Airplane Flying Handbook (FAA-H-8083-3C) - Pilotshop

Common Errors 9-12 Intentional Slips 9-12 Forward Slip to a Landing 9-15 Common Errors 9-15 Crosswind Approach and Landing 9-15 Crosswind Final Approach 9-15 Crosswind Round Out (Flare) 9-17 Crosswind Touchdown 9-17 Crosswind After-Landing Roll 9-18 Maximum Safe Crosswind Velocities 9-18 Common Errors 9-20 Turbulent Air Approach and Landing 9-20 Short-Field Approach and Landing 9-20 Common Errors 9-23 Soft-Field Approach and Landing 9-23 Common Errors 9-24 Power-Off Accuracy Approaches 9-24 90 Power-Off Approach 9-25 180 Power-Off Approach 9-26 Common Errors 9-27 Emergency Approaches and Landings (Simulated) 9-28 Faulty Approaches and Landings 9-30 Low Final Approach High Final Approach 9-30 Slow Final Approach 9-31 Use of Power 9-31 High Round Out 9-31 Late or Rapid Round Out 9-31 Floating During Round Out 9-32 Ballooning During Round Out 9-32 Bouncing During Touchdown 9-33 Porpoising 9-34 Wheelbarrowing 9-35 Hard Landing 9-35 Touchdown in a Drift or Crab 9-35 Ground Loop 9-36 Wing Rising After Touchdown 9-37 9-30 Hydroplaning 9-37 Dynamic Hydroplaning 9-37 Reverted Rubber Hydroplaning 9-37 Viscous Hydroplaning 9-37 Chapter Summary 9-38 Chapter 10: Performance Maneuvers Introduction 10-1 Steep Turns 10-1 Common Errors 10-3 xii

Steep Spiral 10-3 Common Errors 10-4 Chandelle 10-4 Common Errors 10-6 Lazy Eight 10-6 Common Errors 10-7 Chapter Summary 10-8 Chapter 11: Night Operations Introduction 11-1 Night Vision 11-1 Anatomy of the Eye 11-1 Types of Vision 11-2 The Night Blind Spot 11-3 Vision Under Dim and Bright Illumination 11-3 Factors Affecting Vision 11-3 Night Illusions 11-4 False Horizon 11-4 Autokinesis 11-4 Featureless Terrain Illusion 11-5 Ground Lighting Illusions 11-5 Pilot Equipment 11-5 Airplane Equipment and Lighting 11-5 Airport and Navigation Lighting Aids 11-6 Training for Night Flight 11-7 Preparation and Preflight 11-7 Starting, Taxiing, and Run-up 11-8 Takeoff and Climb 11-8 Orientation and Navigation 11-9 Approaches and Landings 11-10 How to Prevent Landing Errors Due to Optical Illusions 11-13 Night Emergencies 11-13 Chapter Summary 11-14 Chapter 12: Transition to Complex Airplanes Introduction 12-1 Function of Flaps 12-1 Flap Effectiveness 12-3 Operational Procedures 12-4 Controllable-Pitch Propeller 12-5 Constant-Speed Propeller 12-5 Takeoff, Climb, and Cruise 12-6 Blade Angle Control 12-7 Governing Range 12-8 Constant-Speed Propeller Operation 12-8 Turbocharging 12-9 Ground Boosting Versus Altitude Turbocharging 12-10 Operating Characteristics 12-10 xiii

Heat Management 12-10 Turbocharger Failure 12-11 Over-Boost Condition 12-11 Low Manifold Pressure 12-11 Retractable Landing Gear 12-12 Landing Gear Systems 12-12 Controls and Position Indicators 12-12 Landing Gear Safety Devices 12-12 Emergency Gear Extension Systems 12-14 Operational Procedures 12-14 Takeoff and Climb 12-16 Approach and Landing 12-16 Transition Training 12-17 Chapter Summary 12-18 Chapter 13: Transition to Multiengine Airplanes Introduction 13-1 General 13-1 Terms and Definitions 13-1 Operation of Systems 13-3 Feathering Propellers 13-3 Propeller Synchronization 13-7 Fuel Crossfeed 13-7 Combustion Heater 13-8 Flight Director/Autopilot 13-8 Yaw Damper 13-8 Alternator/Generator 13-9 Nose Baggage Compartment 13-9 Anti-Icing/Deicing Equipment 13-9 Performance and Limitations 13-10 Weight and Balance 13-12 Ground Operation 13-14 Normal and Crosswind Takeoff and Climb 13-15 Short-Field Takeoff and Climb 13-17 Rejected Takeoff 13-17 Level Off and Cruise 13-17 Slow Flight 13-18 Spin Awareness and Stalls 13-18 Spin Awareness 13-18 Stall Training 13-18 Power-Off Approach to Stall (Approach and Landing) 13-19 Power-On Approach to Stall (Takeoff and Departure) 13-19 Full Stall 13-20 Accelerated Approach to Stall 13-20 Normal Approach and Landing 13-20 Crosswind Approach and Landing 13-21 Short-Field Approach and Landing 13-22 xiv

Go-Around 13-22 Engine Inoperative Flight Principles Derivation of VMC 13-23 13-23 VMC Demo VMC Demo Stall Avoidance 13-26 OEI Climb Performance 13-27 13-26 Low Altitude Engine Failure Scenarios 13-29 Landing Gear Down 13-30 Landing Gear Control Selected Up, Single-Engine Climb Performance Inadequate 13-30 Landing Gear Control Selected Up, Single-Engine Climb Performance Adequate 13-31 Control 13-31 Configuration 13-31 Climb 13-32 Checklist 13-32 Engine Failure During Flight 13-34 Engine Inoperative Approach and Landing 13-34 Multiengine Training Considerations 13-35 Chapter Summary 13-37 Chapter 14: Transition to Tailwheel Airplanes Introduction 14-1 Landing Gear 14-1 Instability 14-1 Angle of Attack 14-2 Taxiing 14-2 Weathervaning 14-2 Visibility 14-3 Directional Control 14-3 Normal Takeoff Roll 14-3 Liftoff 14-3 Crosswind Takeoff 14-3 Short-Field Takeoff 14-4 Soft-Field Takeoff 14-4 Landing 14-4 Touchdown 14-4 Three-Point Landing 14-5 Wheel Landing 14-5 Crosswinds 14-6 After-Landing Roll 14-6 Crosswind After-Landing Roll 14-7 Short-Field Landing 14-8 Soft-Field Landing 14-8 Ground Loop 14-8 Chapter Summary 14-8 Chapter 15: Transition to Turbopropeller-Powered Airplanes Introduction Gas Turbine Engine 15-1 15-1 xv

Turboprop Engines 15-2 Fixed-Shaft 15-2 Split-Shaft/Free Turbine Engine 15-5 Reverse Thrust and Beta Range Operations 15-8 Turboprop Airplane Electrical Systems 15-10 Operational Considerations 15-11 Training Considerations 15-13 Ground Training 15-14 Flight Training 15-15 Chapter Summary 15-15 Chapter 16: Transition to Jet-Powered Airplanes Introduction 16-1 Ground Safety 16-1 Jet Engine Basics 16-1 Operating the Jet Engine 16-2 Setting Power 16-2 Thrust to Thrust Lever Relationship 16-2 Variation of Thrust with RPM 16-3 Slow Acceleration of the Jet Engine 16-3 Jet Engine Efficiency 16-4 Absence of Propeller Effects 16-4 Absence of Propeller Slipstream 16-4 Absence of Propeller Drag 16-4 Speed Margins 16-4 Mach Buffet 16-6 Low-Speed Flight 16-6 Stalls 16-7 Drag Devices 16-9 Thrust Reversers 16-10 Pilot Sensations in Jet Flying 16-11 Jet Airplane Takeoff and Climb 16-12 V-Speeds 16-12 Takeoff Roll 16-12 Rejected Takeoff 16-15 Rotation and Lift-Off 16-16 Initial Climb 16-16 Jet Airplane Descent and Approach 16-17 Descent Planning 16-17 Descent Energy Management 16-18 Jet Airplane Landing 16-19 Landing Speeds 16-20 Significant Differences 16-21 Stabilized Approach 16-21 Approach Speed 16-22 Glidepath Control 16-22 The Flare 16-23 xvi

Touchdown and Rollout 16-24 Jet Airplane Systems and Maintenance 16-24 Minimum Equipment List 16-25 Configuration Deviation List 16-25 Chapter Summary 16-25 Chapter 17: Transition to Light Sport Airplanes (LSA) Introduction 17-1 Light Sport Airplane (LSA) Background 17-1 LSA Synopsis 17-3 Sport Pilot Certificate 17-3 Transition Training Considerations 17-4 Flight School 17-4 Flight Instructors 17-4 LSA Maintenance 17-5 Airframe and Systems 17-5 Construction 17-5 Engines 17-6 Instrumentation 17-7 Weather Considerations 17-7 Flight Environment 17-8 Preflight 17-9 Inside the Airplane 17-9 Outside the Airplane 17-11 Before Start and Starting Engine 17-12 Taxi 17-12 Takeoff and Climb 17-12 Cruise 17-13 Approach and Landing 17-14 Emergencies 17-14 Post-Flight 17-15 Key Points 17-15 Chapter Summary 17-15 Chapter 18: Emergency Procedures Emergency Situations 18-1 Emergency Landings 18-1 Types of Emergency Landings 18-1 Psychological Hazards 18-1 Basic Safety Concepts 18-2 General 18-2 Attitude and Sink Rate Control 18-4 Terrain Selection 18-4 Airplane Configuration 18-4 Approach 18-4 Terrain Types 18-5 Confined Areas 18-5 Trees (Forest) 18-5 xvii

Water (Ditching) and Snow 18-7 Engine Failure After Takeoff (Single-Engine) 18-7 Emergency Descents 18-8 In-Flight Fire 18-9 Engine Fire 18-9 Electrical Fires 18-10 Cabin Fire 18-10 Flight Control Malfunction/Failure 18-10 Total Flap Failure 18-10 Asymmetric (Split) Flap 18-11 Loss of Elevator Control 18-11 Landing Gear Malfunction 18-12 System Malfunctions 18-13 Electrical System 18-13 Pitot-Static System 18-14 Abnormal Engine Instrument Indication 18-16 Door Opening In-Flight 18-17 Inadvertent VFR Flight Into IMC 18-17 Recognition 18-17 Maintaining Airplane Control 18-18 Attitude Control 18-18 Turns 18-19 Climbs 18-20 Descents 18-20 Combined Maneuvers 18-21 Transition to Visual Flight 18-22 Emergency Response Systems 18-22 Ballistic Parachute 18-22 Autoland 18-22 Chapter Summary 18-23 Glossary G-1 Index I-1 xviii

Airplane Flying Handbook (FAA-H-8083-3C) Chapter 1: Introduction to Flight Training Introduction The overall purpose of primary and intermediate flight training, as outlined in this handbook, is the acquisition and honing of basic airmanship skills. [Figure 1-1] Airmanship is a broad term that includes a sound knowledge of and experience with the principles of flight; the knowledge, experience, and ability to operate an aircraft with competence and precision both on the ground and in the air; and the application of sound judgment that results in optimal operational safety and efficiency. [Figure 1-2] Learning to fly an aircraft has often been compared to learning to drive an automobile. This analogy is misleading. Since aircraft operate in a threedimensional environment, they require a depth of knowledge and type of motor skill development that is more sensitive to this situation, such as: Coordination–the ability to use the hands and feet together subconsciously and in the proper relationship to produce desired results in the airplane. Timing–the application of muscular coordination at the proper instant to make flight, and all maneuvers, a constant, smooth process. Control touch–the ability to sense the action of the airplane and knowledge to determine its probable actions immediately regarding attitude and speed variations by sensing the varying pressures and resistance of the control surfaces transmitted through the flight controls. Speed sense–the ability to sense and react to reasonable variations of airspeed. Figure 1-1. Primary and intermediate flight training teaches basic airmanship skills and creates a good foundation for learners. An accomplished pilot demonstrates the knowledge and ability to: Assess a situation quickly and accurately and determine the correct procedure to be followed under the existing circumstance. Predict the probable results of a given set of circumstances or of a proposed procedure. Exercise care and due regard for safety. Accurately gauge the performance of the aircraft. Recognize personal limitations and limitations of the aircraft and avoid exceeding them. Identify, assess, and mitigate risk on an ongoing basis. 1-1

Good airmanship skills include sound knowledge of the principles of flight and the ability to operate an airplane with competence and precision. Figure 1-2. The development of airmanship skills depends upon effort and dedication on the part of both the learner and the flight instructor, beginning with the very first training flight where proper habit formation begins with the learner being introduced to good operating practices. Every airplane has its own particular flight characteristics. The purpose of primary and intermediate flight training, however, is not to learn how to fly a particular make and model airplane. The purpose of flight training is to develop the knowledge, experience, skills, and safe habits that establish a foundation and are transferable to any airplane. The pilot who has acquired necessary skills during training, and develops these skills by flying training-type airplanes with precision and safe flying habits, is able to easily transition to more complex and higher performance airplanes. Also note that the goal of flight training is a safe and competent pilot; passing required practical tests for pilot certification is only incidental to this goal. Role of the FAA The Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) is empowered by the U.S. Congress to promote aviation safety by prescribing safety standards for civil aviation. Standards are established for the certification of airmen and aircraft, as well as outlining operating rules. This is accomplished through the Code of Federal Regulations (CFR), formerly referred to as Federal Aviation Regulations (FAR). Title 14 of the CFR (14 CFR) is titled Aeronautics and Space with Chapter 1 dedicated to the FAA. Subchapters are broken down by category with numbered parts detailing specific information. [Figure 1-3] For ease of reference and since the parts are numerical, the abbreviated pattern 14 CFR part is used (e.g., 14 CFR part 91). This guidance is not legally binding in its own right and will not be relied upon by the FAA as a separate basis for affirmative enforcement action or other administrative penalty. Conformity with the guidance is voluntary only and nonconformity will not affect rights and obligations under existing statutes and regulations. While the various subchapters and parts of 14 CFR provide general to specific guidance regarding aviation operations within the U.S., the topic of aircraft certification and airworthiness is spread through several interconnected parts of 14 CFR. 1-2

Figure 1-3. Title 14 CFR, Chapter 1, Aeronautics and Space and subchapters. 14 CFR part 21 prescribes procedural requirements for issuing airworthiness certificates and airworthiness approvals for aircraft and aircraft parts. A standard airworthiness certificate, FAA Form 8100-2 [Figure 1-4], is required to be displayed in the aircraft in accordance with 14 CFR part 91, section 91.203(b). It is issued for aircraft type certificated in the normal, utility, acrobatic, commuter or transport category, and for manned free balloons. A standard airworthiness certificate remains valid as long as the aircraft meets its approved type design, is in a condition for safe operation and maintenance, and preventative maintenance and alterations are performed in accordance with 14 CFR parts 21, 43, and 91. 14 CFR part 39 is the authority for the FAA to issue Airworthiness Directives (ADs) when an unsafe condition exists in a product, aircraft, or part, and the condition is likely to exist or develop in other products of the same type design. 14 CFR part 43 prescribes rules governing the maintenance, preventive maintenance, rebuilding, and alteration of any aircraft having a U.S. airworthiness certificate. It also applies to the airframe, aircraft engines, propellers, appliances, and component parts of such aircraft. 14 CFR part 45 identifies the requirements for the identification of aircraft, engines, propellers, certain replacement and modification parts, and the nationality and registration marking required on U.S.registered aircraft. 1-3

14 CFR part 91 outlines aircraft certifications and equipment requirements for the operation of aircraft in U.S. airspace. It also prescribes rules governing maintenance, preventive maintenance, and alterations. Also found in 14 CFR part 91 is the requirement to maintain records of maintenance, preventive maintenance, and alterations, as well as records of the 100-hour, annual, progressive, and other required or approved inspections. Figure 1-4. FAA Form 8100-2, Standard Airworthiness Certificate. While 14 CFR part 91, section 91.205 outlines the minimum equipment required for flight, the Airplane Flight Manual/Pilot’s Operating Handbook (AFM/POH) lists the equipment required for the airplane to be airworthy. The equipment list found in the AFM/POH is developed during the airplane certification process. This list identifies those items that are required for airworthiness, optional equipment installed in addition to the required equipment, and any supplemental items or appliances. Figure 1-5 shows an example of some of the required equipment, standard or supplemental (not required but commonly found in the aircraft) and optional equipment for an aircraft. The equipment list, originally issued by the manufacturer, is maintained by the Type Certificate Data Sheet (TCDS). An aircraft and its installed components and parts must conform to the original Type Certificate or approved altered conditions to meet the definition of airworthy in accordance with 14 CFR part 3.5. Certification requirements for pilots, medical certificate requirements, and operating rules are found in the following parts: 14 CFR part 61 pertains to the certification of pilots, flight instructors, and ground instructors. It prescribes the eligibility, aeronautical knowledge, flight proficiency training, and testing requirements for each type of pilot certificate issued. 14 CFR part 67 prescribes the medical standards and certification procedures for issuing medical certificates for airmen and for remaining eligible for a medical certificate. 14 CFR part 68 contains requirements for operating certain small aircraft without a medical certificate. 14 CFR part 91 contains general operating and flight rules. The section is broad in scope and provides general guidance in the areas of general flight rules, visual flight rules (VFR), instrument flight rules (IFR), and as previously discussed aircraft maintenance, and preventive maintenance and alterations. 1-4

Figure 1-5. Example of some of the required standard or supplemental and optional equipment for an aircraft. Flight Standards Service The FAA’s Flight Standards Service (FS) sets aviation standards for airmen and aircraft operations in the United States and for American airmen and aircraft around the world. Flight Standards is organized into four functional offices: Office of Safety Standards, Air Carrier Safety Assurance, General Aviation Safety Assurance, and Foundational Business. The primary interface between FS and the general aviation community/general public is the local Flight Standards District Office (FSDO). The FSDOs are responsible for the certification and surveillance of certain air carriers, air operators, flight schools/training centers, airmen (pilots, flight instructors, mechanics and other certificate holders). FSDO inspectors also handle general aviation accident investigation at the request of, or in cooperation with, the National Transportation Safety Board. Each FSDO is staffed by Aviation Safety Inspectors (ASIs) whose specialties include operations, maintenance, and avionics. General Aviation ASIs are highly qualified and experienced aviators. Once accepted for the position, an inspector will satisfactorily complete indoctrination training conducted at the FAA Academy. The indoctrination training coursework for a General Aviation Operations Inspector, which is oriented to the tasks to be performed by an ASI in the general aviation environment, includ

Airplane Flying Handbook (FAA-H-8083-3C) Major Revisions Removed mandatory language or cited applicable regulations throughout handbook. Chapter 1 (Introduction to Flight Training) - Added information on the FAA Wings Program. Chapter 2 (Ground Operations) - Added a new graphic and information regarding detonation. Now uses