Design And Implementation Of A Pure Sine Wave Single Phase .
1Design and Implementation of a Pure Sine Wave Single Phase Inverter forPhotovoltaic Applications1Mohamed A.Ghalib1, Yasser S.Abdalla 2, R. M.Mostafa3Automatic Control Department, Faculty of Industrial Education, Beni-suef University, Egypt.master bsu@yahoo.com2Electrical Department, Faculty of Industrial Education, Suez University, Egypt.3Electronics and Automatic Control Department, Beni-Suef University, EgyptAbstractThis paper aims at developing the control circuit fora single phase inverter which produces a pure sine wavewith an output voltage that has the same magnitude andfrequency as a grid voltage. A microcontroller, based onan advanced technology to generate a sine wave withfewer harmonics, less cost and a simpler design. Thetechnique used is the sinusoidal pulse width modulationsignal (SPWM) which is generated by microcontroller.The designed inverter is tested on various AC loads and isessentially focused upon low power electronicapplications such as a lamp, a fan and chargers etc. Theproposed model of the inverter can improve the outputwave forms of the inverter and the dead time controlreduced to 63µs. The finished design is simulated inProteus and PSIM software to ensure output results whichis verified practically.Keywords: A microcontroller; Sinusoidal Pulse WidthModulation (SPWM); Dead time; Analog to digitalconverter (ADC), Inverter.1. IntroductionNowadays, the world needs the electricity to beincreased. The main reasons for the energyincrease demand are the population, theeconomy growth and the rapid depletion offossils based on energy reserve and rapidgrowth of energy demand. Then, it mustresearch for an alternative source of powergeneration. One of these sources is a renewableenergy which possibly has no harm on theenvironment [1]. The need of the power ratinginverter is required to operate electrical andelectronic appliances smoothly. Most of theavailable commercially uninterruptible powersupplies (UPSs) are actually square waveinverters or quasi sine wave inverters.Electronic devices, managed by these inverterswill be damaged due to the contents of theharmonics [2, 3]. Available pure sine waveinverters are too expensive and the output nonsinusoidal, but the sine wave generation isextremely important in power electronics. Forgetting a pure sine wave, the SPWM switchingtechnique is applied. This method involves acertain pattern of switching used in the DC-toAC inverter bridges [4, 5]. The SPWM is apowerful technique. It's mainly widely used inpower electronics applications such as the motordriver, UPS, and the renewable energy system[6].SPWMswitchingtechniquesarecharacterized by constant amplitude pulses witha different duty cycle for each period. The mostcommon method to generate this signal is tocompare a sinusoidal with a triangularwaveform [7, 8, 9].The purpose of this work is to replace theconvention method with the use of peripheralinterface controller (PIC) microcontroller.Microcontroller is capable of storing commandsto generate the necessary pulse widthmodulation waveform due to the built in PWMmodule. The microcontroller provides thevariable frequency pulse width modulationsignal that controls the applied voltage on thegate drive by using the system of PIC16f877A.The microcontroller is more simple and flexibleto change control algorithms in a real timewithout further changes in a hardware with it'slow cost and reduces the complexity of thecontrol circuit for the signal phase inverterbridge [10]. The application of this inverter is tobe either for stand-alone or for grid connectionfrom a direct supply of photovoltaic cells. Themicrocontroller has built control circuit in deadtime.
22. Problem statement1- The inverter is one of the power conversiondevice that is widely used in the world toconvert DC input voltage to AC output voltage.The output voltage wave form of ideal invertersshould be sinusoidal. However, the waveform ofpractical inverter is non-sinusoidal and containsharmonics [11, 12]. The electronic devices,managed by this inverter will be damaged dueto the contents of the harmonic. Harmonicscontents in inverter output depend on thenumber of pulses per cycle. [2, 13, 14, 15, 16,17] Many researchers investigated that theoutput signal wave is distorted.2- In switching the losses problem, the numberof pulses per cycle is also affected. The use ofhigh switching technique will contribute to thehigh power losses. The following factor is to beconsidered in order to meet the followingrequirements.i. The Cost of the equipmentii. The Size of the filteriii. The Power loss in switching the element3- The most important problem to be consideredis the dead time control. Dead time period mustbe suitable to avoid the problem of damagingthe switch and harmonic problem. If the deadtime is short, it will cause damage to theswitches and if it is long, it will cause increasein the total harmonic distortion, as studied in [6,7].3. The System and Characterization of theProposed Design.Figure 1 shows the basic block diagram ofthe proposed system. The range of the invertercircuit is to obtain a desired output voltage of220 V ac and a frequency of 50 Hz. Thecontents of the designed system are:1- Power module of the inverter.2- The microcontroller circuit and programmingsoftware.3- Testing the inverter circuit.The full H-bridge inverter circuit is used toconvert a DC voltage to a sinusoidal AC voltageat a desired output voltage and frequency.Fig.1 Block diagram of the proposed system.Fig.2 The Full H-bridge single phase inverter.Generating a sin wave centered on zerovoltage requires both positive and negativevoltage across the load. This can be achievedfrom a single source through the use of Hbridge inverter circuit as shown in Fig. 2. Instandard H-bridge circuit, switches S1, S3, S2and S4 are arranged in this configuration [18].Both gating signal GS1 and GS3 are switchedsimultaneous at one half of cycle while bothgating signal GS2 and GS4 are simultaneousswitched at the other half [13, 19, 20]. Thedifference is only at GS1 and GS3 signals leadingGS2 and GS4 by half cycle or 180 degree of theswitching signal. The output of the circuit has aperiodic waveform that is not sinusoidal [20].The PIC microcontroller is used to generate therequired sinusoidal PWM signals to drive andswitch the H-bridge MOSFET transistor.The basic circuit of this system is a PICmicrocontroller which is developed to generatea sinusoidal PWM with the dead time controller.The dead time control is useful to reduce the
3cost and components. The extremely importantproblem to be considered is the dead timecontrol. The timing diagram of the dead time isshown in Fig. 3.Fig.3 Observation timing diagram of dead time.There is a potential overlapping signalsbetween ON period switches pair S1, S4 and S2,S3 pair in H-bridge inverter. This overlap cancause the short circuit of DC bus [6]. The deadtime can be controlled through programming byusing PIC microcontroller. The period of deadtime must be suitable to avoid the problem ofswitch damage and harmonic.3.1 Software Algorithm3- Calculating the PWM module.4- Calculatingtheoutputvoltageamplitude.5- If the output voltage is equal to Vreferencethen returns step 2.6- If the output voltage is greater thanVreference then decreases the address ofthe look up table and returns to step 3.7- If the output voltage is less than Vreferencethen increases the address in look uptable and return to step 3.8- Going to step 1.3.2 Gate DriverThe driving of the MOSFET gate isdependent on two basic categories, a low-sideand a high-side configured, in the full H-bridgecircuit. The high-side of the MOSFETs (Q1,Q2)can float between the ground and the highvoltage power, the low-side of the MOSFET(Q3,Q4) is connected between the power sourceand is constantly ground [7], the TLP250driver, has an input and output stage and powersupply. This driver is an optically isolateddriver. The gate driver circuit is shown in Fig. 5.Fig. 5 the gate driver TLP250Fig.4 The flow chart for programming the signal phaseinverter SPWM signal.Pseudo code contains the following steps:1- Initialize the variables and all peripheralmicrocontrollers.2- Setting the address of the look up table.The input forward voltage will typically bebetween 1.6 V and 1.8 V, the propagation delaytime will typically between 0.15µs and 0.5µsand the maximum operating frequency is to be25 kHz in datasheet. When designing circuitswith TLP250 a 100nf bypass capacitor (ceramiccapacitor) is in output of the driver, thiscapacitor called boost strip capacitor used toprotect the driver of dv/dt, a capacitor stabilizesthe operation of the high gain linear amplifier inthe TLP250.
43.3 Results and DiscussionThe circuit diagram of the full H-bridge anddriver circuits is shown in Fig. 6. In this sectionthe design of the hardware setup. The illustratedfull H-bridge inverter consists of four IRL540NMOSFET switches rated 100V, 36A and fastswitching. This switch has ultra-low resistance44 mΩ, resulting in less power dissipation andhigher efficiency.Figure.8 illustrates the output signal of thesimulation and experimental work. Thesimulations have been performed using PSIMand Proteus software to investigate the validityof the switching strategy.The output value 221 V ac18 VDCCONTROL SIGNALAKV VOV-86/75C1C7 C3100nFQ1C5R147uFTLP250Resistor2222LoadAKV Resistor22V VOV-AK23SPWM CONTROL SIGNALTLP250PICKit 2 programmer22C8 47uFH-bridge inverterGate driverTLP250C4R4Resistor0 degree ofiset3U318 VDCResistorU2247uF 100nF86/75R3IRL540NResistor18 VDC50 Hz Square Wave ,Q2IRL540NResistor3DC power supplyResistorU12INVERTED SPWMOutput a pure sinewave100nFLoad withconnection outputLC filterU486/75V VOVTLP250AK2350 Hz Square Wave ,180 degree ofisetTLP250Fig.6 Circuit diagram of full H-bridge and driver circuits.Figure 7 shows that proposed hardwaresetup of the implementation inverter circuit toobtain sinusoidal wave AC output voltage witha rated voltage magnitude of 221 V AC andfrequency 50Hz. These values are agreeing withthe voltage and frequency of the grid, thePIC16F877A microcontroller is operated atclock speed of 20 MHz and the control signalsinusoidal PWM is set to be 16 KHz. ThePIC16F877A is operating 5V, generated by aLM7805 linear voltage regulator. The compilereditor has used mikroC PRO for PIC andPICKit 2 programmer V1.10.The operation of the circuit is as follows:The MOSFET driver TLP250 is used to applythe switching pulses coming from themicrocontroller to the MOSFET switches. Thesinusoidal PWM signals are produced by themicrocontroller and used to drive theMOSFETs. For generating sinusoidal pulsewidth modulation signal we divide each halfcycle of sine wave into 32 changes in the PWMsignal a half cycle which takes 10ms. The dutycycle can be calculations from the followingequation:Yi PWMmax*sin (i*180/n), where: PWM 0-255,(PWMmax 255) i 0, 1, 2 , ., n.Fig.7. Observation hardware setup of the pure sinewave inverter with load 11W.Figure 8 shows the simulation and experimentalresults of the four control signals operation ofthe H-bridge inverter, an oscilloscope numbered54600B with 100MHz, two channels are used tomeasure the experimental results. ThePIC16f877A microcontroller is used to generatethe required PWM signals to drive and switchthe H-bridge MOSFET transistor.The two level PWM operation of the Hbridge inverter will have the high sides of thecircuit switching at the sinusoidal PWM(SPWM) control frequency of 16 kHz at a halfcycle which takes 10ms the different is onlySPWM1 signal leading SPWM2 by half cycleand the low sides switching at the sine wavelower frequency 50 Hz at a half cycle whichtakes 10ms also PWM1 control signal leadingPWM2 by half cycle or 180 degree of theswitching control signals out of phase.The two signals are then connected toessential conditioning elements to be able toswitch ON the MOSFET at the full bridge. Thesignals PWM going to the MOSFET (IRL540N) will switch two diagonal of the full Hbridge simultaneously at one of the two halvesand the other two diagonal MOSFET (IRL540N) at the other halves.
5It has been shows [6, 7] that the dead timemeasured period is of 180 µs, Fig. 10 shows thedead time measurement of the waveform in theH-bridge inverter from the simulation. Theperiod of the dead time must be suitable toavoid the problem of switch damage andharmonic. The measurement period of the deadtime in this work is reduced to 63 µsec.ab63 µsSPWM1PWM2SPWM2PWM1Fig.8 illustrates microcontroller signal waveformgenerated by simulation at (a) and by experimental at(b).Figure 9 shows the simulation and theexperimental results of output waveform of thefull bridge single phase inverter. The outputvoltage of H-bridge inverter has a periodicwaveform that is not a sinusoidal wave but toachieve a desired output AC sine wave signal byconnecting the LC filter. The frequency of theoutput wave from of the simulation and theexperimental results is 50 Hz. This frequency isexactly equal to grid frequency.Fig.10 The simulation signal results of the dead timemeasurement of the output waveform of full bridgesingle phase inverter.The output of the H-bridge inverter is shown inFig. 11 passed to the step up transformer and theoutput of the transformer is connected to theload through an LC filter to achieve the desiredoutput AC sinusoidal waveform.abFig. 11 The simulation signal results (a) in PSIM and(b) in proteusFig.9 The signal simulation (a) and experimentalsignal results (b) of output waveform of full bridgesingle phase inverter.The generation of the pure sinusoidal wavefrom the photovoltaic cells is the main objectiveof this work. But actually, the output signal is
6distorted and investigated in many researchesworks [2, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17], as shown infigures [12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17].Fig. 17 represent reference No.17Fig. 12 represent reference No.2Fig. 13 represent reference No.13Fig.11 shows the simulation results of PSIMand Proteus output software sine waveform ofthe full H-bridge single phase inverter and theexperimental results of output waveforms of theinverter to ensure the output waveform results apure sine wave is practically verified. Theinverter is tested on various ac loads. As shownin Figs. 18, 7, 19, 20.The following conditions:Loads 11W and 15W (lamp) connected inparallel.DC input voltage of 18VInput current of 3.5AAC output voltage 221.3V and frequency of50HzFig. 14 represent reference No.14Fig.18 Observation hardware setup of a pure sineWave inverter without load.Fig. 15 represent reference No.15Fig. 16 represent reference No.16
7Fig.19 Observation hardware setup of a pure sine waveinverter with load 15W.Fig.20 Observation setup of the pure sine waveinverter with two load 26W1-2-3-4-5-4. ConclusionThe main task of this work is to develop andimprove the control circuit for a single phaseinverter which has been implemented usingPIC microcontroller.The used method to control the inverterswitch is the SPWM technique. This methodis superior to other methods because improvethe quality of the output waveform.The simulation results to are performed atPSIM and Proteus software and comparedthe experimental results to performed by theLAB-moduleThe dead time is reduced to 63 µs in theproposed comparing with the research whichreach 180 µs.The tested inverter is loaded at various acloads such as 11 W, 15 W and 26W.5. References[1] D Chauhan, S Agarwal, Suman M.K,"Policies For Development Of PhotovoltaicTechnology:A Review" InternationalJournal of software & hardware research inengineering, Vol. 1, pp. 52-57, December2013.[2] A Mamun A, M Elahi, M Quamruzzaman ,M Tomal, "Design and Implementation ofSingle Phase Inverter" International Journalof Science and Research (IJSR), Vol.2, P163-167, february 2013.[3] A Qazalbash, A Amin, A Manan, M Khalid,"designandimplementationofmicrocontroller based PWM technique forsinewaveinverter"InternationalConference on power Engineering Energyand Electrical Drives, , P 163-167, March2009, IEEE.[4] L Hassaine, E Olías, M Haddadi, A Malek, "Asymmetric SPWM used in inverter gridconnected"RevuedesEnergiesRenouvelables Vol. 10, pp. 421-429,2007.[5] M.N Isa, M.I Ahmad, A.Z Murad, M.KArshad, "FPGA Based SPWM BridgeInverter ", American Journal of AppliedSciences, Vol. 4, pp. 584-586, 2007.[6] B Ismil, S Taib, A Saad, M Isa, "development of control circuit for InternationalConference PEC, p 437-440, November2006,IEEE.[7] S.M Islam, G.M sharif, "microcontrollerbased sinusoidal PWM inverter forphotovoltaic application" First InternationalConference development in renewableenergy technology, p 1-4, December 2009,IEEE.[8] P Zope, P Bhangale, P Sonare, S Suralkar,"design and implementation of carrierbasedsinusoidalPWMinverter"International Journal of advanced researchinelectrical,electronicsandinstrumentation engineering, Vol 1, pp.230-236, October 2012.[9] R Senthilkumar, M Singaaravelu, " nationalJournalEngineering Research & Technology(IJERT), Vol 2, pp. 6500-6506, 2012.[10] B Ismail, S Taib, M Isa, I Daut, A.M saad,FFauzy,"MicrocontrollerImplementation of single phase e on Control, Instrumentationand Mechatronics Engineering, p 104-107,May 2007.
8[11]A Akkaya, A.A Kulaksiz, " Amicrocontroller-basedstandalonephotovoltaic power system for residentialappliances" Science direct, Vol. 78, pp.419–431, 2004.[12] S Daher, J Schmid, L.M Fernando,"Multilevel Inverter Topologies for StandAlone PV Systems" IEE Transactions OnIndustrial Electronics, VOL. 55, NO. 7, pp.2703-2711, JULY 2008.[13] M.I Jahmeerbacus, M.K Oolun, M.K.SOyjaudah, "A Dual-Stage PWM DC to ACInverter withReduced HarmonicDistortion and Switching Losses" Scienceand Technology-Research Journal,Vol 5, pp79-91, 2000.[14] S Daher, J Schmid, F Antunes, "Currentdemand of high performance inverters forrenewableenergysystems"PowerElectronics and Applications, EuropeanConference on, p 1-10, 2-5 Sept.2007,IEEE[15] N phiratsakun, S.R Bhaganagarapu, KTechakittiroj, "Implementation of a Singlephase Unipolar Inverter Using DSPTMS320F241" AU J T, pp. 191-195, Apr2005.[16] O Rich, W Chapman, " Three-level PWMDC/AC Inverter Using a Microcontroller"necamsid, 2012[17] H.M Abdar, A Chakraverty, D.H Moore,J.M Murray, Loparo K.A " Design andImplementation a Specific Grid-Tie Inverterfor an Agent-based Microgrid ", energytech., p 1-6, 2012, IEEE.[18] S.A Prasad, B.S Kariyappa , R Nagaraj,S.K Thakur, " Micro Controller Based AcPower Controller ", Seientific ResearchVol. 2, pp. 76-81, 2009.[19] A.F Zaidi, R Muhida, A.M Zaidi, S yaacob,N.HZaid,"developmentofmicrocontroller-based inverter controlcircuit for residential wind generatorapplication" Journal of Science andtechnology, Vol 2, No 1, pp. 55-77, 2010.[20]E.S Omokere, A.O.C Nwokoye, "Evaluating the performance of a singlephase PWM inverter using 3525A PWMIC" International Journal EngineeringResearch & Technology (IJERT), Vol 1,pp. 1-4, June-2012.Ghalib was born in Egypt. He received the B.Sc.degree in Process Control Systems from Beni SuiefUniversity, Egypt, in 2008. Currently, he is ademonstrator at the Faculty of Industrial Education, BeniSuief University, Beni Suief, Egypt. His researchactivities include photovoltaic applications and renewableenergy.M. A.Y. S. Abdalla was born in 1971. He received the B.Sc.and M.Sc.degrees in Electronics and CommunicationEngineering from the Faculty of Engineering, CairoUniversity, Egypt, in 1994, and 1999 respectively and thePh.D. in Electrical Engineering from the University ofwaterloo, Canada in 2006,. Currently, he is an assistantProf. in the Faculty of Industrial Education, SuezUniversity, Egypt. His research interests are in the area ofpower electronics applications, VLSI and renewableenergy.was born in 1949. He received the B.Sc.degree in Electrical Engineering from Military TechnicalCollage, Cairo, E
a single phase inverter which produces a pure sine wave with an output voltage that has the same magnitude and frequency as a grid voltage. A microcontroller, based on an advanced technology to generate a sine wave with fewer harmonics, less cost and a simpler design. The technique used is the sinusoidal pulse width modulationFile Size: 1MB
Collectively make tawbah to Allāh S so that you may acquire falāḥ [of this world and the Hereafter]. (24:31) The one who repents also becomes the beloved of Allāh S, Âَْ Èِﺑاﻮَّﺘﻟاَّﺐُّ ßُِ çﻪَّٰﻠﻟانَّاِ Verily, Allāh S loves those who are most repenting. (2:22
akuntansi musyarakah (sak no 106) Ayat tentang Musyarakah (Q.S. 39; 29) لًََّز ãَ åِاَ óِ îَخظَْ ó Þَْ ë Þٍجُزَِ ß ا äًَّ àَط لًَّجُرَ íَ åَ îظُِ Ûاَش
during the implementation of CBEST. The data were collected through observation during the implementation of CBEST and interview with teacher and headmaster. The result of this study reveals that the implementation of CBEST has its own benefits and limitations in relation to aspect of economy, implementation and test administration and test design.
Corrective action design and implementation . Petroleum Remediation Program . 1.0 Corrective action design approval process . The CAD approval process is completed in two phases: the design phase and the implementation phase. Figure 1 outlines the general CAD approval process. The design
design, implementation of the database design, implementation of the user interface for the database, and some issues for the migration of data from an existing legacy database to a new design. I will provide examples from the context of natural history collections information. Plan ahead. Good design involves not just solving the task at
Keywords: Design-Based Implementation Research, Design-Implementation Research, Instructional Systems Design, Intelligent Tutoring Systems, Participatory Design, Research Partnerships, Writing Pal INTRODUCTION With each new school year, the list of available educational technologies expands dramatically, along with
Legal Design Service offerings Legal Design - confidential 2 Contract design Litigation design Information design Strategy design Boardroom design Mastering the art of the visual Dashboard design Data visualization Legal Design What is especially interesting in the use of visual design in a p
implementation and sustainability framework to assist and support implementing agencies and communities. The TPI Implementation Framework (the TPI Framework) is adapted from current evidence-based implementation models including RE-AIM (Glasgow, Vogt & Boles, 1999) and the National Implementation Research Network (NIRN) (Fixsen, Blasé et al.,
