CNG For Commercialization Of Small Volumes Of Associated
Public Disclosure AuthorizedPublic Disclosure AuthorizedCNG for commercialization ofsmall volumes of associated gasPrepared by TRACTEBEL ENGINEERING S.A.October 2015Public Disclosure AuthorizedPublic Disclosure Authorized
TABLE OF CONTENTSEXECUTIVE SUMMARY . 5Introduction . 5The CNG Chain . 5Production . 5Transportation . 6Examples of CNG chain costs . 7CNG market overview . 9Conclusions . 101. INTRODUCTION .111.1.Abbreviations . 111.2.Constraints for the recovery of associated gas as CNG . 151.2.1.Nature of associated gas .151.2.2.Constraints linked to CNG transportation .161.2.3.Gas quality .171.2.4.Recovered gas pressure at the production site .171.2.5.Stored gas temperature .171.2.6.Production rate .181.2.7.Offloading Rate .181.2.8.Offloading conditions .181.2.9.Safety.181.2.10. CNG ship certification .191.2.11. Container design for marine transport .191.2.12. Onshore CNG transportation .202. STATUS OF CNG TECHNOLOGIES – MARINE CNG .202.1.2.2.Compressed Energy Technology AS . 212.1.1.Technology .222.1.2.Marine transport vessels .222.1.3.Certification .262.1.4.Key features and Comparison LNG .262.1.5.Commercial References .272.1.6.Targeted Markets .272.1.7.Potential Application for 1-15 MMscf/d Gas Production .27EnerSea – VOTRANSTM . 272.2.1.Technology .271
2.3.2.4.2.5.2.6.2.2.2.Marine transport vessels .302.2.3.Key features and Comparison LNG .332.2.4.Certification .332.2.5.Commercial references .332.2.6.Targeted Markets .332.2.7.Potential Application for 1-15 MMscf/d Gas Production .34Sea NG COSELLETM . 342.3.1.Technology .342.3.2.Marine transport vessels .352.3.3.Key features and Comparison LNG .382.3.4.Certification .382.3.5.Commercial references .382.3.6.Targeted Markets .382.3.7.Potential Application for 1-15 MMscf/d Gas Production .38TransCanada CNG Technologies . 392.4.1.Technology .392.4.2.Marine transport vessels .402.4.3.Key features and Comparison LNG .412.4.4.Certification .412.4.5.Commercial references .412.4.6.Targeted Markets .422.4.7.Potential Application for 1-15 MMscf/d Gas Production .42Knutsen OAS Shipping AS . 432.5.1.Technology .432.5.2.Marine transport vessels .442.5.3.Key features and Comparison LNG .462.5.4.Certification .462.5.5.Commercial references .462.5.6.Targeted Markets .462.5.7.Potential Application for 1-15 MMscf/d Gas Production .47Trans Ocean Gas . 472.6.1.Technology .472.6.2.Marine transport vessels .482.6.3.Key features and Comparison LNG .502.6.4.Certification .512.6.5.Commercial references .512.6.6.Targeted Markets .512.6.7.Potential Application for 1-15 MMscf/d Gas Production .512.7.Marine CNG – Comparison of technologies . 522.8.Elements of Costs. 542
2.9.2.8.1.CNG transportation costs .542.8.2.Gas treatment costs .56Conclusions for marine CNG . 573. STATUS OF CNG TECHNOLOGIES – ON-SHORE CNG .573.1.Background . 573.2.Road bulk CNG transportation . 593.3.3.2.1.Steel tube trailers .593.2.2.GTM Type III cylinders module .593.2.3.Lincoln TITANTM 4 composite cylinders .603.2.4.Galileo Virtual Pipeline .603.2.5.Comparison of CNG transport and storage containers .623.2.6.Potential Application for 1-15 MMscf/d Gas Production .623.2.7.Elements of Cost .63Conclusions for on-shore CNG . 684. ALTERNATIVE SYSTEMS FOR NATURAL GAS TRANSPORTATION .694.1.Transport as natural gas hydrates (NGH) . 694.2.Pressurized LNG (PLNG) . 694.3.Adsorbed natural gas (ANG) . 705. CNG MARKET IN USA .725.1.CNG as fuel for vehicles . 725.2.Flaring gas utilization experiences . 775.3.CNG as fuel for vessels. 786. CNG MARKET IN CHINA .797. CNG MARKET IN PAKISTAN .828. APPLICATIONS FOR OTHER COUNTRIES .868.1.Opportunities for small scale CNG . 868.2.Nigeria. 878.2.1.CNG as fuel for power generation .878.2.2.Small scale power generation for isolated industries .888.2.3.CNG as fuel for transport .888.2.4.Natural Gas from Marginal fields .893
8.3.8.4.Iraq . 908.3.1.CNG as fuel for power generation .908.3.2.CNG as fuel for transportation .918.3.3.CNG as fuel for industries .918.3.4.CNG as fuel for military sector.92Indonesia . 928.4.1.CNG as fuel for power generation .928.4.2.CNG as fuel for transportation .948.4.3.Experience of Jakarta .958.4.4.CNG as fuel for industrial sector .959. POTENTIAL BARRIERS AND INCENTIVES .9610. CONCLUSIONS .9611. REFERENCES .974
EXECUTIVE SUMMARYThe study has analysed current Compressed Natural Gas (CNG) technology for itspotential to monetise small volumes of this gas (1-15MMscf/d) and avoid or reducethe gas flaring.IntroductionCompressed Natural Gas (CNG) is natural gas transported and stored in compressedform (pressurised to between 100 and 250 barg) in order to reduce the volume to betransported or stored by between 150 to 300 times that of gas at atmosphericpressure.Historically, CNG has been used onshore for gas supply over short distances and inrelatively small volumes. While the cost of delivered CNG depends on projectspecific conditions such as gas volume, in general CNG can be economically viablefor volumes up to around 5 MMscf/d and distances up to 800 km.Compressed Natural Gas (CNG) is mainly used as an alternative fuel for vehicles.Natural gas vehicles are very popular worldwide, particularly in countries suchPakistan, Argentina, India and China. Use of CNG as fuel for road vehicles has beendriven by two main factors: rising gasoline prices and increased environmentalconcerns.Use of CNG at a larger scale is not yet commercially viable but is being investigatedby several companies as a potential economically viable alternative to LiquefiedNatural Gas (LNG).The CNG ChainThe CNG chain is composed of four elements: Production, Transportation,Receiving and Storage.ProductionCNG production consists of gas pre-treatment and compression. The pre-treatmentprocess is simpler than in an LNG liquefaction plant and is generally set by therequirements of the end users. The main pre-treatment activities are: Removal of heavy hydrocarbons to avoid condensation when storing as CNG,removal of contaminates: hydrogen sulphide, carbon dioxide, etc., anddehydration.The amount of compression required depends on the delivery pressure of the sourcegas reservoir and gas quality.5
TransportationCNG may be transported on-shore or off-shore (marine). There are a number ofdifferent options available for each alternative.Marine CNG TransportationTransportation cost is the most important factor in the CNG chain. The cost of CNGmarine transport is directly proportional to the volume of gas and distance betweenthe gas source and the consumers.Since the early 1960’s the marine transport of CNG has been investigated andanalysed by various developers. The current marine CNG developers and theirtransportation concepts are as follows:CETechEnerSeaVotransTMSea utsenOASShippingTrans OceanGasType ofContainmentComposite orX80 pipe steel; composite(Isocontainer)X80 steelcylinderscoiled X70 linepipe forming acarrousel(Coselle)Compositereinforced steelGas TransportModules (GTM)X80 steelcargo tankcylinders(CTC)CompositeHDPE pt stageadvancedconceptstageadvancedconcept stageconcept stageconceptstageConcept stagefor MEGCcontainer only85-319( 60 to120,000m³oil)75 – 1,000(ship)51 - 531 (ship)12 - 10070 - 1,200Variable as afunction ofthe number ofcontainers200 – 1,200variable(container)10-100(barge)?-80 (barge)Transport capacity(MMscf)On-shore CNG TransportationOn-shore CNG transportation is a proven technology that has been used for decades.The on-shore CNG transportation system consists of: gas compression and truck loading at the gas source location; truck offloading, heating, let-down and metering at the customer site.Analysis of the cost of delivered CNG for a number of volumes and distances (seebelow) shows that, for production capacities higher than 5 MMscf/d, delivery ofCNG by truck becomes difficult not only due to the substantial number of vehiclesrequired (especially for longer distances), but also the significant extent of loadingand offloading facilities required.The CNG storage type used for transportation is the main difference between thevarious suppliers. The main characteristics are as follows:6
Tube typeContainer materialTrailer max capacity(MMscf)Pressure (barg)Luxfer-GTM type IIISteel – Highstrength steelAluminum inner wallwrapped with carbonfiberglassLincoln type IVCarbon fibre/epoxycompositeGalileo MATISO 9809 steelcylinderup to 0.29up to 0.44up to 0.36up to 0.25187-227248250200-250Corrosion resistance-? -Gas/container weightratio (t/t)0.240.410.790.2base case Comparative costExamples of CNG chain costsThe sizing and cost of the different elements of the chain depend on the specificcharacteristics of each project such as: gas volume and composition, distance toconsumers, storage and infrastructure requirements, geographical location etc.The unit cost (capital and operating) for four scenarios have been evaluated: Gasvolumes of 3 and 10 MMscf/d, and short and long distances to customers. It must benoted that these cost estimates are only indicative as specific circumstances (e.g. achallenging physical environment, high labour costs in an overheated businessenvironment such as the Bakken in N. Dakota), can affect the costs and henceeconomics significantly.TransportmethodLong distanceOffshoreCapital & Operating cost, USD2015/MMBTUItemGas Marine 3 MMscf/d / 550-800 MNMarine 10 MMscf/d / 550-800 apital & Operating cost, USD2015/MMBTUItemGas 7Truck 3 MMscf/d / 750-1000 MiTruck 10 MMscf/d / 750-1000 Mi0.420.738.810.5010.460.210.708.790.5010.20
TransportmethodShort distanceCapital & Operating cost, USD2015/MMBTUOffshoreItemGas Marine 3 MMscf/d / 55-150 MNMarine 10 MMscf/d / 55-150 MN0.420.733.000.504.650.210.702.400.503.81Capital & Operating cost, USD2015/MMBTUOnshoreItemGas Truck 3 MMscf/d / 0-250 MiTruck 10 MMscf/d / 0-250 Mi0.420.732.200.503.850.210.702.200.503.61Long distance, OnshoreUSD2015/MMBTUUSD2015/MMBTUShort distance, 0.09.08.07.06.05.04.03.02.01.00.0Truck 3 MMscf/d / 0- Truck 10 MMscf/d /250 Mi0-250 MiTruck 3 MMscf/d / 7501000 MiGas treatmentCompression/loadingGas portDeliveryShort distance, Offshore11.010.09.08.07.06.05.04.03.02.01.00.0Long distance, OffshoreUSD2015/MMBTUUSD2015/MMBTUTruck 10 MMscf/d /750-1000 MiMarine 3 MMscf/d / Marine 10 MMscf/d /550-800 MN550-800 MN11.010.09.08.07.06.05.04.03.02.01.00.0Marine 3 MMscf/d / Marine 10 MMscf/d /550-800 MN550-800 MNGas treatmentCompression/loadingGas portDelivery8
The above cost estimate examples can be summarized as follows:CNG: Offshore transportUSD/MMBTUUSD/MMBTUCNG: Onshore les3 MMSCFD400600800Nautical miles10 MMSCFD3 MMSCFD10 MMSCFDCNG market overviewOnshoreThere are currently almost 20 million road vehicles in the world in a wide range ofcountries using CNG as fuel. The ten count
Marine CNG Transportation Transportation cost is the most important factor in the CNG chain. The cost of CNG marine transport is directly proportional to the volume of gas and distance between the gas source and the consumers. Since the early 1960’s the marine transport of CNG
In-Use Vehicle (CNG /Bio-CNG/LNG Dual Fuel Engine) For Replacement of In-Use Diesel Engine by New CNG/Bio-CNG/LNG Engine . vehicle and CNG / Bio-CNG/LNG engine as per Table 2 and 4 of AIS-007. CMV
Questar Gas Company: 7 CNG public stations, 12 CNG upgrades & 115 CNG vehicles Robinson Waste: 3 CNG refuse haulers Salt Lake City: 57 CNG & hybrid vehicles Semi-Service Inc : 1 CNG public station & 7 CNG vehicles St. George Express : 5 CNG airport shuttle vans
For example; we see for a manufacture rated 23.5 gge CNG cylinder having refills in range of 17 - 20 gge's. CNG Cylinder Pressure - 3,600 psi at 70ºF CNG Cylinder Inspection Requirements - The CNG Cylinder must be inspected every 3 years or 36,000 miles, whichever occurs first, by a Certified CNG Cylinder and Fuel System Inspector (CNG-FSI).
For example; we see for a manufacture rated 23.5 gge CNG cylinder having refills in range of 17 - 20 gge's. CNG Cylinder Pressure - 3,600 psi at 70ºF CNG Cylinder Inspection Requirements - The CNG Cylinder must be inspected every 3 years or 36,000 miles, whichever occurs first, by a Certified CNG Cylinder and Fuel System Inspector (CNG-FSI).
7. Annexure VI Installation certificate for converted CNG / BIO-CNG vehicle 17/96 8. Annexure VII Checklist for third party checking or inspection of built-up CNG / BIO-CNG buses (New and In-use) and LNG buses (New) before registration 19/96 9. Annexure VIII Checklist for preventive maintenance of in-use CNG
CNG cylinder (1) is installed in the luggage compartment below luggage shelf (2). Luggage shelf (2) above CNG cylinder may be used for keeping lightweight lug-gage. CNG CYLINDER WARNING LABEL 72RMC004 You may find this label on the CNG cylin-der. MANUAL SHUT-OFF VALVE 72RMC001 Manual shut-off valve (1) is located on the left hand side of the .
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with API 650’s level of risk of tank failure. Likewise, the rules in the external pressure appendix will be consistent with the basic part of API 650 with regard to loading conditions and combinations. Thus, starting with a specified design external pressure, roof live or snow load, and wind pressure (or velocity), the total roof design pressure is calculated as the greater of DL (Lr or S .
