. 1999. Radish and flea beetles.The IPM Practitioner. July. p.14.D8) HortScience 34(6): 1108-1111. 1999. Differencesin grape phylloxera-related grapevine rootdamage in organically and conventionallymanaged vineyards in California. To browsearchives for the full .aspATTRA// Farmscaping to Enhance Biological Controlbenefit from mulches (or a habitat that mimicssome of the effects of mulches, such as thatfound in “no-till” fields). Much of the benefitlies in the fact that mulches provideoverwintering habitat for these organisms in amoderated microclimate (9).Trap CropsA
Rex Dufour NCAT/ATTRA PO Box 3657 Fayetteville, AR 72702 Thank You Thank You for your valuable feedback! ATTRA// Farmscaping to Enhance Biological Control Page 2 knowledge and management skill on the part of the grower than conventional pest . numbers sufficient to control pest populations during the time when pest populations generally .
organic production systems, integrated crop-livestock systems, and farmscaping. Organic systems, perennial forages in rotation, perennial grains, integrated crop-livestock systems and farmscaping are identified as practices with the highest potential for positive impacts on environmental sustainability, profitability and resilience. However .
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The origins of biological weed control In ancient times, the Chinese discovered that increasing ant populations in their citrus groves helped decrease destructive populations of large boring beetles and caterpillars. That use of a natural enemy to control a pest marked the birth of biological control. Biological control research and .
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BIOTECHNOLOGY – Biopesticide Production - Nasrine Moazami by which to obtain pest eradication. Biological control is defined as the action of natural enemies. It can be divided into 2 broad categories, natural biological control and applied biological control. Natural biological control occurs where native or co-evolved natural
Goolsby J. A. and Moran, P. J. Host range of Tetramesa romana Walker (Hymenoptera: Eurytomidae), a potential biological control of giant reed, Arundo donax L. in North America. Biological Control 49:160-168. 2009. Moran, P. J., and Goolsby, J. A. Biology of the galling wasp Tetramesa romana, a biological control agent of giant reed. Biological .
weapons disseminating biological agents or toxins. Biological agents are replicat-ing biological entities, such as bacteria. Toxins, poisons of biological origin, are . and warfare by nomadic and primitive tribal societies,
THE 2012 REVISIONS These revised Level Descriptors (August 2012) supersede all previous versions including those in the SCQF Handbook: User Guide and the previously published A5 Level Descriptors booklet. More detailed information regarding the specific amendments that have been introduced can be accessed at www.scqf.org.uk,
