MICHIGAN STATE UNIVERSITY Birdsfoot Trefoil: An Friend With A New Face
3/20/2015 MICHIGAN STATE UNIVERSITY Birdsfoot Trefoil: An Old Friend with a New Face Kim Cassida MSU Forage Connection, www.forage.msu.edu MICHIGAN STATE UNIVERSITY History of BFT in Michigan Grown in USA since 1930s and UP since 1949 UP historically one of the major BFT seed‐growing regions of USA In 2‐cut hay system or on marginal sites, BFT can outyield alfalfa in Michigan In more intensive systems, alfalfa yields more Typical Michigan yields, 3‐4 ton/acre/yr Kim Cassida Kim Cassida, MSUE, cassida@msu.edu MSU Forage Connection, www.forage.msu.edu 1
3/20/2015 MICHIGAN STATE UNIVERSITY Characteristics Perennial legume Fine stems growing prostrate to erect Branching root system Indeterminant flowering and seed production Most regrowth from axillary buds on stems, NOT from crowns Readily reseeds itself, leading to long stand life High nutritional value Suitable for pasture, hay, or haylage Kim Cassida MSU Forage Connection, www.forage.msu.edu MICHIGAN STATE UNIVERSITY Five leaflets Kim Cassida Kim Cassida, MSUE, cassida@msu.edu MSU Forage Connection, www.forage.msu.edu 2
3/20/2015 MICHIGAN STATE UNIVERSITY Kim Cassida MSU Forage Connection, www.forage.msu.edu MICHIGAN STATE UNIVERSITY Characteristics 1. 2. 3. 4. Perennial legume Fine stems growing prostrate to erect Branching root system Indeterminant flowering and seed production 5. Most regrowth from axillary buds on stems, NOT from crowns 6. Readily reseeds itself, leading to long stand life 7. Yield potential up to 6 ton/acre/yr 8. High nutritional value 9. Suitable for pasture, hay, or haylage 10.Contains condensed tannins Kim Cassida Kim Cassida, MSUE, cassida@msu.edu MSU Forage Connection, www.forage.msu.edu 3
3/20/2015 MICHIGAN STATE UNIVERSITY What are Tannins? Class of secondary plant compounds – Hydrolyzable tannins (HT) – mostly bad – Condensed tannins (CT) – mostly good Chemical structure and activity specific to plant species Probable functions in plant: 1. Defense against being eaten 2. Protection from ultraviolet light “Astringency” reduces palatability and binds nutrients needed by herbivores – A little is good. Too much is bad. CT are found in many plants, but relatively few forages – lespedezas, sainfoin, trefoils, chicory Kim Cassida MSU Forage Connection, www.forage.msu.edu MICHIGAN STATE UNIVERSITY Scientific papers published per year on topic of forage tannin WHY? Kim Cassida Kim Cassida, MSUE, cassida@msu.edu MSU Forage Connection, www.forage.msu.edu 4
3/20/2015 MICHIGAN STATE UNIVERSITY BFT and Pasture Bloat Pasture bloat occurs when stable foam forms in rumen and blocks escape of fermentation gases How to prevent pasture bloat Limit legumes to 50% or less of pasture Feed bloat preventatives (poloxalene, monensin) Feed dry hay on pasture or before turnout Avoid grazing wet pastures Avoid letting animals get too hungry Avoid grazing legumes altogether Cull bloat‐prone animals OR Graze birdsfoot trefoil! Kim Cassida MSU Forage Connection, www.forage.msu.edu MICHIGAN STATE UNIVERSITY BFT and Escape Protein 1. CT bind strongly to proteins, preventing microbial fermentation of protein in rumen 2. In acid abomasum, bond breaks, releasing protein for digestion 3. Improved protein digestion (increased milk and ADG) 4. Reduced ruminal ammonia 5. Less waste N in urine Kim Cassida Kim Cassida, MSUE, cassida@msu.edu MSU Forage Connection, www.forage.msu.edu 5
3/20/2015 MICHIGAN STATE UNIVERSITY BFT and Gastrointestinal Nematodes (GIN) 1. GIN are major production limitation for sheep and goats in humid regions 2. Anthelmintic resistance 3. Haemonchus contortus – blood feeding worm, can kill 4. Small ruminants eating CT (pasture or hay) are more tolerant of GIN loads Direct interference of CT with GIN lifecycle? Better protein nutrition? 5. Sheep grazing BFT in the UP had lower fecal egg counts (Dr. Richard Ehrhardt) Kim Cassida MSU Forage Connection, www.forage.msu.edu MICHIGAN STATE UNIVERSITY Adult Haemonchus Soil Thatch layer Kim Cassida Kim Cassida, MSUE, cassida@msu.edu Grazed horizon Eggs shed in feces L3 larvae consumed along with forage Eggs hatch, develop into L3 larvae, and crawl up plant into grazed horizon MSU Forage Connection, www.forage.msu.edu 6
3/20/2015 MICHIGAN STATE UNIVERSITY BFT and Plant Toxins 1. Tall Fescue endophytic fungus helps plant tolerate stress but produces alkaloid toxic to livestock 2. If offered BFT or CT forages first, livestock will eat more fescue alkaloid 3. Does CT bind and neutralize alkaloids? Kim Cassida MSU Forage Connection, www.forage.msu.edu MICHIGAN STATE UNIVERSITY BFT and Greenhouse Gases Enteric methane 1. Methane produced as waste product of fermentation in ruminant gut, estimated at 25% of total CH4 emissions 2. Cattle eating CT emit less enteric methane Influences microbial population? Reduced fiber fermentation? Increased propionic acid production More milk, increased ADG Soil GHG Emissions 1. CT in forest soils reduce soil methane production 2. CT in dung reduces soil denitrification around dung pats 3. Reduced urine N excretion reduces NO2 emissions and NO3 leaching Kim Cassida Kim Cassida, MSUE, cassida@msu.edu MSU Forage Connection, www.forage.msu.edu 7
3/20/2015 MICHIGAN STATE UNIVERSITY BFT and Meat/Milk Quality 1. Including BFT in Australian pastures reduced off‐flavors in grass‐fed lamb 2. BFT reduces saturated fats and increases omega‐3 fatty acids in milk Kim Cassida MSU Forage Connection, www.forage.msu.edu MICHIGAN STATE UNIVERSITY High‐tannin Birdsfoot Trefoil Breeding Project Multi‐state collaboration (AL, MI, UT, KY, MO, WV, WY), 2014 to 2017 3 objectives: 1. Selection for persistence, flowering date, and condensed tannin content of accessions from national germplasm collection 2. Selection for compatibility with tall fescue 3. Effect of CT on soil N cycling in BFT/grass mixtures Kim Cassida Kim Cassida, MSUE, cassida@msu.edu MSU Forage Connection, www.forage.msu.edu 8
3/20/2015 MICHIGAN STATE UNIVERSITY Genetic variability exists for flowering date and CT content North American varieties tend to be low CT, especially Norcen Kim Cassida MSU Forage Connection, www.forage.msu.edu MICHIGAN STATE UNIVERSITY How to Grow Birdsfoot Trefoil Kim Cassida Kim Cassida, MSUE, cassida@msu.edu MSU Forage Connection, www.forage.msu.edu 9
3/20/2015 MICHIGAN STATE UNIVERSITY Managing BFT – Site Selection BFT is more tolerant of low pH, poor fertility, and poorly drained soils than alfalfa Alfalfa is more tolerant of droughty, sandy soils, and heat This does NOT mean BFT prefers marginal soils! It just means it can outperform many other legumes on marginal sites. A good site for alfalfa is often also a good site for birdsfoot trefoil BFT is poor choice for sandy, droughty soils, and muck Kim Cassida MSU Forage Connection, www.forage.msu.edu MICHIGAN STATE UNIVERSITY Managing BFT – Choosing a Variety 1. Upright “European” varieties better for hay ‘Viking’ (Cornell, 1930s) ‘Pardee’ ‐ Fusarium resistance, early maturity (Cornell, 1999) 2. Semi‐upright, dual purpose ‘Norcen’ – wide adaptation, good vigor in NORth CENtral region (1981), low CT ‘Leo’ – improved seedling vigor (Canada) ‘Bull’ ‘AC Bruce’ ‐ good cold tolerance & seedling vigor (Nova Scotia, 2006) 3. Prostrate varieties better for grazing ‘Empire’ (Cornell, 1930s) Kim Cassida Kim Cassida, MSUE, cassida@msu.edu MSU Forage Connection, www.forage.msu.edu 10
3/20/2015 MICHIGAN STATE UNIVERSITY Managing BFT ‐ Establishment Seed may germinate unevenly over time (lots of hard seed) Seedlings are weak and competition MUST be controlled by cutting or well‐ timed grazing May not know if stand is “success” until second year if planted in mixture. BE PATIENT! Seeding rate 4‐10 lb/acre 1. Conventional seedbed 2. No‐till (after chemical burndown) 3. Frost‐seeding possible Kim Cassida Well‐cared‐for stands tend to thicken with time Have a back‐up plan for what you will be feeding while BFT stand establishes MSU Forage Connection, www.forage.msu.edu MICHIGAN STATE UNIVERSITY Managing BFT Harvest – Root Reserves Alfalfa Red Clover Birdsfoot trefoil Kim Cassida Kim Cassida, MSUE, cassida@msu.edu MSU Forage Connection, www.forage.msu.edu 11
3/20/2015 MICHIGAN STATE UNIVERSITY Managing BFT – Hay and Haylage 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Kim Cassida Two to three cuttings per year Leave at least 3 inch stubble to allow enough side buds to support regrowth Grass companion helps prevent lodging 1. Orchardgrass 2. Tall & meadow fescue 3. Timothy 4. Smooth brome MSU Forage Connection, www.forage.msu.edu MICHIGAN STATE UNIVERSITY Managing BFT Pastures 1. Rotational grazing is essential 2. BFT needs long rest period between grazings 3. Suitable pasture for dairy and beef cattle, sheep, and goats 4. Use “Take Half, leave half” grazing residual Kim Cassida Kim Cassida, MSUE, cassida@msu.edu MSU Forage Connection, www.forage.msu.edu 12
3/20/2015 MICHIGAN STATE UNIVERSITY Goats like trefoil! ADG comparable to red clover and alfalfa (Cassida & Turner) BFT mixed with orchardgrass or timothy was preferred by dairy heifers over comparable alfalfa mixtures (Berry, 2006) BFT haylage produced more milk than alfalfa haylage (Hymes‐Fecht et al., 2013) Kim Cassida MSU Forage Connection, www.forage.msu.edu MICHIGAN STATE UNIVERSITY Great Lakes Forage & Grazing Conference March 12, 2015 East Lansing, Michigan “Improving Soil with Forages” Keynote Speaker: Doug Peterson, NRCS Other speakers: Dr. Lisa Tiemann Ben Bartlett Dr. Kim Cassida Jerry Lindquist Phil Kaatz Kim Cassida Kim Cassida, MSUE, cassida@msu.edu MSU Forage Connection, www.forage.msu.edu 13
3/20/2015 MICHIGAN STATE UNIVERSITY Kim Cassida Kim Cassida, MSUE, cassida@msu.edu MSU Forage Connection, www.forage.msu.edu 14
stand life 7. Yield potential up to 6 ton/acre/yr 8. High nutritional value 9. Suitable for pasture, hay, or haylage 10.Contains condensed tannins. 3/20/2015 Kim Cassida, MSUE, cassida@msu.edu 4 . BFT is poor choice for sandy, droughty soils, and muck MICHIGAN STATE UNIVERSITY
The World Trefoil Pin: The international symbol of Girl Scouting. The three trefoil leaves represent the three parts of the promise : “To serve God and my country, to help people at all times, and to live by the Girl Scout Law.” Your World Trefoil Pin shows that you are a part of this global organization.
The World Trefoil Pin: The international symbol of Girl Scouting. The three trefoil leaves represent the three parts of the promise : “To serve God and my country, to help people at all times, and to live by the Girl Scout Law.” Your World Trefoil Pin shows that you are a part of this global organization.
the trefoil knot, which has three crossings and is a very popular knot. The trefoil knot can be found in gure 2. Figure 1: Unknot Figure 2: Trefoil Knot Knot theory was rst developed in 1771 by Alexandre-Th eophile Vandermonde, while the true mathematical studies of knots began in the 19th century with Carl Friedrich Gauss.
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RustViz: Interactively Visualizing Ownership and Borrowing GONGMING (GABRIEL) LUO,University of Michigan VISHNU REDDY,University of Michigan MARCELO ALMEIDA,University of Michigan YINGYING ZHU,University of Michigan KE DU,University of Michigan CYRUS OMAR,University of Michigan Rust is a systems programming language that guarantees memory safety without the need for a garbage
In 2012, the Governor and Michigan Legislature passed legislation requiring Michigan Virtual TM, formally Michigan Virtual University , to establish a center for online learning research and innovation. Known as Michigan Virtual Learning Research Institute (MVLRI ), this center is a natural extension of the work of Michigan Virtual .
The knot theoristÕs usual convention for preventing this is to assume that the knot is formed in a closed loop of string. The trefoil knot shown in Figure 2 is an example of such a closed knotted loop. Figure 2 - The Trefoil as Closed Loop A knot presented in closed loop form is a robust object, capable of being pushed and twisted into
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