Borderlands Conservation Hotspot 1. The Californias
www.defenders.orgBorderlands Conservation Hotspot TONY WEBSTER/CC BY 2.01. The CaliforniasBeginning at the coast, fencing marks 46 miles of the 60-mile border between San Diego County and Mexico.T e coastal area of southern California and northern Baja California, Mexico (the Californias,hfor short) has it all: beaches, mountains, great weather, cultural diversity—and more milesof border fencing than anywhere else on the U.S.-Mexico border. Seventy-two percent of theCalifornia border is blocked by pedestrian fencing according to recent figures (USBP 2017). Thedensely populated and rapidly growing region also has extremely high biodiversity and hundredsof imperiled species (Stallcup et al 2015). With so many natural assets at stake, the region hasbecome “a hotbed of binational cooperation,” says Jerre Ann Stallcup, a conservation ecologistwho has worked for over 20 years in the California borderlands and worries about the effects ofwall building on cross-border collaborations and conservation investments (Stallcup 2018).The Californias’ Mediterranean climate accounts for itsbiodiversity—cool, moist winters and warm, dry summersand mixture of northern temperate and arid southernhabitats. Coastal sage scrub, chaparral, and oak and coniferwoodlands are common. Cottonwood and willow forests linefreshwater streams, and vernal pools provide seasonal oasesfor rare species like endangered San Diego fairy shrimp (U.S.Fish and Wildlife Service [FWS] 2017a). Further inland, eastof the Jacumba Mountains and Peninsular Ranges, muchdrier and hotter conditions favor creosote and saltbush scrub,sandy grasslands, dunes and other desert ecosystems.The Californias sustain over 400 species of plants andanimals classified as endangered, threatened or at risk,including the endangered California condor, Peninsularbighorn sheep and Quino checkerspot butterfly (Stallcup etal 2015). The region is part of the larger California FloristicProvince identified in 1996 by the International Union forthe Conservation of Nature (IUCN) as one of the world’smost biologically important and imperiled regions (CriticalEcosystem Partnership Fund 2018). At least 75 percent ofthe original habitat in the province has already been lost(California Academy of Sciences 2017).3
in the shadow of the wall: borderlands conservation hotspots on the line JOEL SARTORE/WWW.JOELSARTORE.COMBorder-security infrastructure and activities—including buildings, roads, night lighting,round-the-clock patrols, vehicles and helicopterflights—pose a whole other set of threats to wildlifeand conservation lands already under pressure.UNDER PRESSUREThe growth of the San Diego and Tijuana metropolitanareas—home to more than four million people—drives commercial, residential and transportationdevelopment and increasing off-road vehicle activity,pollution, habitat loss and wildfires in the Californias.In the last decade, fires destroyed thousands of acresof rare Tecate cypress (Stallcup et al 2015). Vernalpools are down to 10 percent of their historic extent(California Department of Fish and Game 1998), nativegrasslands to a mere 1 percent (California NativeGrasslands Association 2018).Urbanization poses the largest single threat to theendangered Peninsular bighorn sheep, with motorvehicles and poisonous ornamental plants introducedby homeowners and developers causing an equalnumber of deaths (Bighorn Institute 2018). Alongthe border, Interstate 8 in California and MexicanHighway 2 in Baja California fragment the landscapeand encourage sprawl. Tijuana and Playas de Rosaritoare spreading south along the coast and east towardTecate, Ensenada is heading north.The U.S. side of the border has many protected federaland state lands (Figure 2a). Several small reserves near thecoast are surrounded by human development, includingthe Tijuana River National Estuarine Research Reserve,Tijuana Slough National Wildlife Refuge and San Diego BayNational Wildlife Refuge. Inland reserves—most of which aremuch larger—include Cuyamaca Rancho and Anza-BorregoDesert state parks, Rancho Jamul and Sycuan Peak ecologicalreserves, and the federally designated Otay Mountain,Carrizo Gorge, Jacumba, Pine Creek and Hauser wildernessareas. These coastal and inland reserves total more than 1,000square miles. Additional multi-use public lands offer varyinglevels of protection for habitat and wildlife corridors amongmore strictly protected lands. ROMEL JACINTO/CC BY-SA 2.0Conservation landsWhere not negated by Real-ID-Act waivers, U.S. criticalhabitat designation offers another layer of protection forendangered and threatened species like the coastal Californiagnatcatcher, least Bell’s vireo, western snowy plover, Quinocheckerspot butterfly, Arroyo toad, San Diego fairy shrimpand Peninsular bighorn sheep.The Mexican side of the border has two protected areasFigure 2b). The 19-square-mile federally owned Parque4
www.defenders.orgWALLS, WAIVERS AND ENVIRONMENTAL DESTRUCTIONIThe building project included filling Smuggler’sGulch—an ecologically important canyon—with over2 million cubic yards of dirt, creating a 145-foot-highberm topped by a road to allow border patrol vehiclesaccess along both sides of a high wall (At TheEdges 2018). The California Coastal Commissionopposed this development, concluding that it wouldhave significant, long-term adverse effects on theTijuana River Estuarine Research Reserve, BorderField State Park and endangered species (CaliforniaCoastal Commission 2003). Nevertheless, the projectproceeded, resulting in habitat loss and increasederosion and water surges carrying harmful sedimentthat covers habitat for endangered Ridgway’s railand other species in the Tijuana Estuary (State ofCalifornia v. United States 2017, Innes 2016).DHS also used Real-ID-Act authority to waive theWilderness Act and other laws to build a 3.6-milestretch of wall and a five-mile patrol road acrossthe southern boundary of the 30-square-mile OtayMountain Wilderness Area (Innes 2016), subvertingthe congressional intent of wilderness designationand irreversibly damaging protected lands andwildlife. This wilderness area provides habitat for20 sensitive plant and animal species, including theendangered Quino checkerspot butterfly (Bureau ofLand Management [BLM] 2018), the largest remainingpopulation of Tecate cypress—listed as endangeredby the International Union for the Conservation ofNature (IUNC 2018), and the only known populationof rare Mexican flannel bush (U. S. Congress 1999).Prior to the waiver, a DHS draft environmental impactstatement found the project would have long-term,adverse impacts on the plant, animal and hydrologicalresources of the area (DHS et al 2007). With lawsnullified by the waiver, heavy equipment rolled in todrill and blast away steep slopes to clear 500,000cubic yards of earth and rock (Torline and Gruszecki2010). The impacts included extensive erosion, habitatfragmentation, felling of Tecate cypress trees andloss of wilderness values like solitude (Millis 2018).n 2009, the Department of Homeland Security(DHS) invoked the Real ID ACT of 2005,which allows the agency to waive “all legalrequirements necessary to ensure expeditiousconstruction of the barriers and roads,” andcompleted 14 miles of pedestrian fencing at thewesternmost edge of the San Diego-Tijuana border(State of California v. United States 2017).Previous page: Laborers construct a section of border wall. Above:To create this earthen berm that accommodates Border Patrol traffic,DHS waived environmental requirements and filled in Smuggler’sGulch, an ecologically significant canyon.5
in the shadow of the wall: borderlands conservation hotspots on the line§ Anza-BorregoDesertState Park15§ § § 158Sycuan PeakEcological Reserve§ 805San Diego! San DiegoNationalWildlife RefugeSan Diego BayNationalWildlife RefugeTijuana SloughNationalWildlife Refuge!TijuanaRancho JamulEcological ReserveOtay MountainWilderness AreaTijuana River EstuarineNational Research ReserveExisting borderbarrier Federal landPedestrianSpeciallydesignated areaVehicleOtherState landSpeciallydesignated areaOther Defenders of Wildlife 2018.Other conservedlands02468MilesFigure 2a. Protected areas in the Californias from the Tijuana Estuary west to Anza Borrego State ParkNacional Constitución de 1857, 45 miles south of the border,protects higher elevation coniferous forest and shrubland,shallow freshwater lakes, ponds and meadows (ComisiónNacional de Áreas Naturales Protegidas [CONANP] 2006).The mountainous 282-square-mile federally owned ParqueNacional Sierra de San Pedro Mártir, 127 miles from theborder, protects high-elevation coniferous forests and, in thelowlands, chaparral and desert shrub. Both parks supportgolden eagles, mountain lions, bobcats, ringtails, mule deerand Peninsular bighorn sheep (CONANP 2006, 2007). SanPedro Mártir is also a California condor reintroduction site,part of a binational effort to restore these birds absent fromMexico since 1937 (University of California Institute forMexico and the United States [UCMEXUS] 2003).in California and Mexico regularly collaborate. Notableexamples are summarized below.Identifying conservation prioritiesSouth Coast Missing Linkages Project. In 2002,conservation and research organizations working in theSouth Coast Ecoregion partnered to identify the mostimportant remaining habitat linkages between protectedareas (Penrod et al 2006). Their efforts have protectedkey U.S. parcels from development. Group membersare also working with transportation agencies to includewildlife overpasses and underpasses on some of the region’sbusiest highways. Partners include more than 20 U.S.and Mexican agencies and organizations, including U.S.Forest Service, National Park Service, BLM, CaliforniaState Parks, Conservation Biology Institute, South CoastWildlands, The Nature Conservancy, Conabio, Pronaturaand the Universidad Autonoma de Baja California.Collaborative conservationTo protect conservation lands, wildlife and other naturalresources, nonprofits, institutions and government agencies6
www.defenders.org§ 10CaliforniaAnza-BorregoDesert State Park § § 155LCBCI assessed habitatlosses in the Californias from2004 to 2014 and documentedSan Diego!some staggering ones in a2015 report. Within the study805§§ 8 area, valley grassland had!Tijuanadecreased 48 percent in Baja! MexicaliCalifornia and 36 percent inCalifornia (Stallcup et al 2015).Development or border wall hadConstitucionde 1857closed off three of the remainingwildlife linkages between U.S.and Mexican refuges identifiedby LCBCI in a 2004 report(Stallcup 2018). LCBCI isMexiconow calling for agencies andnongovernmental groups inthe two countries to protectthe only remaining linkage,which runs down the SierraSierra de SanJuárez mountains to ParquePedro MartirConstitución de 1857. (Stallcupet al 2015). This linkage wouldmaintain connections betweenU.S. and Mexican populationsExisting borderFederal landbarrierof mountain lions, PeninsularSpeciallydesignated areaPedestrianbighorn sheep, CaliforniaOtherVehiclecondors and golden eagles.Other conservedState landThe rapid rate of habitat losslandsSpeciallydocumented in LCBCI’s 2015designated areareport underscores an urgent0 6 12 18 24OtherMilesneed to create sister reserves inBaja California to safeguardFigure 2b. Protected areas in the Californias from Anza Borrego State Park south to Sierra de San Pedroa continuous swath of habitatMártirnorth and south of the border.This will require a substantialLas Californias Binational Conservation Initiativeincrease in funding and political will in Mexico and close(LCBCI). After the South Coast Missing Linkages Projectcollaboration among organizations and agencies on both sidesbrought attention to the interdependence of borderlandsof the border.species and highlighted the lack of protected areas on theMexican side, LCBCI formed to identify essential areas forconservation. Members include the Conservation BiologyCooperating on conservation planningInstitute, The Nature Conservancy, Terra Peninsular,Natural Community Conservation Planning (NCCP).Pronatura, BLM, FWS, California Department of Fish andCalifornia’s Natural Community Conservation PlanningWildlife, CONANP and Secretaría de Medio Ambiente yAct provides mechanisms for decreasing conflict betweenRecursos Naturales (SEMARNAT).development and conservation. The NCCP establishes a Defenders of Wildlife 2018.7
legal framework that California municipalities have used todevelop species conservation plans approved by FWS and theCalifornia Department of Fish and Wildlife.With multiple southern California species facingextinction because of habitat loss, municipalities havecreated conservation plans that nest within the state’s NCCPframework. For example, the San Diego Multiple SpeciesConservation Program (MSCP) covers the southwest portionof San Diego County. In this area that encompasses 900square miles and borders Mexico, MCSP is preserving 171,920acres (City of San Diego 2018) to ensure long-term survival ofimperiled species while allowing development in other areas.Jurisdictional subareas, including unincorporated portionsof San Diego County, the cities of San Diego and ChulaVista, are implementing the plan. The MSCP area abuts otherNCCP plans within San Diego County and within Orangeand Riverside counties to the north. But to the south inMexico, no comparable regional planning program exists.Development of the MSCP plan required six years ofnegotiation between public and private partners across theregion. As of 2016, San Diego County has protected 75,450acres of high value habitat in its unincorporated area (SanDiego County 2018), invested 35.5 million in land protectionand leveraged another 34 million (San Diego County 2017).The city of San Diego, in addition to its own subarea plan,developed a complementary Vernal Pool Habitat ConservationPlan to improve and streamline the environmental permittingprocess and minimize impacts to vernal pool species, includingOtay Mesa mint, California Orcutt grass and San Diego fairyshrimp (City of San Diego 2017). DOUGLAS CROFTin the shadow of the wall: borderlands conservation hotspots on the lineFull recovery of the California Condor hinges on binational cooperation.California (FWS 2016a). In 1987, FWS and the San Diego Zoopioneered a program to raise condors for release in the wildafter loss of habitat and food sources, shooting and poisoningfrom lead and other chemicals had reduced the populationto a mere 27 individuals (California Department of Fishand Wildlife 2018). Today nearly 250 condors fly free in theUnited States (FWS 2016b). Another 36 live in the wild in BajaCalifornia, centered around the Mexican release site in ParqueNacional Sierra de San Pedro Mártir, and sometimes ventureinto the United States (Porras 2018).Mexicans Juan Vargas and Catalina Porras lead the teamthat raises condors for release at Sierra San Pedro de Mártir.When the program started in 2002, Vargas and Porras livedin a tent at the remote reintroduction site to acclimate andmonitor the birds. Today, the juvenile condors they helpedreintroduce are successfully reproducing adults. “We believethat in the future the flock flying free in California and theones flying here in Mexico will merge,” says Porras.Currently a memorandum of understanding between theUnited States and Mexico allows the transfer of condors andtheir eggs across the international border for conservation.Work is coordinated through the binational CaliforniaCondor Recovery Team, with a major role played by theSan Diego Zoo. “Our Mexican partners are wonderful,”says Ignacio Vilchis, the zoo’s associate director of recoveryecology. “We’ve worked together to establish a self-sustainingcondor reintroduction program at Sierra San Pedro deMártir” (Vilchis 2018). That goal is on the horizon: OffspringSonoran Joint Venture. An FWS-supported binational groupof more than 50 agencies, nonprofits and universities, theSonoran Joint Venture leverages local, state and federal fundsto carry out bird conservation projects in the U.S. Southwestand western Mexico, including southern California and BajaCalifornia (Sonoran Joint Venture 2018a). One 2016 grantee,the Southern Sierra Research Station, hosted workshops totrain Mexican biologists to assess and monitor Mexican birdpopulations in trouble (Sonoran Joint Venture 2018b).Protecting cross-border speciesCalifornia condors. The recovery of the California condor—the largest land bird in North America—requires a widespreadpopulation in their historical range in California and Baja8
www.defenders.org“ The wall undermines a decade ofmassive financial investment insouthern California conservationlands and makes it harder toensure the future of specieslike the endangered Peninsularbighorn sheep.”from two breeding pairs at Mexico City’s Chapultepec Zoowere recently released at the Sierra de San Pedro Mártirsite—a milestone for the Mexican program and binationalcondor recovery.Peninsular desert bighorn sheep. Once widespread inCalifornia and Baja California, in its current range (Figure3) the desert-adapted Peninsular bighorn sheep now numbersfewer than 1,000 in Southern California, 2,000 to 2,500 inMexico (Bighorn Institute 2018). Critical habitat designatedby FWS for the species extends south to the border, andfemales from the U.S. Jacumba ewe group cross into Mexicoto lamb and find summer water (Colby and Botta 2015).“There’s a break in the border fence because there’s very roughterrain in that area,” says researcher Asako Navarro. “We areseeing not only movement back and forth from the border,but use of the habitat by the peninsular bighorn sheep”(Binkowski 2015). Maintaining such connectivity betweenthe U.S. and Mexican sheep is an important goal in the FWS — Jerre Ann Stallcup, ecologistrecovery plan, and the long-term health of the population willdepend on cooperation between U.S. and Mexican agencies. JSANCHEZDLight-footed Ridgway’s rail. Loss of coastal wetlandsto development in southern California and northern BajaCalifornia pushed Ridgway’s rail (formerly the light-footedclapper rail) to the edge of extinction. The Tijuana Estuarydownhill from Smuggler’s Gulch supports the second-largestU.S. population of 70 to 120 nesting pairs in any given year,while a larger population exists in Mexico at Bahía SanParque Nacional Sierra San Pedro Mártir in Baja California is known for its pine trees, rock formations and recently reintroduced California condors.9
in the shadow of the wall: borderlands conservation hotspots on the line§ 215CaliforniaQuino checkerspot butterfly.The small orange-and-whiteQuino checkerspot once flittedthroughout much of southernCalifornia and Baja California,but populations are now downby more than 95 percent (FWS2003). FWS listed the Quinocheckerspot as endangeredand designated critical habitat,which extends to the U.S.border. The FWS recovery plannotes that survival of the U.S.population near the bordermay depend on recruitmentfrom source populations inBaja California, notably one onJesús Maria Mesa, next to anunwalled section of the border.§ 15§ 1§ 5§ 8San Diego!§ 805!TijuanaMexicoThe looming threatof the wall Existing borderbarrierPeninsular bighornsheep rangePedestrianVehicle0481216Miles Defenders of Wildlife 2018.Figure 3. Peninsular bighorn sheep rangeQuintín south of Ensenada. A U.S. captive-breeding programstarted in 1998 is raising rails to augment the wild population,but fragmented U.S. populations have lost genetic diversity.One solution under consideration to introduce new genesis collecting eggs from the San Quintín population to rearin the United States. “The best conservation strategy for thebird’s long-term survival is strong binational cooperation,”says Eduardo Palacios, shore-bird specialist with Centro deInvestigación Científica y de Educación Superior de Ensenada(2018). “We need genetic exchange between the two countriesso populations stay healthy.
Pronatura, BLM, FWS, California Department of Fish and Wildlife, CONANP and Secretaría de Medio Ambiente y Recursos Naturales (SEMARNAT). Figure 2b. Protected areas in the Californias from Anza Borrego State Park south to Sierra de San Pedro Mártir LCBCI assessed habitat l
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