The Relationship Between Family Violence And Youth Offending
The relationshipbetween familyviolence andyouth offendingReportThe relationship between family violence and youth offending1
This review was undertaken by Chanon Consulting and Cordis Bright. The review protocol andevidence assessment approach were agreed with the Local Government Association (LGA)before the review was conducted.Please note that this is an evidence review and is not designed to be policy or practiceguidance. However, it is hoped that this review could help to inform future guidance inthis area.It should also be noted that the review focusses on the link between family violence andyouth offending. It does not focus on wider issues eg the over-representation or underrepresentation of certain groups in the criminal justice system.2The relationship between family violence and youth offending
Contents1 Executive summary42 Introduction83 The link between family violence and youth offending124 Possible interventions235 Appendix 1: Literature table296 Appendix 2: Review protocol47The relationship between family violence and youth offending3
1. Executive summaryCouncils only want the best for the children and young people in their communities, but manychildren struggle to cope with the challenges they experience. Facing continuous familyviolence and without recourse to adequate help when they need it, we know that someyoung people go on to be involved in the youth justice system.As local leaders councils play a key role in reducing youth offending, bringing togetherpartners through their strategic and operational role spanning enforcement, early intervention,prevention in relation to youth offending and the provision of support to victims of violence.By understanding the risk factors and commissioning interventions that support the protectivefactors, the link between family violence and youth offending can be broken.This rapid evidence assessment provides an introduction to the subject, and asks threekey questions:What evidence exists to support a link betweenfamily violence and involvement in youth offending?If a link does exist, are there factors that moderatethe relationship between family violence andsubsequent involvement in youth offending?What public health interventions are availableto prevent offending among children and youngpeople who have experienced family violence?What evidence exists to support a link between familyviolence and involvement in youth offending?This review finds an emerging body of robust evidence for a link between experiencing familyviolence, and subsequent participation in youth offending. The evidence shows: The more risk factors, for example, adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) experiencedby young people, the greater the likelihood of participation in youth offending. Timing of experiencing family violence matters in terms of likelihood of youth offending.Stewart et al. (2008) reported a consistent finding that young people whose maltreatmentpersists from childhood into adolescence1, or that starts in adolescence, are much morelikely to be involved in the youth justice system than those whose experience of maltreatmentwas limited to their childhood.1This review defines childhood as birth to 11 years, and adolescence as 12 to 17 years.4The relationship between family violence and youth offending
Young people who offend are often known to children’s social care services. Hopkins, Webb,and Mackie (2010) analysed completed2 Asset and Onset profiles of young people whowere convicted or deemed at risk of offending and found that 43 per cent had had previouscontact with children’s social services and 15 per cent had current contact. There are links between a specific sub-type of family violence and involvement in youthoffending, for example, between youth offending and experiencing: sibling violence,violence against women and girls (VAWG), childhood physical abuse, child to parentviolence and witnessing domestic violence.Are there factors that moderate the relationship betweenexperiencing family violence and youth offending?This review identified six studies that found risk and protective factors experienced by a youngperson that moderated or exacerbated the link between family violence and youth offending.A summary of these is provided in Figure 1 and Figure 2.Figure 1 Protective factors influencing the link between family violenceand youth offendingIndividual factorsHigh self-esteemFamily factorsCommunity factorsGood sibling relationshipsGood peer relationshipsHigh quality relationshipswith supportive adultsSafe school environmentFigure 2 Risk factors influencing the link between family violence and youth offendingIndividual factorsLow social competencyExperience of depressionFailure at schoolFamily factorsRunning away from homeCommunity factorsDelinquent peersVerbal and physicalabuse with peersExperiences of familyviolence that start in orpersist into adolescenceSubstance abuse234It should be noted that the social care history of young people was only completed in 65 per cent of all assets, and rarelycompleted in onset assessments.For young women only (Weaver et al. 2008)For young women only (Weaver et al. 2008)The relationship between family violence and youth offending5
What interventions are available toprevent offending among childrenand young people who haveexperienced family violence?As part of this review we exploredinterventions that are available to preventoffending among children and young peoplewho have experienced family violence.The review identified the followinginterventions as having evidence at level threeon the standards of evidence scale5 used inthe report, ie there is good evidence that theymay work in reducing violence (see Section 2of the main report: Family Nurse Partnership The Sexual Abuse: Family Educationand Treatment Program Big Brothers Big Sisters community-basedmentoring programme Functional Family Therapy (FFT) multisystemic therapy for child abuseand neglect.More information about each interventionis presented in Figure 13 (Section 4).What should decision-makersconsider?This review suggests that the following keymessages are relevant for decision-makers: There is a well-established link betweenexperiences of family violence, broadlydefined, and participation in youthoffending. There is a substantial bodyof evidence from large-scale quantitativestudies and meta-analyses to suggest thata link exists between child maltreatment,ACEs, and youth offending. More evidence is needed to fullyestablish the links that exist betweenspecific forms of family violence, andparticipation in youth offending. Linksbetween specific forms of family violence56and participation in youth offendingtend to have either mixed evidence, orsupport from small-scale, single studies.Accordingly, decision-makers shouldconsider focusing on addressing familyviolence more broadly, as opposed toone specific form of family violence. Protective factors. Decision-makersmay wish to consider interventions thatsupport the following protective factors thatare correlated with a reduced likelihoodof offending among young people withexperience of family violence: goodrelationships with peers, safe schoolenvironment, high self-esteem, goodrelationships with siblings, and strongattachments to parents or toother supportive adults. Risk factors. Similarly, decision-makersmay wish to consider interventions thataddress and seek to reduce the followingrisk factors that are correlated with anincreased likelihood of offending amongyoung people with experience of familyviolence: running away from home, lowschool attainment and association withdelinquent peers. Commission and fund interventionsthat aim to prevent and/or reduceoffending among children and youngpeople with experience of familyviolence. Four interventions: FunctionalFamily Therapy (FFT), Family NursePartnership, The Sexual Abuse: FamilyEducation and Treatment Program, andthe Big Brothers Big Sisters communitybased mentoring programme have hadevaluations that demonstrate successin reducing offending among youngpeople with experience of family violence.However, further research is needed toassess how appropriate and effective allfour programmes are in reducing offendingamong young people whose families arecurrently or previously dealing with issuesof serious violence and abuse.Cordis Bright’s evidence scale is bespoke to this report and based on a review of a set of other evidence standards scalesincluding NESTA, Project Oracle, YJB, and the Maryland scale.The relationship between family violence and youth offending
Ensure that there is evaluation andmonitoring of public health approachesfor addressing offending amongyoung people with experience offamily violence. Interventions reviewedhere require either more evidence todemonstrate their efficacy in preventingfuture offending by children withexperience of family violence or theirefficacy in addressing offending byorking with families in family contextswhere there has been serious violence.Local decision-makers should aim tocontribute to the evidence base byensuring robust evaluation (in line withrecognised evidence standards) of publichealth approaches and other interventionsthat are commissioned and funded.The relationship between family violence and youth offending7
2. IntroductionCouncils only want the best for the children and young people in their communities, but manychildren struggle to cope with the challenges they experience. Facing continuous familyviolence and without recourse to adequate help when they need it, we know that some youngpeople go on to be involved in the youth justice system.As local leaders councils play a key role in reducing youth offending, bringing togetherpartners through their strategic and operational role spanning enforcement, early intervention,prevention in relation to youth offending and the provision of support to victims of violence.By understanding the risk factors and commissioning interventions that support the protectivefactors, the link between family violence and youth offending can be broken.This literature review is an introduction to the subject, and aims to: explore the links between children’s and young people’s experiences of family violenceand their involvement in youth offending facilitate understanding of current public health interventions specifically aimedat supporting young offenders who have experienced family violence.In particular, this review provides answers to the following key questions:Figure 3 Key literature review questionsWhat evidence exists to support a link betweenfamily violence and involvement in youth offending?If a link does exist, are there factors that moderatethe relationship between family violence andsubsequent involvement in youth offending?What public health interventions are availableto prevent offending among children and youngpeople who have experienced family violence?8The relationship between family violence and youth offending
Report structureThis report is structured as follows: Section 2 the remainder of this sectionprovides definitions, context andmethodology. Section 3 explores key themes in thelinks between family violence andyouth offending. Section 4 considers available publichealth interventions tailored to addressoffending or risk of offending amongchildren and young people who haveexperienced family violence.DefinitionsIn the UK domestic violence and abuse isdefined as:‘Any incident or pattern of incidents ofcontrolling, coercive, threatening behaviour,violence or abuse between those aged 16 orover who are, or have been, intimate partnersor family members regardless of gender orsexuality. The abuse can encompass, but isnot limited to: psychological, physical, sexual,financial or emotional.’Home Office, UK Government, March 20176The fact that the definition excludesviolence and abuse (and any other form ofmaltreatment, such as neglect) in relationto children under 16 years of age meansthat it is not a comprehensive descriptor for‘family violence’. For the purposes of thisreview, therefore, we have used the followingdefinition for family violence:‘Family violence is when someone usesabusive behaviour to control and/or harma member of their family, or someone withwhom they have an intimate relationship.Family violence includes many different formsof abuse including physical, sexual, emotional,and financial abuse. It may include a singleact of violence, or a number of acts that form67a pattern of abuse. Various types of familyviolence include domestic violence, childabuse and neglect, sibling violence, violenceagainst women and girls, and elder abuse.’Department of Justice, Government of Canada, 2017In terms of youth offending, we focused bothon children and young people worked with byyouth offending teams, ie who get into troublewith the police or are arrested7; and childrenand young people on the trajectory to/fringesof youth offending, ie with disruptive or antisocial behaviour.We used the World Health Organisation(2017) definition concerning public healthapproaches to reducing violence, as one that:‘Seeks to improve the health and safety ofall individuals by addressing underlying riskfactors that increase the likelihood that anindividual will become a victim or a perpetratorof violence. By definition, public health aimsto provide the maximum benefit for the largestnumber of people. Programmes for primaryprevention of violence based on the publichealth approach are designed to expose abroad segment of a population to preventionmeasures and to reduce and prevent violenceat a population-level.’Public health approaches can be identifiedby the following characteristics: Defining and monitoring the problem. Identifying causes of the problem, thefactors that increase or decrease the riskof violence, and the factors that could bemodified through interventions. Designing, implementing and evaluatinginterventions to find out what works. Implementing effective and promisinginterventions on a wider scale, whilecontinuing to monitor their effects, impactand cost-effectiveness (WHO, 2017a).Available at: ccessed 26 Nov. 2017Available at: https://www.gov.uk/youth-offending-team.Accessed 26 Nov. 2017The relationship between family violence and youth offending9
Figure 4 Summary of steps of the public health approach1. SurveillanceWhat is the problem?2. Identify risk andprotective factorsWhat are the causes?Define the violence problemthrough systematic datacollection.4. ImplementationScaling up effectivepolicy & programmesScale-up effective andpromising interventionsand evaluate their impactand cost effectiveness.Conduct research to find outwhy violence occurs andwho it affects.3. Develop and evaluateinterventionsWhat works andfor whom?Design, implement andevaluate interventions tosee what works.Source: WHO, 2017In terms of youth offending, we have included studies that explored family violence in relationto self-reported and/or officially-recorded offences.What is the scale of family violence in the UK?Domestic violence and abuse is the most commonly cited factor when children are assessedby children’s social care services to determine whether they need support. In 2015/16, therewere around 222,000 episodes where domestic violence was cited as a factor. This translatesinto around 28 new episodes every week (which reach the threshold of children’s social careintervention) in every local authority in the country.8A 2016 survey by the Office for National Statistics found that 9 per cent of adults aged 16to 59 had experienced psychological abuse, 7 per cent physical abuse, 7 per cent sexualassault and 8 per cent witnessed domestic violence or abuse in the home during childhood9.With the exception of physical abuse, women were significantly more likely to report that theyhad suffered any form of abuse asked about during childhood than men (ONS, 2016).In addition, a 2009 NSPCC survey of child abuse and neglect in the UK found that 5 per centof under 11s, 13 per cent of 11–17s and 15 per cent of 18–24s had experienced severemaltreatment by a parent or guardian during their childhood (NSPCC, 2009).Data collection by the ONS and the NSPCC focuses only on family violence perpetrated byadults, and little is known about the scale of family violence perpetrated by minors in the s/attachment data/file/645642/JTAI domestic abuse 18 Sept 2017.pdfThis survey was restricted to abuse carried out by an adult.The relationship between family violence and youth offending
This is an area for future research.Review methodologyWe developed and designed a review protocol which we shared and agreed with the LGAbefore developing the bibliography and proceeding with the review. The review protocol ispresented in Section 6 below.Standards of evidenceThe interventions working with young offenders who have experience of family violenceincluded in this review are assessed according to the evidence scale in Figure 5.Figure 5 Standards of Evidence ScaleLevelDescriptionLevel 1Programmes/Interventions have a clear theory of change/logic model in terms of how they aim to impact on outcomes.However, there may not yet be clear evidence that they areachieving this impact.Level 2Programmes/Interventions at this level meet level 1 criteriaplus evidence indicating observed impact on desiredoutcomes. This could include a pre- post- measure onoutcomes. A robust comparison group or equivalent isnot essential for level 2.Level 3Programmes/Interventions at this level meet level 1 criteriaand include evaluations that clearly demonstrate observedon its desired outcomes. It is necessary at this level to clearlydemonstrate that any positive outcomes achieved were likelyto have resulted from the programme/intervention and assuch require comparison with a well-matched control groupor equivalent.The relationship between family violence and youth offending11
3. The link between familyviolence and youthoffendingWhile many children and young people who experience family violence do not go on toengage in offending as adolescents, and many who engage in offending as adolescentshave not experienced family violence (Crooks et al. 2007, Stewart et al. 2008), substantialresearch does exist to suggest a link between experiences of family violence andubsequent involvement in youth offending.This section first reviews the literature that considers correlation of the broaderphenomena of ‘adverse childhood experiences’ (a concept which includesexperiences of family violence) and ‘child maltreatment’ with youth offending.The section then moves on to review research that focuses more narrowly on the linkbetween experiences of specific forms of family violence, including sibling violence,child to parent violence, violence against women and girls (VAWG), and witnessingdomestic violence, and subsequent involvement in youth offending.There is substantial evidence for a link between adverse childhoodexperiences (ACEs) and involvement in youth offendingACEs are ‘potentially traumatic events that can have negative, lasting effects on health andwellbeing’ (Sacks et al. 2014 p. 1). ACEs include experiences of violence such as physical,sexual and emotional abuse, in addition to non-violent potentially traumatic events andexperiences such as neglect, parental separation, parental incarceration, and economichardship (Sacks et al. 2014).This review found three large scale quantitative studies that report a significantcorrelation between ACEs and youth offending. Where the studies provided specificdata on ACEs that constitute ‘family violence’, this has been highlighted. The threestudies found that ACEs were correlated with an increase in odds of youth offendingof between 23 per cent and 345 per cent, depending on the exact nature of the ACEsand of the offences.12Th
violence include domestic violence, child abuse and neglect, sibling violence, violence against women and girls, and elder abuse.’ Department of Justice, Government of Canada, 2017 In terms of youth offending, we focused both The relationship bet
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