NBR And SANS Revisions - KZN Construction Expo
NBR and SANS revisionsPresented byVidesh BooduPhysical Address: Unit D, 18-20 Cypress Avenue, Stamford Hill, 4001Postal Address: Postnet Suite 149Private Bag X504 Northway 4065Tel: 031 202 4726 Fax 086 428 1056Email: admin@saibd.co.za www.saibd.co.zaPrepared by Videsh Boodu - Copyright &disclaimer on last page Rev A 2018-111
NATIONAL BUILDING REGULATIONS AND BUILDING STANDARDS ACT NO. 103 OF 1977 & RELATED SANS STANDARDSTHE LAWNBRNATIONAL BUILDINGREGULATIONS ANDBUILDING STANDARDSACT NO. 103 OF 1977Prepared by Videsh Boodu - Copyright &disclaimer on last page Rev A 2019-022
NATIONAL BUILDING REGULATIONS AND BUILDING STANDARDS ACT NO. 103 OF 1977 & RELATED SANS STANDARDSTHE LAWNBRNATIONAL BUILDINGREGULATIONS ANDBUILDING STANDARDSACT NO. 103 OF 1977Prepared by Videsh Boodu - Copyright &disclaimer on last page Rev A 2019-023
NATIONAL BUILDING REGULATIONS AND BUILDING STANDARDS ACT NO. 103 OF 1977 & RELATED SANS STANDARDSTHE LAW1. Building Standards Act, No. 103 of 19772. National Building Regulations3. Review Board RegulationsPrepared by Videsh Boodu - Copyright &disclaimer on last page Rev A 2019-024
NATIONAL BUILDING REGULATIONS AND BUILDING STANDARDS ACT NO. 103 OF 1977 & RELATED SANS STANDARDSTHE LAW1. Building Standards Act, No. 103 of 19772. National Building Regulations3. Review Board RegulationsPrepared by Videsh Boodu - Copyright &disclaimer on last page Rev A 2019-025
NATIONAL BUILDING REGULATIONS AND BUILDING STANDARDS ACT NO. 103 OF 1977 & RELATED SANS STANDARDSTHE LAW1. Building Standards Act, No. 103 of 19772. National Building Regulations3. Review Board RegulationsPrepared by Videsh Boodu - Copyright &disclaimer on last page Rev A 2019-026
NATIONAL BUILDING REGULATIONS AND BUILDING STANDARDS ACT NO. 103 OF 1977 & RELATED SANS STANDARDSTHE LAW1. Building Standards Act, No. 103 of 19772. National Building Regulations3. Review Board RegulationsPrepared by Videsh Boodu - Copyright &disclaimer on last page Rev A 2019-027
NATIONAL BUILDING REGULATIONS AND BUILDING STANDARDS ACT NO. 103 OF 1977 & RELATED SANS STANDARDSTHE LAW1. Building Standards Act, No. 103 of 19772. National Building Regulations3. Review Board RegulationsPrepared by Videsh Boodu - Copyright &disclaimer on last page Rev A 2019-028
NATIONAL BUILDING REGULATIONS AND BUILDING STANDARDS ACT NO. 103 OF 1977 & RELATED SANS STANDARDSTHE LAW1. Building Standards Act, No. 103 of 19772. National Building Regulations3. Review Board RegulationsPrepared by Videsh Boodu - Copyright &disclaimer on last page Rev A 2019-029
NATIONAL BUILDING REGULATIONS AND BUILDING STANDARDS ACT NO. 103 OF 1977 & RELATED SANS STANDARDSTHE LAW1. Building Standards Act, No. 103 of 19772. National Building Regulations3. Review Board RegulationsPrepared by Videsh Boodu - Copyright &disclaimer on last page Rev A 2019-0210
NATIONAL BUILDING REGULATIONS AND BUILDING STANDARDS ACT NO. 103 OF 1977 & RELATED SANS STANDARDSTHE REGULATIONS1. Building Standards Act, No. 103 of 19772. National Building Regulations3. Review Board RegulationsPrepared by Videsh Boodu - Copyright &disclaimer on last page Rev A 2019-0211
NATIONAL BUILDING REGULATIONS AND BUILDING STANDARDS ACT NO. 103 OF 1977 & RELATED SANS STANDARDSTHE “DEEMED TO SATISFY” SANS 10400SANS 10400 IS MADE UP OF:1SANS 10400-AThe application of the NBR Part A: General principles and requirements2016 Ed 3.12SANS 10400-BThe application of the NBR Part B: Structural design2012 Ed 33SANS 10400-CThe application of the NBR Part C: Dimensions2016 Ed 3.14SANS 10400-DThe application of the NBR Part D: Public safety2016 Ed 3.15SANS 10400-FThe application of the NBR Part F: Site operations2017 Ed 3.16SANS 10400-GThe application of the NBR Part G: Excavations2017 Ed 3.17SANS 10400-HThe application of the NBR Part H: Foundations2012 Ed 38SANS 10400-JThe application of the NBR Part J: Floors2016 Ed 3.19SANS 10400-KThe application of the NBR Part K: Walls2015 Ed 3.110 SANS 10400-LThe application of the NBR Part L: Roofs2011 Ed 311 SANS 10400-MThe application of the NBR Part M: Stairways2018 Ed 3.112 SANS 10400-NThe application of the NBR Part N: Glazing2012 Ed 3.113 SANS 10400-OThe application of the NBR Part O: Lighting and ventilation2011 Ed 314 SANS 10400-PThe application of the NBR Part P: Drainage2010 Ed 315 SANS 10400-QThe application of the NBR Part Q: Non-water-borne means of sanitary disposal2017 Ed 3.116 SANS 10400-RThe application of the NBR Part R: Stormwater disposal2012 Ed 317 SANS 10400-SThe application of the NBR Part S: Facilities for persons with disabilities2011 Ed 318 SANS 10400-TThe application of the NBR Part T: Fire protection2011 Ed 319 SANS 10400-VThe application of the NBR Part V: Space heating2018 Ed 3.120 SANS 10400-WThe application of the NBR Part W: Fire installation2011 Ed 321 SANS 10400-XAThe application of the NBR Part X: Environmental sustainability Part XA: Energy usage in buildings2011 Ed 122 SANS 10400-XBThe application of the NBR Part X: Environmental sustainability Part XB: Water Usage in buildingsFUTUREPrepared by Videsh Boodu - Copyright &disclaimer on last page Rev A 2019-0212
NATIONAL BUILDING REGULATIONS AND BUILDING STANDARDS ACT NO. 103 OF 1977 & RELATED SANS STANDARDSTHE REGULATIONS1. Building Standards Act, No. 103 of 19772. National Building Regulations3. Review Board RegulationsPrepared by Videsh Boodu - Copyright &disclaimer on last page Rev A 2019-0213
NATIONAL BUILDING REGULATIONS AND BUILDING STANDARDS ACT NO. 103 OF 1977 & RELATED SANS STANDARDSTHE “DEEMED TO SATISFY” SANS 10400THE FUTURE OF SANS 10400 B and D1. Fall protection, in particular Metal balustrades are subjectto a Rational Design by a Competent Person (StructuralEngineering)Prepared by Videsh Boodu - Copyright &disclaimer on last page Rev A 2019-0214
NATIONAL BUILDING REGULATIONS AND BUILDING STANDARDS ACT NO. 103 OF 1977 & RELATED SANS STANDARDSTHE “DEEMED TO SATISFY” SANS 10400THE FUTURE OF SANS 10400 B and D1. Fall protection, in particular Metal balustrades are subjectto a Rational Design by a Competent Person (StructuralEngineering)2. Currently this is not specified correctly as most designersannotate “1000 High Balustrade to Owners Choice”Prepared by Videsh Boodu - Copyright &disclaimer on last page Rev A 2019-0215
NATIONAL BUILDING REGULATIONS AND BUILDING STANDARDS ACT NO. 103 OF 1977 & RELATED SANS STANDARDSTHE “DEEMED TO SATISFY” SANS 10400THE FUTURE OF SANS 10400 B and D1. Fall protection, in particular Metal balustrades are subjectto a Rational Design by a Competent Person (StructuralEngineering)2. Currently this is not specified correctly as most designersannotate “1000 High Balustrade to Owners Choice”3. Most BCO’s also overlook this Structural aspect of theBuilding. This health & safety is to be addressed ASAP.Prepared by Videsh Boodu - Copyright &disclaimer on last page Rev A 2019-0216
NATIONAL BUILDING REGULATIONS AND BUILDING STANDARDS ACT NO. 103 OF 1977 & RELATED SANS STANDARDSTHE “DEEMED TO SATISFY” SANS 10400THE FUTURE OF SANS 10400 T1. Escape Travel Path is to be amended to show the correctmethod of Measure.2. The reach of the Fire Hose Reel is to be amended to showthe correct method of Measure.3. Refuge Area is to be amended, assisting with design. Therestriction of a Competent Person (Fire Eng.) is to beremoved.4. Fire Detection and Alarm Systems is to be amended. MostPublic Buildings would be required to have some system inplace.Prepared by Videsh Boodu - Copyright &disclaimer on last page Rev A 2019-0217
NATIONAL BUILDING REGULATIONS AND BUILDING STANDARDS ACT NO. 103 OF 1977 & RELATED SANS STANDARDSTHE “DEEMED TO SATISFY” SANS 10400THE FUTURE OF SANS 10400 T1. Escape Travel Path is to be amended to show the correctmethod of Measure.2. The reach of the Fire Hose Reel is to be amended to showthe correct method of Measure.3. Refuge Area is to be amended, assisting with design. Therestriction of a Competent Person (Fire Eng.) is to beremoved.4. Fire Detection and Alarm Systems is to be amended. MostPublic Buildings would be required to have some system inplace.Prepared by Videsh Boodu - Copyright &disclaimer on last page Rev A 2019-0218
NATIONAL BUILDING REGULATIONS AND BUILDING STANDARDS ACT NO. 103 OF 1977 & RELATED SANS STANDARDSTHE “DEEMED TO SATISFY” SANS 10400THE FUTURE OF SANS 10400 T1. Escape Travel Path is to be amended to show the correctmethod of Measure.2. The reach of the Fire Hose Reel is to be amended to showthe correct method of Measure.3. Refuge Area is to be amended, assisting with design. Therestriction of a Competent Person (Fire Eng.) is to beremoved.4. Fire Detection and Alarm Systems is to be amended. MostPublic Buildings would be required to have some system inplace.Prepared by Videsh Boodu - Copyright &disclaimer on last page Rev A 2019-0219
NATIONAL BUILDING REGULATIONS AND BUILDING STANDARDS ACT NO. 103 OF 1977 & RELATED SANS STANDARDSTHE “DEEMED TO SATISFY” SANS 10400THE FUTURE OF SANS 10400 T1. Escape Travel Path is to be amended to show the correctmethod of Measure.2. The reach of the Fire Hose Reel is to be amended to showthe correct method of Measure.3. Refuge Area is to be amended, assisting with design. Therestriction of a Competent Person (Fire Eng.) is to beremoved.4. Fire Detection and Alarm Systems is to be amended. MostPublic Buildings would be required to have some system inplace.Prepared by Videsh Boodu - Copyright &disclaimer on last page Rev A 2019-0220
NATIONAL BUILDING REGULATIONS AND BUILDING STANDARDS ACT NO. 103 OF 1977 & RELATED SANS STANDARDSTHE “DEEMED TO SATISFY” SANS 10400THE FUTURE OF SANS 10400 T1. Escape Travel Path is to be amended to show the correctmethod of Measure.2. The reach of the Fire Hose Reel is to be amended to showthe correct method of Measure.3. Refuge Area is to be amended, assisting with design. Therestriction of a Competent Person (Fire Eng.) is to beremoved.4. Fire Detection and Alarm Systems is to be amended. MostPublic Buildings would be required to have some system inplace.Prepared by Videsh Boodu - Copyright &disclaimer on last page Rev A 2019-0221
NATIONAL BUILDING REGULATIONS AND BUILDING STANDARDS ACT NO. 103 OF 1977 & RELATED SANS STANDARDSTHE “DEEMED TO SATISFY” SANS 10400THE FUTURE OF SANS 10400 T1. Escape Travel Path is to be amended to show the correctmethod of Measure.2. The reach of the Fire Hose Reel is to be amended to showthe correct method of Measure.3. Refuge Area is to be amended, assisting with design. Therestriction of a Competent Person (Fire Eng.) is to beremoved.4. Fire Detection and Alarm Systems is to be amended. MostPublic Buildings would be required to have some system inplace.Prepared by Videsh Boodu - Copyright &disclaimer on last page Rev A 2019-0222
NATIONAL BUILDING REGULATIONS AND BUILDING STANDARDS ACT NO. 103 OF 1977 & RELATED SANS STANDARDSTHE “DEEMED TO SATISFY” SANS 10400THE FUTURE OF SANS 10400 T1. Escape Travel Path is to be amended to show the correctmethod of Measure.2. The reach of the Fire Hose Reel is to be amended to showthe correct method of Measure.3. Refuge Area is to be amended, assisting with design. Therestriction of a Competent Person (Fire Eng.) is to beremoved.4. Fire Detection and Alarm Systems is to be amended. MostPublic Buildings would be required to have some system inplace.Prepared by Videsh Boodu - Copyright &disclaimer on last page Rev A 2019-0223
NATIONAL BUILDING REGULATIONS AND BUILDING STANDARDS ACT NO. 103 OF 1977 & RELATED SANS STANDARDSTHE “DEEMED TO SATISFY” SANS 10400THE FUTURE OF SANS 10400 XASANS 10400 XA AMENDMENT WOULDBE A COMPLETE REWRITE.A FEW OF THE MAJOR CHANGES ARECOVERED IN THE FOLLOWING SLIDES.WE WILL INFORM YOU OF THEDOCUMENT WHEN IT IS READY FORPUBLIC COMMENT.WE WOULD ALSO HOST WORKSHOPSWITH REGARDS TO THESE CHANGESAS SOON AS POSSIBLE.Prepared by Videsh Boodu - Copyright &disclaimer on last page Rev A 2019-0224
NATIONAL BUILDING REGULATIONS AND BUILDING STANDARDS ACT NO. 103 OF 1977 & RELATED SANS STANDARDSTHE “DEEMED TO SATISFY” SANS 10400THE FUTURE OF SANS 10400 XA1. SEVEN CLIMATIC ZONES THE 80% HUMIDITY AREAWITHIN ZONE 5, IN EFFECT EIGHT CLIMATIC ZONES vs THEORIGINAL SIXPrepared by Videsh Boodu - Copyright &disclaimer on last page Rev A 2019-0225
NATIONAL BUILDING REGULATIONS AND BUILDING STANDARDS ACT NO. 103 OF 1977 & RELATED SANS STANDARDSTHE “DEEMED TO SATISFY” SANS 10400THE FUTURE OF SANS 10400 XA2. SANS 204 IS NOT REFERENCED.3. ONLY ONE METHOD OF COMPLIANCE FOR FENESTRATION ISALLOW FOR. THIS SEPARATES THE U-VALUE & SHGC VALUESMAKING COMPLIANCE MORE DIFFICULT and / or COSTLY.Prepared by Videsh Boodu - Copyright &disclaimer on last page Rev A 2019-0226
NATIONAL BUILDING REGULATIONS AND BUILDING STANDARDS ACT NO. 103 OF 1977 & RELATED SANS STANDARDSTHE “DEEMED TO SATISFY” SANS 10400THE FUTURE OF SANS 10400 XAMY EXAMPLES OF SHADINGELEMENTS - MANY OF WHICH DO NOTHAVE A DEEMED TO SATISFY RULE4. DIFFERENT TYPES OF SHADING IS PRESENTED IN THEINFORMATIVE ANNEXURES and THE OPPORTUNITY TOPROVIDE THE EQUIVALENT SHADING IS ALLOWED FOR.Prepared by Videsh Boodu - Copyright &disclaimer on last page Rev A 2019-0227
NATIONAL BUILDING REGULATIONS AND BUILDING STANDARDS ACT NO. 103 OF 1977 & RELATED SANS STANDARDSTHE “DEEMED TO SATISFY” SANS 10400THE FUTURE OF SANS 10400 XAMY EXAMPLES OF SHADINGELEMENTS - MANY OF WHICH DO NOTHAVE A DEEMED TO SATISFY RULE4. DIFFERENT TYPES OF SHADING IS PRESENTED IN THEINFORMATIVE ANNEXURES and THE OPPORTUNITY TOPROVIDE THE EQUIVALENT SHADING IS ALLOWED FOR.Prepared by Videsh Boodu - Copyright &disclaimer on last page Rev A 2019-0228
NATIONAL BUILDING REGULATIONS AND BUILDING STANDARDS ACT NO. 103 OF 1977 & RELATED SANS STANDARDSTHE “DEEMED TO SATISFY” SANS 10400THE FUTURE OF SANS 10400 XAMY EXAMPLES OF SHADINGELEMENTS - MANY OF WHICH DO NOTHAVE A DEEMED TO SATISFY RULE4. DIFFERENT TYPES OF SHADING IS PRESENTED IN THEINFORMATIVE ANNEXURES and THE OPPORTUNITY TOPROVIDE THE EQUIVALENT SHADING IS ALLOWED FOR.Prepared by Videsh Boodu - Copyright &disclaimer on last page Rev A 2019-0229
NATIONAL BUILDING REGULATIONS AND BUILDING STANDARDS ACT NO. 103 OF 1977 & RELATED SANS STANDARDSTHE “DEEMED TO SATISFY” SANS 10400THE FUTURE OF SANS 10400 XAMY EXAMPLES OF SHADINGELEMENTS - MANY OF WHICH DO NOTHAVE A DEEMED TO SATISFY RULE4. DIFFERENT TYPES OF SHADING IS PRESENTED IN THEINFORMATIVE ANNEXURES and THE OPPORTUNITY TOPROVIDE THE EQUIVALENT SHADING IS ALLOWED FOR.Prepared by Videsh Boodu - Copyright &disclaimer on last page Rev A 2019-0230
NATIONAL BUILDING REGULATIONS AND BUILDING STANDARDS ACT NO. 103 OF 1977 & RELATED SANS STANDARDSTHE “DEEMED TO SATISFY” SANS 10400THE FUTURE OF SANS 10400 XA5. DEEMED TO SATISFY VALUES FOR THATCHROOFS ARE POSSIBLY PROVIDED.6. BUILDING SEALING (air leaking) WOULD BEPROVIDED FOR.7. HOT WATER PROVISION WOULD HAVE ANEXTENDED DEEMED TO SATISFY RULESINCLUDING HOT WATER CONSUMPTION TABLES.8. ROOF INSULATION WOULD HAVE EXTENDEDDEEMED TO SATISFY RULES.Prepared by Videsh Boodu - Copyright &disclaimer on last page Rev A 2019-0231
NATIONAL BUILDING REGULATIONS AND BUILDING STANDARDS ACT NO. 103 OF 1977 & RELATED SANS STANDARDSTHE “DEEMED TO SATISFY” SANS 10400THE FUTURE OF SANS 10400 XBCURRENTLY WATER USAGE (except for fire water) ISNOT COVERED BY THE REGULATIONS or ANY ‘DEEMEDTO SATISFY’ SANS 10400 STANDARDS.SOME OF THE REQUIREMENTS WOULD INCLUDE THEFOLLOWING:1. THE MAX. FLOW RATES and / or VOLUMESper TERMINAL FITTING per BUILDING TYPE.2. IN-LINE STRAINERS WOULD BEMANDATORY.3. DEAD LEG PIPING IS TO BE MADE SHORTER.4. RAIN WATER HARVESTING WOULD BEMANDATORY.Prepared by Videsh Boodu - Copyright &disclaimer on last page Rev A 2019-0232
NATIONAL BUILDING REGULATIONS AND BUILDING STANDARDS ACT NO. 103 OF 1977 & RELATED SANS STANDARDSTHE “DEEMED TO SATISFY” SANS 10400THE FUTURE OF SANS 10400 XBCURRENTLY WATER USAGE (except for fire water) ISNOT COVERED BY THE REGULATIONS or ANY ‘DEEMEDTO SATISFY’ SANS 10400 STANDARDS.SOME OF THE REQUIREMENTS WOULD INCLUDE THEFOLLOWING:6. GREY WATER HARVESTING WOULD BEINCLUDED.7. CAR WASH FACILITIES IS TO RECYCLE APERCENTAGE OF THE WATER USE.8. WHEN DESIGNING SWIMMING POOLS, THERAIN WATER STORAGE TANK IS TO BEINCREASED.Prepared by Videsh Boodu - Copyright &disclaimer on last page Rev A 2019-0233
NBR-T & SANS 10400 – T PART 2SEMINAR ON FIRE PROTECTION IN BUILDINGSDISCUSSION!QUESTIONS?Prepared by Videsh Boodu - Copyright &disclaimer on last page Rev A 2019-0234
THIS WORKSHOP HASEARNED YOU 0.5 CATEGORY1 CPD CREDITPresented by:Videsh BooduPhysical Address: Unit D, 18-20 Cypress Avenue, Stamford Hill, 4001Postal Address: Postnet Suite 149Private Bag X504 Northway 4065Tel: 031 202 4726 Fax 086 428 1056Email: admin@saibd.co.za www.saibd.co.zaTHE ENDPrepared by Videsh Boodu - Copyright &disclaimer on last page Rev A 2019-0235
NBR-T & SANS 10400 – T PART ONE - SEMINAR ON FIRE PROTECTION IN BUILDINGSCOPYRIGHT & DISCLAIMERCOPYRIGHT:This Document is the property of Videshkumar Boodu, & may notbe disclosed to a third party, copied / reproduced in whole or inpart, without the written permission of Videshkumar Boodu.DISCLAIMER:The information in this SEMINAR is given in good faith andchecked. SAIBD and/or the author cannot be held responsible forany errors and/or omissions in the use of such information.BIBLIOGRAPHY / ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS: National Building and Standards Act (103 of 1977) SANS 10400 suite of documentsPrepared by Videsh Boodu - Copyright &disclaimer on last page Rev A 2019-0236
THE “DEEMED TO SATISFY” SANS 10400 SANS 10400 IS MADE UP OF: 1 SANS 10400-A The application of the NBR Part A: General principles and requirements 2016 Ed 3.1 2 SANS 10400-B The application of the NBR Part B: Structural design 2012 Ed 3 3 SANS 10400-C
KZN OFFICE OF THE PREMIER VENDOR DATABASE REGISTRATION FORM 4 GENERAL INSTRUCTIONS 1. All applicants must be registered on the KZN Provincial Treasury Vendor/Supplier Database and must have a KZN Number, or Temporary KZN Number. Vendors without a KZN Number or Temporary KZN
KZN Agri Outlook 2016 1 Introduction One of the sectors with the most commercial potential in Africa is agri-business. Some of South Africa’s largest agri-business firms are located in KwaZulu-Natal (KZN) and the industry contributes 3.6% toward the local KZN
SANS 1200 A General SANS 1200 C Site Clearance SANS 1200 DB Earthworks (Pipe Trenches) SANS 1200 G Concrete Works SANS 1200 L Medium-Pressure Pipelines SANS 1200 LB Bedding (Pipes) SANS 1200 MJ Segmented Paving SANS 1200 MK Kerbing and Channeling SANS 1200 MM Ancillary Roadworks These standardised specifications are available from the South .
SANS 10400: Part W - 2011 SANS 10087: Part 1 - 2013 SANS 10087: Part 3 - 2008 SANS 10087: Part 7 - 2013 SANS 10087: Part 10 - 2012 SANS 10089: Part 1 - 2008 SANS 10089: Part 2 - 2007 SANS 10089: Part 3 - 2010 SANS
THE SANS PROMISE At the heart of everything we do is the SANS Promise: Students will be able to use their new skills as soon as they return to work. REGISTER FOR SANS TRAINING Learn more about SANS courses, and register online, at sans.org Test drive 45 SANS courses For those new to SANS or unsure of the subject area or skill level
Top KZN Macadamia Nursery A Cracking Success 24 Drought Drives Precise Planning For Soil & Water on KZN Nut Farm 28 Replanted Trees Close the Investment Returns Gap 32 Water use EIAs Increase in KZN As Cane Farmers Convert to Nuts 34 Expert Advice from Mayo Macs Gives Farmers the Edge Edito
SABS 767-1 SANS 767-1 rl1: Fixed earth leakage protection cireu -breakers 1982 2 SABS 767-2 SANS 767-2 rt 2: Sing!e-phase,portable units 1983 2 SABS77D SANS 770 1982 1 SAB5776 SANS 776 valves -HeaVf duly 2000 3 SAB5777 SANS 777 1986 3 SABS778 SANS 718 2002 3,02 SABS779 SANS
Academic writing is explicit in its signposting of the organisation of the ideas in the text: ever built in Britain. However, even by the end Partly this was because the current control of the land. Similarly, Marx was interested his own family. In addition, he has a between orders and bishops. For example, in the Northern context. Explicitness Academic writing is explicit .
