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UNIVERSIDAD DE CUENCAABSTRACTJack Kerouac was a well-known American writerwho was famous for his spontaneous prose in all of hisautobiographical works. In the first chapter, we referabout the most important characteristics about JackKerouac’s life. We illustrate Kerouac’s early years, hisbeginning in writing with his early works. Moreover, hismature life during his days from the university to thetime he became a famous writer and the description ofhis death.In the second chapter, we show the origins andthe analysis of On the Road. In which we introduce thecharacters and review the situations in which Jack andhis friends where involved during each trip. We alsotake into account the changes this novel had before itspublication and the opinions about it.AUTORAS:Denis Tenesaca BenenaulaDiana Ramón López1
UNIVERSIDAD DE CUENCAFinally, the last two chapters contain importantaspects. The third one tell us about the “BeatGeneration”, its origins, members, what they did, andthe different elements that characterized them; forinstance: literature, fashion, women, etc. Moreover, inthe fourth chapter, we present their lifestyle, thedifferent liberations that appeared because of them andthe music which used to identify the taneous prose, lifestyle, members, trips, liberation,characters, music, works.AUTORAS:Denis Tenesaca BenenaulaDiana Ramón López2
UNIVERSIDAD DE CUENCATABLE OF CONTENTSINTRODUCTIONCHAPTER I: JACK KEROUAC’S BIOGRAPHY1.1 Early life1.2 Early works1.3 Mature life1.4 Later works1.5 Jack Kerouac’s deathCHAPTER II: ON THE ROAD CHARACTERISTICS2.1. Origins2.2 Analysis about the novel On the Road2.2.1 Analysis2.3 Changes within the novel2.3.2 Major CharactersAUTORAS:Denis Tenesaca BenenaulaDiana Ramón López3
UNIVERSIDAD DE CUENCA2.3.3 Minor Characters2.3.4 Manuscript2.4 The critics of the novelCHAPTER III: “BEAT GENERATION”3.1 Concept of the “Beat Generation”3.2 Members of the “Beat Generation”3.3 Facts3.3.1 Book by the “Beat Generation”3.4 Beat Elements3.4.1 The Beat and Literature3.4.2 The Beats and Cinema3.4.3 The Beats and FashionAUTORAS:Denis Tenesaca BenenaulaDiana Ramón López4
UNIVERSIDAD DE CUENCA3.4.4 The Beats and the road3.4.5 The Beats and outsiders3.4.6 The Beats and women3.4.7 ModernismCHAPTER IV: INFLUENCES OF THE BOOK ON THEROAD ON AMERICAN CULTURE AND YOUTH4.1 Lyfestyle4.1.1 Dressing4.1.2 The Beatnik stereotype4.1.3 Transition to the “Hippie” era4.1.4 Bohemian and Hippie Lifestyles4.1.5 Drug usage4.2 Liberation4.2.1 Espiritual LiberationAUTORAS:Denis Tenesaca BenenaulaDiana Ramón López5
UNIVERSIDAD DE CUENCA4.2.2 Sexual Liberation4.2.3 African American Liberation4.3 Music4.3.1 Jazz4.3.2 Rock and rollCONCLUSIONSFOOTNOTESBIBLIOGRAPYAUTORAS:Denis Tenesaca BenenaulaDiana Ramón López6
UNIVERSIDAD DE CUENCAUNIVERSIDAD DE CUENCAFacultad de Filosofía, Letras y Ciencias de laEducación“JACK KEROUAC’S ON THE ROAD AND ITSINFLUENCES ON THE ‘BEAT GENERATION’”Tesis previa a la obtención deltítulodeLicenciadaenCienciasde la Educación,especialidad de Lengua yLiteratura Inglesa.DIRECTOR:Dr. Ion YoumanAUTORAS:Denis Tenesaca BenenaulaDiana Ramón LópezCuenca-Ecuador2010AUTORAS:Denis Tenesaca BenenaulaDiana Ramón López7
UNIVERSIDAD DE CUENCADEDICATIONThis present work is dedicated firstly toour great God and then our family, whoalwaysgaveustheirunconditionalsupport for getting our goals.Diana and DenisAUTORAS:Denis Tenesaca BenenaulaDiana Ramón López8
UNIVERSIDAD DE CUENCAKNOWLEDGMENTWe want to express our deep andsincere grateful to God and all thepeople who helped us in many ways tofinishourthesis,especiallyDr. Ion Youman who gave us of his timeand knowledge to develop and finish ourinvestigative work.AUTORAS:Denis Tenesaca BenenaulaDiana Ramón López9
UNIVERSIDAD DE CUENCAINTRODUCTIONJack Kerouac was an American Poet. He was bornin 1922 in Lowell, Massachusetts. Jack is thought to beone of America’s most influential writers. In 1957, hepublished his most famous book, On the Road. It wasan inspiration to the generation of 1950s and 1960s totake off and travel across America in search of freedomand adventure.His childhood was deeply marked by the death ofhis older brother Gerard. When he was at 17, he beganto take a more serious interest in writing because of aknee injury that prevented him of becoming a majorfootball star. During his visit to some relatives, hebecame friends with Alan Ginsberg, William Burroughsand Gregory Corso. These writers formed the nucleusof what came to be known as the “Beat Generation”.AUTORAS:Denis Tenesaca BenenaulaDiana Ramón López10
UNIVERSIDAD DE CUENCAThey were a group of writers who would push literaryboundaries and were open to all new experiences.This work is important for us because it representsone of the reasons for what American society changedin terms of literature and lifestyle. Jack Kerouac’s bookOn the Road had an amazing influence mainly on the“Beat Generation”. It was considered as a “Bible” for themembers of this movement. Also, it had a great interestamong people, especially in youth. Since this literarywork differs from the others because of the spontanietyin its writing. When the book was originally released,The New York Times hailed it as “the most utterance” of Kerouac’s generation. The novel waschosen by Time magazine as one of the 100 bestEnglish-language novels from 1923 to 2005.AUTORAS:Denis Tenesaca BenenaulaDiana Ramón López11
UNIVERSIDAD DE CUENCAJack Kerouac had wrote many novels using thesame style of writing such as The Town and the City,The Dharma Bums, The Subterraneans, among others,beingOn the Road the most famous one. It is anautobiographicalworkthatwasbasedonthespontaneous road trips of Kerouac and his friend acrossthe America’s mid-century. It was inspired by jazz,poetry, drug experiences and sexual promiscuity. Manyof the names and details of Kerouac's experiences arechanged in the novel.On the Road is the story of two young men, SalParadise and Dean Moriarty, who travel anxiously backand out across the American continent by seekingthrills, finding in one of them to Neal Cassady (DeanMoriarty in the novel). These characters in real lifepeople were what came to be known as the “BeatGeneration”.AUTORAS:Denis Tenesaca BenenaulaDiana Ramón López12
UNIVERSIDAD DE CUENCAEvery episode in the novel was inspired by reallife events. The book would probably shocked readersalso today. Many critics attacked the work as evidenceof the increasing immorality of American youth. Othercritics saw it as an original work. American readerswere fascinated with the bohemian lifestyle of thecharacters. It turned the novel into a bestseller.Kerouac wrote the novel in an original way just asit happened, not following the same style as the otherwriters named during the history. Therefore, Kerouacedited On the Road himself several times over theyears before presenting it to a publishing company. Hehad even begun to write the first version in French, hisfirst language, which is one of the many reasons for itsdelayed eimmigration, the place of the women in the society,AUTORAS:Denis Tenesaca BenenaulaDiana Ramón López13
UNIVERSIDAD DE CUENCAAfrican American people, religion and the way ofdressing. All of them make the book a tool of inspirationfor many people who feel identified with this novel.AUTORAS:Denis Tenesaca BenenaulaDiana Ramón López14
UNIVERSIDAD DE CUENCACHAPTER IJACK KEROUAC’S BIOGRAPHYAUTORAS:Denis Tenesaca BenenaulaDiana Ramón López15
UNIVERSIDAD DE CUENCAJack Kerouac, American novelist and poet.1.1 EARLY LIFEJean Louis Lebris de Kerouac1 was born in Lowell,Massachusetts, on March 12, 1922. His parents, LeoAlcide Kerouac and Gabrielle-Ange Levesque, hademigrated separately from rural Quebec to NewHampshire, where they met and married before movingto Lowell; Kerouac’s mother worked in a shoe factory,and his father worked as a printer. None of the housesof their part of Lowell were anything fancy. It was aneighborhood and town of working people.But on March 12, 1922, happiness filled the secondfloor of the apartment at 9 Lupine Road , Lowell,Massachusetts. That evening a baby boy was born toLeo-Alcide Kerouac and Gabrielle-Ange LevesqueKerouac. The French Canadian couple named their sonJean-Louis Lebris de Kerouac. At the beginning, theycalled him Jack or Ti Jean2.AUTORAS:Denis Tenesaca BenenaulaDiana Ramón López16
UNIVERSIDAD DE CUENCAJack was the Kerouacs’ third child. Their little girl,Caroline was born on October 25, 1918, in Lowell,Massachusetts she was three and half years old. Jack’solder brother, Gerard was born on August 23, 1916,was five and half. But he died at the age of nine in1926, from rheumatic fever, an event later described inJack’s novel Visions of Gerard.Leo and Gabrielle were immigrants from estors had been immigrants too, travelling acrossthe ocean from France to Canada in the 18th century.Starting in the 1840s, many thousands of Quebecersleft home and streamed into New England working ascooks. Some, including the Kerouacs, ended up inLowell.In the mid-nineteenth century, Lowell had been athriving center of the textile industry. The Merrimack3and Concord4 rivers powered bustling fabric mills thatAUTORAS:Denis Tenesaca BenenaulaDiana Ramón López17
UNIVERSIDAD DE CUENCAemployed thousands of workers. The town prospered,and its population swelled, largely with immigrants. Butin the late 1800s, new machines replaced workers.Thousands of people lost their jobs. Even so, millowners did not add machines quickly enough, andLowell's factories grew more and more outdated. Bythe time Ti-Jean arrived, hard times had hurt the onceflourishing town. Dozens of mills and other businesseshad closed.Fortunately for the Kerouacs, their livelihood didnot depend on the mills. Leo workedas a printer andowned his own successful shop, Spotlight Print, indowntown Lowell, in 1923. He made advertising flyersfor other local businesses and published a sshomemaker. Jack and his brothers called her Mémère5.Tending to her family’s needs, she prepared heartyAUTORAS:Denis Tenesaca BenenaulaDiana Ramón López18
UNIVERSIDAD DE CUENCAmeals of pork chops, potatoes, stew, and beans, oftenserving pie or cake for dessert. Jack loved his mother’scooking and wrote warmly of a family meal.Like many French Canadians, Mémère was deeplyreligious. She faithfully attended Mass (Catholic worshipwas embedded in Jack’s memory). Even with theterrible shadow that Gerard’s death cast over Jack’syoung life, he found some magic in the streets andwildernesses of his hometown. He spent a lot of time onhis own, exploring neighborhoods and roaming fieldsand riverbanks day and night.Jack began school when he was about six yearsold. He attended a Catholic elementary school wherethe teachers were nuns. At home, he spoke onlyFrench, his parents’ language. In school, he learnedEnglish. He struggled with the new language at first, butover time he came to love its richness and variety.AUTORAS:Denis Tenesaca BenenaulaDiana Ramón López19
UNIVERSIDAD DE CUENCAWhen Jack was ten, his family settled in Lowell’sPawtucketville neighborhood, made up mostly of otherFrench Canadian families. Jack played baseball andfootball with fellow Pawtucketville kids. When he wasthirteen, he took up running, even building his owntiming device to clock himself and others as they racedon a run-down track. Jack enjoyed the challenge ofrunning and spent hours pushing himself to go fasterand faster.Sports were not Jack’s only pastime. He loved toread, especially fiction-filled magazines that Lowellnewsstands sold for a dime each. His favorite characterwas the Shadow6, who was also the subject of apopular radio show.In March 1936, when Jack was fourteen years old,The Merrimack River flooded its banks after heavywinter rains. The floodwaters invaded Leo Kerouac'sshop, forcing him to close the business. Leo was veryAUTORAS:Denis Tenesaca BenenaulaDiana Ramón López20
UNIVERSIDAD DE CUENCAdesperate. He drank more often and more heavily. Heand Gabrielle argued frequently.Meanwhile, Jack was growing into a young man.He had visions of becoming a professional writer, evendiscussing the idea with a priest. He also continued topursue sports, competing in track and playing as ahalfback on the Lowell High School football team.He was not especially tall, but he was solidly andmuscular built. And he was handsome, with a thickhead of dark hair and shining blue eyes. Gabrielle founda job at a local shoe factory to boost the household’sincome. But just two years later, times grew harder withthe onset of the Great Depression7. From then on, theKerouacs lived on a tighter budget than ever.In conclusion, Jack Kerouac did not have an easychildhood. His family had to live in different places; also,his father used to drink, so there were many argumentsAUTORAS:Denis Tenesaca BenenaulaDiana Ramón López21
UNIVERSIDAD DE CUENCAbetween his parents. Moreover, his brother’s deathcaused Jack deep pain. However, since his early yearshis liking for writing started by reading, especiallymagazines.1.2 EARLY WORKSJack had a rich and active imagination. Hefrequently jotted down ideas and bits of stories in cheapnotebooks. He created comic strips, magazines, andeven “wrote a little novel, In My Room, at the age of11.” He also began writing adolescent novels andfictionalized newspaper accounts of horse racing,football, and baseball. He tended to write constantly,carrying a notebook with him everywhere.Letters to friends and family members tended tobe long and rambling, including great detail about hisdaily life and thoughts. Prior to becoming a writer, heAUTORAS:Denis Tenesaca BenenaulaDiana Ramón López22
UNIVERSIDAD DE CUENCAtried a varied list of careers. He was a sports reporterfor The Lowell Sun; a temporary worker in constructionand food service. Working as a merchant seamanduring World War II, Kerouac began a novel called TheSea Is My Brother. Then Jack decided to write a noveltitledThe Town and the City, and he worked on it for twoyears. He kept notebooks to record the progress of ened his belief that with the writing of the bookhe would create something that would make his familyproud of him.The Town and the City, (1950)like everything else Kerouac wrote,was to writing, was autobiographical. Inthe book Kerouac dramatized his ownconflict between his nostalgia for his family life in Lowelland the irresistible attractions of New York City. ThisAUTORAS:Denis Tenesaca BenenaulaDiana Ramón López23
UNIVERSIDAD DE CUENCAnovel was written in a conventional manner over aperiod of years, and much more novelistic license wastaken with his work than after Kerouac’s adoption ofquickly written “spontaneous prose.”8 He finished thenovel in May, 1948. Even more important to him, as heliked the style and structure of Tomas Wolfe’s9 books,he had taken them ashis literary model, but he wasdissatisfied with the conventional result.The Town and the City was published in1950 under the name "Jack Kerouac." The book wassold poorly. For the next six years, Kerouac wroteconstantly. His earliest road adventures overlapped hiswriting of the Town and the City, and they sooverwhelmed him that he tried to base a new book onthem soon after finishing his first novel. His discussionsconcerning a New Vision of writing continued inManhattan with his friends, Ginsberg10 and John ClellonHolmes11.AUTORAS:Denis Tenesaca BenenaulaDiana Ramón López24
UNIVERSIDAD DE CUENCAAfterseveralfalsestarts,Kerouacdiscovered that when he was not imitating ThomasWolfe, he could not find a way to turn his thoughts andfeelings into fiction. His struggle to write On the Roadwas one of the most frustrating experiences of his life.Shortly after finishing The Town and the City,Kerouac began writing one of the earliest versions ofOn the Road, using what he called a factualist12 ornaturalist way of handling his ideas, in imitation ofTheodore Dreiser13, whose novels he was reading in acourse on American fiction at the New School. Initiallyhis work went well. An early journal entry testified to hislong hours at the typewriter: “32,500 words since Istarted on November 9. . . . I delight in the figures, asalways, because they are concrete evidence of agreater freedom in writing than I had in Town & City”.AUTORAS:Denis Tenesaca BenenaulaDiana Ramón López25
UNIVERSIDAD DE CUENCAYet, after a month of work onthis early version of On the Road,Kerouac apparently reached a deadend. His new style did not allow himto express his mad feelings, so heput this new book aside for traveling with his friendCassady.When Kerouac returned to his mother, he was soshattered by his weeks with Cassady that he decidedhe could not salvage his abandoned factualist attemptat his road book. Instead, he took up another project, anovella of Children and Evil, The Myth of the RainyNight, which would be reworked years later as the bookDoctor Sax.He also went back to finish his New School classon the American novel, writing a final essay on ThomasWolfe. Trying to break away from his literary influencein order to find his own voice, Kerouac was now veryAUTORAS:Denis Tenesaca BenenaulaDiana Ramón López26
UNIVERSIDAD DE CUENCAcritical of Wolfe's language, which he felt did notsufficiently attain the intellectual clarity and spiritualresonance he wanted.In May, 1950, Kerouac went back to Denver.Before he got very far, Neal Cassady14 met him andtook him on the trip to Mexico that became the basis ofPart Four of the published On the Road. Kerouac wasso debilitated by the heavy drugs he took in Mexico thatit was a while before he attempted extensive work onhis road book. Sitting in the kitchen of his mother’s newapartment in Ozone Park, Queens while she worked ather factory job, he made a completely fresh start with astory about hitchhiking15 cross-country using a ten-yearold black child as his fictional narrator. This was a ly published as Pic. He finished what hedescribed as a third of this novel and then put it aside.AUTORAS:Denis Tenesaca BenenaulaDiana Ramón López27
UNIVERSIDAD DE CUENCABuilding upon previous drafts tentatively titled “TheBeat Generation16” and Gone on the Road, Kerouaccompleted what is now known as On the Road on April,1951, while living at 454 West 20th Street in Manhattanwith his second wife, Joan Haverty. The book describesKerouac's road-trip adventures across the UnitedStates and Mexico with Neal Cassady in the late-40, aswell as his relationships with other Beat writers andfriends.An autobiographical novel (like most of Kerouac'sbooks), On the Road involves characters who were theauthor's real-life friends and Beat cohorts: NealCassady, Gregory Corso, Allan Ginsberg, and WilliamBurroughs. Publishing legend has it that Kerouac typedthe manuscript frenziedly on large rolls of Teletypepaper, not pausing for revision, and deposited them onthe desk of his startled editor. Revolutionary not only inAUTORAS:Denis Tenesaca BenenaulaDiana Ramón López28
UNIVERSIDAD DE CUENCAsubject matter but also in style, this book launched the“Beat Movement” and crowned Jack Kerouac its king.After he decided to write his book just as ithappened, Kerouac had encouraged Burroughs17 andCassady to write the story of their own lives, includingthe one of his wife Joan, for his road book. Kerouacstarted his book on April, 1951. On April 9, he hadwritten thirty-four thousand words. By April 20, he wroteeighty six thousand ones. On April 27, the book wasfinished, a roll of paper typed as a single- spaceparagraph 120 feet long. Writing On the Road, Kerouacfinally found his own voice and his true subject, thestory of his
Jack Kerouac had wrote many novels using the same style of writing such as The Town and the City, The Dharma Bums, The Subterraneans, among others, being On the Road the most famous one. It is an autobiographical work that was based on the spontaneous road trips of Kerouac and his friend a
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