Basic First Aid - CE-Classes
Basic First Aid 1
Disclaimer This course is intended to serve as a guideline for learning about basic first aid. 2
Disclaimer It is not intended to be medical training or a certification course. 3
Disclaimer If you are interested in a formal certification in first aid, CPR or first responders please contact the American Red Cross by phoning your local chapter. 4
Please Note The guidelines in this training are only guidelines. Although they are taken from the credible sources, they can not substitute for medical advice or care. Each situation is different and may have unique circumstances that require different actions. 5
Please Note First aid is intended to be an initial response, not a sole response. Please be sure to seek medical treatment from a licensed medical care provider to evaluate what care is needed. 6
First-Aid Kits A well-stocked first-aid kit can help you respond effectively to common injuries and emergencies. Keep at least one first-aid kit in a central location where any employee can access it if necessary. You should also have a personal first aid kit in your home and one in your car. Store your kits in easy-to-retrieve locations. Mayo Clinic retrieved 2011 from 0067 7
First Aid Kits can purchase a first-aid kit at many drugstores or assemble your own. You Mayo Clinic retrieved 2011 from 0067 8
First Aid Kits of a first-aid kit vary a bit depending upon your organization. Contents Kits that are customized to meet the predictable needs of an organization are more likely to be useful. 9
First Aid Kits When constructing or purchasing your first aid kit consider: – The type of work your company does – The number of employees – The number and type of customers you serve – The history of emergencies at your organization (what has happened in the last few years?) 10
First Aid Kits The contents of the kit can be broken down into 2 categories. A review of what should be included is helpful because it provides an overview of what can be expected or needed when providing first aid. 11
Basic supplies Adhesive tape Antibiotic ointment Antiseptic solution or towelettes Bandages, including a roll of elastic wrap and bandage strips in assorted sizes Instant cold packs Mayo Clinic retrieved 2011 from 0067 12
Basic supplies balls and cotton-tipped swabs Disposable latex or synthetic gloves, at least two pairs Duct tape Gauze pads and roller gauze in assorted sizes Eye goggles First-aid manual Cotton Mayo Clinic retrieved 2011 from 0067 13
Basic supplies Petroleum jelly or other lubricant Plastic bags for the disposal of contaminated materials Safety pins in assorted sizes Scissors, tweezers and a needle Mayo Clinic retrieved 2011 from 0067 14
Basic supplies Soap or instant hand sanitizer Sterile eyewash, such as a saline solution Thermometer Triangular bandage Mayo Clinic retrieved 2011 from 0067 15
Emergency items Emergency phone numbers, including contact information for your local hospital, fire department, emergency services, and the poison control center Contact phone numbers for key administrative personnel Mayo Clinic retrieved 2011 from 0067 16
Emergency items Mylar emergency blanket First-aid instruction manual Emergency protocols from your agency’s policy and procedure manual Mayo Clinic retrieved 2011 from 0067 17
Give your kit a checkup your first-aid kits regularly, at least every three months, to be sure the flashlight batteries work and to replace supplies that have expired. Check Mayo Clinic retrieved 2011 from 0067 18
Give your kit a checkup In addition, be sure the emergency contact list phone numbers are current and accurate, as employees leave, or change cell phone numbers, your call list may become out of date. 19
Give your kit a checkup Prepare employees for medical emergencies in appropriate ways. The American Red Cross offers a number of helpful resources, including live classes designed to help people understand and use firstaid techniques. Mayo Clinic retrieved 2011 from 0067 20
The Importance of CPR NOTE: This reference is only intended to serve as a guideline for learning about CPR. It is not intended to be a replacement for a formal CPR course. WebMD retrieved 2011 from http://www.webmd.com/a-to-z- guides/cardiopulmonaryresuscitation-cpr-treatment 21
The Importance of CPR Never practice CPR on another person, because bodily damage can occur. WebMD retrieved 2011 from http://www.webmd.com/a-to-z- guides/cardiopulmonaryresuscitation-cpr-treatment 22
The Importance of CPR If you are interested in taking a CPR course contact the American Heart Association at (800) AHAUSA1, or the American Red Cross by phoning your local chapter. WebMD retrieved 2011 from http://www.webmd.com/a-to-z- guides/cardiopulmonaryresuscitation-cpr-treatment 23
Cardiac Arrest When a person develops cardiac arrest, the heart stops beating. There is no blood flow and no pulse. With no blood flowing to the brain, the person becomes unresponsive and stops breathing normally. WebMD retrieved 2011 from http://www.webmd.com/a-to-z- guides/cardiopulmonaryresuscitation-cpr-treatment 24
Cardiac Arrest When you discover a person whom you believe is experiencing a medical emergency, the first thing to do is check for responsiveness. Gently shake the victim and shout, "Are you OK?" WebMD retrieved 2011 from http://www.webmd.com/a-to-z- guides/cardiopulmonaryresuscitation-cpr-treatment 25
Cardiac Arrest If the person does not respond to your voice or touch, they are unresponsive. WebMD retrieved 2011 from http://www.webmd.com/a-to-z- guides/cardiopulmonaryresuscitation-cpr-treatment 26
Cardiac Arrest If the victim is unresponsive and you are alone, leave the victim and immediately call 911. If someone is with you, tell him or her to call 911 and then return to help you. WebMD retrieved 2011 from http://www.webmd.com/a-to-z- guides/cardiopulmonaryresuscitation-cpr-treatment 27
Cardiac Arrest If an AED is available, bring it back to the person's side. The moment an AED becomes available, IMMEDIATELY press the "on" button. WebMD retrieved 2011 from http://www.webmd.com/a-to-z- guides/cardiopulmonaryresuscitation-cpr-treatment 28
Cardiac Arrest The AED will begin to speak to you. Follow its directions to use the AED. The AED machine will tell you exactly how to use it and when. WebMD retrieved 2011 from http://www.webmd.com/a-to-z- guides/cardiopulmonaryresuscitation-cpr-treatment 29
Chest Compressions While waiting for help or an AED, begin CPR. Start with chest compressions. Here's how: WebMD retrieved 2011 from http://www.webmd.com/a-to-z- guides/cardiopulmonaryresuscitation-cpr-treatment 30
Chest Compressions Place the heel of one hand on the center of the chest, right between the nipples. Place the heel of your other hand on top of the first hand and interlace fingers. WebMD retrieved 2011 from http://www.webmd.com/a-to-z- guides/cardiopulmonaryresuscitation-cpr-treatment 31
Chest Compressions Lock your elbows and position your shoulders directly above your hands. Press down on the chest with enough force to move the breastbone down about 2 inches in adults. WebMD retrieved 2011 from http://www.webmd.com/a-to-z- guides/cardiopulmonaryresuscitation-cpr-treatment 32
Chest Compressions Compress the chest 30 times, at a rate of about 100 times per minute or more. That's about the same rhythm as the beat of the Bee Gee's song "Stayin' Alive." WebMD retrieved 2011 from http://www.webmd.com/a-to-z- guides/cardiopulmonaryresuscitation-cpr-treatment 33
Airway and Breathing If you've been trained in CPR, you can now open the airway by tilting the head back and lifting the chin. WebMD retrieved 2011 from http://www.webmd.com/a-to-z- guides/cardiopulmonaryresuscitation-cpr-treatment 34
Airway and Breathing Pinch closed the nose of the victim. Take a normal breath, cover the victim's mouth with yours to create an airtight seal, and then give two, one-second breaths as you watch for the chest to rise. WebMD retrieved 2011 from http://www.webmd.com/a-to-z- guides/cardiopulmonaryresuscitation-cpr-treatment 35
Airway and Breathing compressions and breaths - 30 compressions, two breaths -until help arrives. Continue WebMD retrieved 2011 from http://www.webmd.com/a-to-z- guides/cardiopulmonaryresuscitation-cpr-treatment 36
Continuous Chest Compression Recent studies have suggested that continuous chest compressions alone can save lives From: Circulation. 2007;116:2894-2896 37
Continuous Chest Compression The study cites a report that lay individuals certified in basic CPR interrupted chest compressions for an average of 16 seconds to deliver the 2 recommended mouth-to-mouth ventilations. From: Circulation. 2007;116:2894-2896 38
Continuous Chest Compression These interruptions result in decreases in blood flow to the heart and brain So remember the importance of continuous chest compressions From: Circulation. 2007;116:2894-2896 39
Automated External Defibrillators: Do you need an AED? An AED may save a life during cardiac arrest. Weigh the pros and cons to see if your agency should get one. Mayo Clinic retrieved 2011 from -defibrillators/HB00053 40
How AEDs Work An AED is a device that can be attached to your chest. It senses your heart's rhythm during cardiac arrest and, in some cases, delivers an electric shock to get your heart beating again. Mayo Clinic retrieved 2011 from -defibrillators/HB00053 41
Does your company need an AED? It may be worth the investment if: – Your company has a large number of employees – The average age of employees is middle aged or higher – If you have a lot of customers/clients – If your customer/client base tends to have a lot of medical problems – If your insurance carrier will discount rates (many do) if you have one 42
When would you need to use an AED? The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has approved an over-thecounter AED for home use. Because it's over-the-counter, you don't need a prescription to buy it. Mayo Clinic retrieved 2011 from -defibrillators/HB00053 43
When would you need to use an AED? The only automated external defibrillator approved for home use without a prescription is the Philips HeartStart Home Defibrillator. The HeartStart AED can be used on children as young as 8 who weigh at least 55 pounds. Mayo Clinic retrieved 2011 from -defibrillators/HB00053 44
When would you need to use an AED? If you use an AED on someone, it's still critical that you call 911 to get help on the way before you begin using the AED. Mayo Clinic retrieved 2011 from -defibrillators/HB00053 45
How AEDs Work In an emergency, the automated external defibrillator essentially makes the decisions. It offers step-by-step voice instructions to guide a user through the defibrillation process. It explains how to check for breathing and a pulse and how to position electrode pads on the person's chest. Mayo Clinic retrieved 2011 from -defibrillators/HB00053 46
How AEDs Work Once the pads are in place, the AED automatically measures the person's heart rhythm and determines if a shock is needed. If it is, the machine tells a user to stand back and instructs the user to push a button to deliver the shock. Mayo Clinic retrieved 2011 from -defibrillators/HB00053 47
How AEDs Work It will also guide users through CPR. The process can be repeated as needed until emergency crews take over. Mayo Clinic retrieved 2011 from -defibrillators/HB00053 48
Other Emergencies Cardiac arrest is just one of the medical emergencies that might require first aid in the work place. We will now briefly review the other common medical emergencies and the recommended first aid response to each of them. 49
Allergic Reaction(Anaphylaxis) A life-threatening allergic reaction (anaphylaxis) can cause shock, a sudden drop in blood pressure and trouble breathing. Mayo Clinic retrieved 2011 from http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/firstaidindex 50
Allergic Reaction(Anaphylaxis) In people who have an allergy, anaphylaxis can occur minutes after exposure to a specific allergy-causing substance (allergen). In some cases, there may be a delayed reaction or anaphylaxis may occur without an apparent trigger. Mayo Clinic retrieved 2011 from http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/firstaidindex 51
Allergic Reaction(Anaphylaxis) If you're with someone having an allergic reaction with signs of anaphylaxis: Immediately call 911 or your local medical emergency number. Ask the person if he or she is carrying an epinephrine auto injector to treat an allergic attack (for example, EpiPen, Twinject). Mayo Clinic retrieved 2011 from http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/firstaidindex 52
Allergic Reaction(Anaphylaxis) If the person says he or she needs to use an auto injector, ask whether you should help inject the medication. This is usually done by pressing the auto injector against the person's thigh. Have the person lie still on his or her back. Mayo Clinic retrieved 2011 from http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/firstaidindex 53
Allergic Reaction(Anaphylaxis) Loosen tight clothing and cover the person with a blanket. Don't give the person anything to drink. If there's vomiting or bleeding from the mouth, turn the person on his or her side to prevent choking. Mayo Clinic retrieved 2011 from http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/firstaidindex 54
Allergic Reaction(Anaphylaxis) If there are no signs of breathing, coughing or movement, begin CPR. Do uninterrupted chest presses of about two a second until paramedics arrive. Mayo Clinic retrieved 2011 from http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/firstaidindex 55
Allergic Reaction(Anaphylaxis) Get emergency treatment even if symptoms start to improve. After anaphylaxis, it's possible for symptoms to recur. Monitoring in a hospital setting for several hours is usually necessary. Mayo Clinic retrieved 2011 from http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/firstaidindex 56
Animal Bites If an animal bites you, follow these guidelines: For minor wounds. If the bite barely breaks the skin and there is no danger of rabies, treat it as a minor wound. Wash the wound thoroughly with soap and water. Apply an antibiotic cream to prevent infection and cover the bite with a clean bandage. Mayo Clinic retrieved 2011 from http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/firstaidindex 57
Animal Bites If an animal bites you, follow these guidelines: For deep wounds. If the animal bite creates a deep puncture of the skin or the skin is badly torn and bleeding, apply pressure with a clean, dry cloth to stop the bleeding and see your doctor. Mayo Clinic retrieved 2011 from http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/firstaidindex 58
Black Eye To take care of a black eye: Using gentle pressure, apply a cold pack or a cloth filled with ice to the area around the eye. Take care not to press on the eye itself. Apply cold as soon as possible after the injury to reduce swelling, and continue using ice or cold packs for 24 to 48 hours. Mayo Clinic retrieved 2011 from http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/firstaidindex 59
Black Eye Be sure there's no blood within the white and colored parts of the eye. Seek medical care immediately if you experience vision problems (double vision, blurring), severe pain, or bleeding in the eye or from the nose. Mayo Clinic retrieved 2011 from http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/firstaidindex 60
Burns To distinguish a minor burn from a serious burn, the first step is to determine the extent of damage to body tissues. The three burn classifications of firstdegree burn, second-degree burn and third-degree burn will help you determine emergency care: Mayo Clinic retrieved 2011 from http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/firstaidindex 61
Burns First-degree burn The least serious burns are those in which only the outer layer of skin is burned, but not all the way through. The skin is usually red, with swelling, and pain sometimes is present. Treat a first-degree burn as a minor burn unless it involves substantial portions of the hands, feet, face, groin or buttocks, or a major joint, which requires emergency medical attention. Mayo Clinic retrieved 2011 from http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/firstaidindex 62
Burns Second-degree burn When the first layer of skin has been burned through and the second layer of skin (dermis) also is burned, the injury is called a second-degree burn. Blisters develop and the skin takes on an intensely reddened, splotchy appearance. Second-degree burns produce severe pain and swelling. Mayo Clinic retrieved 2011 from http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/firstaidindex 63
Burns Second-degree burn If the second-degree burn is no larger than 3 inches (7.6 centimeters) in diameter, treat it as a minor burn. If the burned area is larger or if the burn is on the hands, feet, face, groin or buttocks, or over a major joint, treat it as a major burn and get medical help immediately. Mayo Clinic retrieved 2011 from http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/firstaidindex 64
Minor Burns minor burns, including firstdegree burns and second-degree burns limited to an area no larger than 3 inches (7.6 centimeters) in diameter, take the following action: Cool the burn. Hold the burned area under cool (not cold) running water for 10 or 15 minutes or until the pain subsides. For Mayo Clinic retrieved 2011 from http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/firstaidindex 65
Minor Burns Don't use ice. Putting ice directly on a burn can cause a burn victim's body to become too cold and cause further damage to the wound. Don't apply butter or ointments to the burn. This could cause infection. Mayo Clinic retrieved 2011 from http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/firstaidindex 66
Major Burns Third-degree burn The most serious burns involve all layers of the skin and cause permanent tissue damage. Fat, muscle and even bone may be affected. Areas may be charred black or appear dry and white. For major burns, call 911 or emergency medical help. Until an emergency unit arrives, follow these steps: Mayo Clinic retrieved 2011 from http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/firstaidindex 67
Major Burns Don't remove burned clothing. However, do make sure the victim is no longer in contact with smoldering materials or exposed to smoke or heat. Don't immerse large severe burns in cold water. Doing so could cause a drop in body temperature (hypothermia) and deterioration of blood pressure and circulation (shock). Mayo Clinic retrieved 2011 from http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/firstaidindex 68
Major Burns Check for signs of circulation (breathing, coughing or movement). If there is no breathing or other sign of circulation, begin CPR. Elevate the burned body part or parts. Raise above heart level, when possible. Cover the area of the burn. Use a cool, moist, sterile bandage; clean, moist cloth; or moist towels. Mayo Clinic retrieved 2011 from http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/firstaidindex 69
Chemical Burns If a chemical burns the skin, follow these steps: Remove the cause of the burn by first brushing any remaining dry chemical and then rinsing the chemical off the skin surface with cool, gently running water for 20 minutes or more. Remove clothing or jewelry that has been contaminated by the chemical. Mayo Clinic retrieved 2011 from http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/firstaidindex 70
Chemical Burns Wrap the burned area loosely with a dry, sterile dressing or a clean cloth. Rewash the burned area for several more minutes if the person experiences increased burning after the initial washing. Seek emergency medical assistance Mayo Clinic retrieved 2011 from http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/firstaidindex 71
Electrical Burns While helping someone with an electrical burn and waiting for medical help, follow these steps: Look first. Don't touch. The person may still be in contact with the electrical source. Touching the person may pass the current through you. Mayo Clinic retrieved 2011 from http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/firstaidindex 72
Electrical Burns Turn off the source of electricity if possible. If not, move the source away from both you and the injured person using a dry, nonconducting object made of cardboard, plastic or wood. Check for signs of circulation (breathing, coughing or movement). If absent, begin cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) immediately. Mayo Clinic retrieved 2011 from http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/firstaidindex 73
Electrical Burns Prevent shock. Lay the person down with the head slightly lower than the trunk, if possible, and the legs elevated. Cover the affected areas. If the person is breathing, cover any burned areas with a sterile gauze bandage, if available, or a clean cloth. Don't use a blanket or towel, because loose fibers can stick to the burns. Mayo Clinic retrieved 2011 from http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/firstaidindex 74
Electrical Burns An electrical burn may appear minor or not show on the skin at all, but the damage can extend deep into the tissues beneath your skin. If a strong electrical current passes through your body, internal damage, such as a heart rhythm disturbance or cardiac arrest, can occur. Mayo Clinic retrieved 2011 from http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/firstaidindex 75
Electrical Burns Sometimes the jolt associated with the electrical burn can cause you to be thrown or to fall, resulting in fractures or other associated injuries. Mayo Clinic retrieved 2011 from http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/firstaidindex 76
Electrical Burns Call 911 or your local emergency number for assistance if the person who has been burned is in pain, is confused, or is experiencing changes in his or her breathing, heartbeat or consciousness. Mayo Clinic retrieved 2011 from http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/firstaidindex 77
Chest Pain Causes of chest pain can vary from minor problems, such as indigestion or stress, to serious medical emergencies, such as a heart attack or pulmonary embolism. The specific cause of chest pain is often difficult to interpret. Mayo Clinic retrieved 2011 from http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/firstaidindex 78
Chest Pain Finding the cause of chest pain can be challenging, especially if you've never had symptoms in the past. Even doctors may have a difficult time deciding if chest pain is a sign of a heart attack or something less serious, such as indigestion. Mayo Clinic retrieved 2011 from http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/firstaidindex 79
Chest Pain If you, or someone at your agency has unexplained chest pain lasting more than a few minutes, seek emergency medical assistance. Mayo Clinic retrieved 2011 from http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/firstaidindex 80
Chest Pain As with other sudden, unexplained pains, chest pain may be a signal for you to get medical help. When in doubt seek a medical opinion! Mayo Clinic retrieved 2011 from http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/firstaidindex 81
Heart Attack A heart attack occurs when an artery that supplies oxygen to your heart muscle becomes blocked. A heart attack may cause chest pain that lasts 15 minutes or longer. But a heart attack can also be silent and produce no signs or symptoms. Mayo Clinic retrieved 2011 from http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/firstaidindex 82
Heart Attack Many people who experience a heart attack have warning symptoms hours, days or weeks in advance. Mayo Clinic retrieved 2011 from http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/firstaidindex 83
Heart Attack The earliest warning sign of an attack may be ongoing episodes of chest pain that start when you're physically active, but are relieved by rest. Mayo Clinic retrieved 2011 from http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/firstaidindex 84
Heart Attack Someone having a heart attack may experience any or all of the following: – Uncomfortable pressure, fullness or squeezing pain in the center of the chest lasting more than a few minutes – Pain spreading to the shoulders, neck or arms – Lightheadedness, fainting, sweating, nausea or shortness of breath Mayo Clinic retrieved 2011 from http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/firstaidindex 85
Heart Attack If you or someone else may be having a heart attack: Call 911 or emergency medical assistance. Mayo Clinic retrieved 2011 from http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/firstaidindex 86
Heart Attack If you or someone else may be having a heart attack: Chew a regular-strength aspirin. Aspirin reduces blood clotting, which can help blood flow through a narrowed artery that's caused a heart attack. However, don't take aspirin if you are allergic to aspirin, or if your doctor previously told you not to do so. Mayo Clinic retrieved 2011 from http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/firstaidindex 87
Heart Attack Take nitroglycerin, if prescribed. If you think you're having a heart attack and your doctor has previously prescribed nitroglycerin for you, take it as directed. Don't take anyone else's nitroglycerin. Mayo Clinic retrieved 2011 from http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/firstaidindex 88
Heart Attack Begin CPR on the person having a heart attack, if directed. If the person suspected of having a heart attack is unconscious, a 911 dispatcher or another emergency medical specialist may advise you to begin cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR). Mayo Clinic retrieved 2011 from http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/firstaidindex 89
Heart Attack Even if you're not trained, a dispatcher can instruct you in CPR until help arrives. If help from a 911 dispatcher or emergency medical specialist is unavailable, begin CPR. Mayo Clinic retrieved 2011 from http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/firstaidindex 90
Heart Attack If you don't know CPR, begin pushing hard and fast on the person's chest — 100 compressions per minute Mayo Clinic retrieved 2011 from http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/firstaidindex 91
Choking Choking occurs when a foreign object becomes lodged in the throat or windpipe, blocking the flow of air. In adults, a piece of food often is the culprit. Because choking cuts off oxygen to the brain, administer first aid as quickly as possible. Mayo Clinic retrieved 2011 from http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/firstaidindex 92
Choking The universal sign for choking is hands clutched to the throat. If the person doesn't give the signal, look for these indications: – Inability to talk – Difficulty breathing or noisy breathing – Inability to cough forcefully – Skin, lips and nails turning blue or dusky – Loss of consciousness Mayo Clinic retrieved 2011 from http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/firstaidindex 93
Choking If choking is occurring, the Red Cross recommends a "five-and-five" approach to delivering first aid: Mayo Clinic retrieved 2011 from http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/firstaidindex 94
Choking Give 5 back blows. First, deliver five back blows between the person's shoulder blades with the heel of your hand. Give 5 abdominal thrusts. Perform five abdominal thrusts (also known as the Heimlich maneuver). Mayo Clinic retrieved 2011 from http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/firstaidindex 95
Choking Alternate between 5 blows and 5 thrusts until the blockage is dislodged. Mayo Clinic retrieved 2011 from http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/firstaidindex 96
Choking To perform abdominal thrusts (Heimlich maneuver) on someone else: Stand behind the person. Wrap your arms around the waist. Tip the person forward slightly. Make a fist with one hand. Position it slightly above the person's navel. Mayo Clinic retrieved 2011 from http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/firstaidindex 97
Choking Grasp the fist with the other hand. Press hard into the abdomen with a quick, upward thrust — as if trying to lift the person up. Perform a total of 5 abdominal thrusts, if needed. If the blockage still isn't dislodged, repeat the fiveand-five cycle. Mayo Clinic retrieved 2011 from http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/firstaidindex 98
Choking If you're the only rescuer, perform back blows and abdominal thrusts before calling 911 or your local emergency number for help. If another person is available, have that person call for help while you perform first aid. Mayo Clinic retrieved 2011 from http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/firstaidindex 99
Choking If the person becomes unconscious, perform standard CPR with chest compressions. Mayo Clinic retrieved 2011 from http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/firstaidindex 100
Electrical Shock The danger from an electrical shock depends on the type of current, how high the voltage is, how the current traveled through the body, the person's overall health and how quickly the person is treated. Mayo
First-Aid Kits A well-stocked first-aid kit can help you respond effectively to common injuries and emergencies. Keep at least one first-aid kit in a central location where any employee can access it if necessary. You should also have a personal first aid kit in your home and one in your car. Store your kits in easy-to-retrieve locations.
Foreign aid has various different forms; economic aid, social aid and "other aid" components are the main ones. Economic aid is a form of physical capital, aid to both infrastructure and the production stage, social aid refers to aid in form of human capital whereas other aid components entail food and emergency aid (Akramova 2012, 119-120).
Basic first aid . for X. Basic first aid for Africa 'Basic first aid' seeks to equip the lay person with . the basic skills needed to effectively provide first aid, both in cases of minor injuries or illnesses or in the case of emergency situations, until professional medical assistance can be provided. How to treat a burn, or a sprained ankle.
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Operational Training Financial Aid Step Action 1. Click on the FINANCIAL AID option from the menu or click on the REVIEW & ACCEPT FINANCIAL AID hyperlink in the Financial Aid box. Step Action In the GIFT AID section, you will see aid that cannot be modified by a student. Gift Aid includes: Scholarships, Tuition Assistance, Grants, etc.
curriculum developers First Aid trainers Laypeople performing & receiving first aid What is Cochrane First Aid? Thematic Field of Cochrane Mission: Forming a global network of people advocating for the development, dissemination and uptake of high-quality evidence on first aid Promoting the use of evidence on first aid
Psychological First Aid (PFA). Ask the group the following questions to set up the introduction to PFA. Facilitator to the group: Psychological First Aid is like medical first aid, only it is for the psychosocial aspects of a person. Thinking about first aid for the physical body, what do you think psychological first aid is for a person?
Basic Herbal First Aid Kit - First Aid Portion First Aid/Trauma Kit, Basics: Item Count 1½" White Athletic Tape Roll 2 3 x 3 4 3" Ace Wrap 1 2" Ace Wrap 1 4 x 4 5 2 x 2 5 Cravat 3 Wound Wash 1 Assorted Band-Aids (Small to Large) 15 SAM Splint 1 Hand/Alcohol Wipes 5 of each type Metal, fine point tweezers 1
Buku ini mengulas segala hal tentang herbal, mulai dari apa itu herbal, budidaya dan manfaat serta cara menggunakannya sebagai penyembuh alami. Terdapat TOP 100 Herbal berikut foto berwarna. Panduan wajib bagi anda yang senang berkebun herbal. 258 halaman 6 Guidelines for The Use of Herbal Medicines in Family Health Care Buku terbitan Kementerian Kesehatan RI edisi ke-6 ini, merupakan petunjuk .
