SAFMC Fishery Ecosystem Plan Vol I
FISHERY ECOSYSTEM PLANOF THE SOUTH ATLANTIC REGIONVOLUME I: INTRODUCTION AND OVERVIEWApril 2009South Atlantic Fishery Management Council4055 Faber Place Drive, Suite 201Charleston, South Carolina 29405(843) 571-4366 / FAX (843) 769-4520Toll Free (866) SAFMC-10Email: safmc@safmc.netTHIS IS A PUBLICATION OF THE SOUTH ATLANTIC FISHERY MANAGEMENT COUNCIL PURSUANT TO National Oceanicand Atmospheric Administration Award No. FNA05NMF4410004
ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMSABCAcceptable Biological CatchACCSPAtlantic Coastal Cooperative Statistics ProgramACEAshepoo-Combahee-Edisto Basin National Estuarine Research ReserveAPAAdministrative Procedures ActAUVAutonomous Underwater VehicleBA measure of stock biomass either in weight or other appropriate unitBMSYThe stock biomass expected to exist under equilibrium conditions whenfishing at FMSYBOYThe stock biomass expected to exist under equilibrium conditions whenfishing at FOYBCURRThe current stock biomassCEACumulative Effects AnalysisCEQCouncil on Environmental QualityCFMCCaribbean Fishery Management CouncilCPUECatch per unit effortCRPCooperative Research ProgramCZMACoastal Zone Management ActDEISDraft Environmental Impact StatementEAEnvironmental AssessmentEBMEcosystem-Based ManagementEEZExclusive Economic ZoneEFHEssential Fish HabitatEFH-HAPC Essential Fish Habitat - Habitat Area of Particular ConcernEISEnvironmental Impact StatementEPAPEcosystem Principles Advisory PanelESAEndangered Species Act of 1973FA measure of the instantaneous rate of fishing mortalityF30%SPRFishing mortality that will produce a static SPR 30%.F45%SPRFishing mortality that will produce a static SPR 45%.FCURRThe current instantaneous rate of fishing mortalityFMPFishery Management PlanFMSYThe rate of fishing mortality expected to achieve MSY under equilibriumconditions and a corresponding biomass of BMSYFOYThe rate of fishing mortality expected to achieve OY under equilibriumconditions and a corresponding biomass of BOYFEISFinal Environmental Impact StatementFMUFishery Management UnitFONSIFinding Of No Significant ImpactGOOSGlobal Ocean Observing SystemGFMCGulf of Mexico Fishery Management CouncilIFQIndividual fishing quotaIMSInternet Mapping ServerIOOSIntegrated Ocean Observing SystemMNatural mortality rateMARMAPMarine Resources Monitoring Assessment and Prediction ProgramFishery Ecosystem Planof the South Atlantic RegioniiVolume I Overview
TACTMINUSCGUSCOPVMSMarine Fisheries InitiativeMigratory Bird Treaty ActMaximum Fishing Mortality ThresholdMarine Mammal Protection Act of 1973Marine Recreational Fisheries Statistics SurveyMagnuson-Stevens ActMinimum Stock Size ThresholdMaximum Sustainable YieldNational Environmental Policy Act of 1969National Marine Fisheries ServiceNational Marine Sanctuary ActNational Oceanic and Atmospheric AdministrationNational Research CouncilOptimum YieldPew Oceans CommissionRecruitmentRegulatory Flexibility ActRegulatory Impact ReviewStock Assessment and Fishery Evaluation ReportSouth Atlantic Fishery Management CouncilSoutheast Data, Assessment, and ReviewSoutheast Fisheries Science CenterSoutheast Regional OfficeSupplementary Discard Data ProgramSustainable Fisheries ActSocial Impact AssessmentScientific and Statistical CommitteeTotal allowable catchThe length of time in which a stock could rebuild to BMSY in the absenceof fishing mortalityU.S. Coast GuardU.S. Commission on Ocean PolicyVessel Monitoring SystemFishery Ecosystem Planof the South Atlantic RegioniiiVolume I Overview
Table of ContentsTable of Contents . ivIntroduction . 11.0Background Supporting Move to Ecosystem Based Management . 11.1 Habitat protection and ecosystem management responsibilities as defined in theMagnuson-Stevens Act . 61.2 Fishery Ecosystem Plan and Comprehensive Fishery Ecosystem PlanAmendment development process . 101.3 Ecosystem Management Goals . 132.0Overview of the South Atlantic Ecosystem . 142.1 Geographic Boundaries . 142.2 Climate and weather . 142.3 Habitat and Food Web. 152.4 Current Area-based Approaches to Managing Fisheries in the South Atlantic . 15List of Preparers . 28Appendix A. Monthly climatology of the continental shelf waters of the South AtlanticBightLIST OF FIGURESFigure 1. Jurisdictional boundaries of the South Atlantic Fishery ManagementCouncil.Fishery Ecosystem Planof the South Atlantic Region14ivVolume I Overview
Introduction1.0 Background Supporting Move to Ecosystem BasedManagementMoving to Ecosystem-Based ManagementDevelopment of a South Atlantic Council Fishery Ecosystem Plan (FEP) provides asignificant opportunity to review biological, ecological, social, and economic informationfor fisheries in the South Atlantic ecosystem. The Council views habitat conservation asthe core of its move to ecosystem based management (EBM). The FEP significantlyexpands and updates the SAFMC Habitat Plan (SAFMC 1998) by providingcomprehensive details on all managed species (SAFMC, South Atlantic States, ASMFC,and NOAA Fisheries Highly Migratory Species and Protected Species), including theirbiology, ecology, and food web dynamics and the economic and social characteristics ofthe fisheries. The FEP also updates the information for designating Essential FishHabitat (EFH) and EFH-Habitat Areas of Particular Concern (HAPC). In addition, itsummarizes existing research programs and identifies biological, social, and economicresearch needed to fully address EBM in the region. The FEP will serve as a sourcedocument that will, over time, present more detailed information describing the SouthAtlantic ecosystem and the impact of the fisheries on the environment. As a livingdocument (primarily through expansions to Volume IV Threats and Recommendations),the FEP will provide a greater degree of guidance on incorporation of fishery, habitat, orecosystem considerations into management actions, such as bycatch reduction, preypredator interactions, maintenance of biodiversity, and identification of spatialmanagement needs.Evolving from a Habitat Network to an Ecosystem NetworkStarting with its Habitat and Environmental Protection Advisory Panel, the Councilfostered a network of stakeholders to develop the SAFMC Habitat Plan, which wascompleted in 1998 to support the EFH rule. The Council further expanded this networkto support development of the FEP and Comprehensive Ecosystem-Based Amendment(CE-BA) 1 and their coordination with other regional efforts. The Council has workedwith the Southeast Coastal Regional Ocean Observing Association (SECOORA) to guideidentification of priority needs for observation and modeling to support fisheriesoceanography and integration of the stock assessment process through the Southeast Dataand Assessment Review (SEDAR). The Council is a member of the Southeast AquaticResource Partnership (SARP), and its Southeast Aquatic Habitat Plan (SARP 2008)provides watershed conservation restoration targets for the FEP and several habitat, waterquality, and water quantity conservation needs identified in the FEP are directlyaddressed on the ground by projects supported through SARP. These cooperative effortscontribute to fish habitat restoration and conservation efforts needed to increase theviability of fish populations and fishing opportunities, including efforts to protect and1Fishery Ecosystem Planof the South Atlantic RegionVolume I Overview
conserve EFH. Lastly, the Council has cooperated with South Atlantic states in theformation of a South Atlantic Governors‟ Alliance, which will provide additionalguidance and resources for efforts by the states and Council to achieve broad habitat andecosystem conservation goals.Building Tools to Support EBM in the South Atlantic RegionTo support EBM in the South Atlantic Region, the Council added a Habitat andEcosystem section to its emHome/tabid/435/Default.aspx and, incooperation with the Florida Wildlife Research Institute (FWRI), developed a Habitat andEcosystem Internet Map Server .aspx. Many groups contributed to the IMS, including NOAAFisheries Service, state and local management authorities, universities, conservationorganizations, and recreational and commercial fishers. Further development ofecosystem information systems to support Council management should build on existingtools (e.g., Ecosystem IMS) and provide funding to the Council and other regionalcooperating partners to address long-term Council needs.Implementing EBMThe Council has implemented ecosystem-based principles through existing fisherymanagement actions including establishment of deepwater Marine Protected Areas forthe Snapper Grouper fishery, proactive harvest control rules on species not overfished(e.g., dolphin and wahoo), extensive gear/area closures that in most cases eliminate theimpact of fishing gear on EFH, and Special Management Zones. Through CE-BA 1, theCouncil is taking an ecosystem approach to protect deepwater ecosystems whileproviding for traditional fisheries for golden crab and royal red shrimp in areas wherethey do not impact deepwater coral habitat. The Council‟s stakeholder-based processtaps an extensive network of scientific, management, and fishery professionals within theregion, and the Council has invested significantly in tools to maintain this engagementover the long term.Ecosystem Approach to Deepwater Ecosystem ManagementThe Council manages coral, coral reefs, and live/hard bottom habitat, includingdeepwater corals, through the Fishery Management Plan for Coral, Coral Reefs andLive/Hard Bottom Habitat of the South Atlantic Region (Coral FMP). Mechanisms existin the FMP, as amended, to further protect deepwater coral and live/hard bottom habitats.The Council‟s Habitat and Environmental Protection Advisory Panel and Coral AdvisoryPanel have supported proactive efforts to identify and protect deepwater coral ecosystemsin the South Atlantic region. Management actions proposed in CE-BA 1 include theestablishment of deepwater coral HAPCs (C-HAPCs) to protect over 23,000 square milesof habitat that is thought to be the largest continuous distribution of pristine deepwatercoral ecosystems in the world.Fishery Ecosystem Planof the South Atlantic Region2Volume I Overview
Scope of FEP DevelopmentWhile the FEP will support and guide EBM, most of the Council‟s implementation stepswill be through CE-BAs. This approach will build on the biological, economic, andsocial information presented in the FEP, and provide the Council with the opportunity toevaluate needed actions across multiple fisheries and facilitate development of FMPamendments or measures that apply across FMPs. The Council has proposed updatingthe FEP every five years.Future Challenges and Needed Resources to Fully Implement EBM in the RegionOne of the greatest challenges to the long-term move to EBM is funding high priorityresearch, including comprehensive benthic mapping, ecosystem modeling, andmanagement tool development. In addition, collecting detailed information on fishingfleet dynamics, including defining fishing operation areas by species, species complex,and season, as well as catch relative to habitat, is critical for assessment of fishery,community, and habitat impacts and for use of place-based management measures.Additional resources need to be dedicated to expand coordination of modeling, mapping,and characterizing habitat use and to fully fund regional fishery independent surveys(e.g., MARMAP and SEAMAP). One high-priority need is completion of the mappingof near-shore, mid-shelf, shelf edge, and deepwater habitats in the South Atlantic region.The combined FEP and CE-BA development process complements, but does not replace,existing FMPs. The FEP serves as an evolving source document that, in combinationwith the development of future CE-BAs, consider individual management needs as wellas needs across fisheries in the South Atlantic Region. It is anticipated that in thedevelopment of future FEPs, the Council will draw on Stock Assessment and FisheryEvaluation (SAFE) reports, which NMFS is required to provide the Council for all FMPsimplemented under the Magnuson-Stevens Act. The FEP, serving as the sourcedocument for CE-BAs, could also meet NMFS SAFE requirements if information isprovided to the Council to update necessary sections.Guiding Principles and RecommendationsIn closing this section of the FEP, the Council notes the U.S. Commission on OceanPolicy and the Pew Oceans Commission describe EBM as a process that allows oceanand coastal resources to be managed to reflect the relationships among all ecosystemcomponents, including humans (USCOP 2004). Using the Commission‟s guidingprinciples for EBM, the Council notes the following efforts to implement thoseguidelines:Guiding principles for EBM Sustainability – the Council‟s goal is to conserve and manage South Atlantic fisheryresources. In addition, the Council provides for the long-term conservation of benthicand pelagic habitats and has reduced or eliminated the impact of fishing activities onEFH Stewardship – the Council strives to balance different uses of fishery resources in theSouth Atlantic EEZFishery Ecosystem Planof the South Atlantic Region3Volume I Overview
Ocean-Land-Atmosphere Connections – the Council actively engages partnershipsthat aim to characterize ocean-land connections (e.g., Ocean Observing Systems) inorder to integrate findings into management Ecosystem-Based Management – the Council has been working with partners since2002 to develop the FEP and CE-BA Multiple Use Management – the Council uses diverse management strategies toensure sustainability of regional resources Preservation of Marine Biodiversity – examples of actions include EFH, EFHHAPCs, Oculina Bank HAPC, Oculina Experimental Closed Area, proposeddeepwater coral HAPCs, MPAs, and Special Management Zones Best Available Science and Information – the Council is directed to use best availablescience and stock assessments developed through SEDAR. In addition, guidance isprovided by the Council‟s Scientific and Statistical Committee (SSC) and Species andTechnical Advisory Panels Participatory Governance – the Council relies on its Habitat, Coral, and many otherAdvisory Panels whose members represent all stakeholders; scoping meetings, publichearings, workshops, and Council meetings provide the public numerousopportunities to participate in the processSpecific recommendations on EBM Develop Regional Ecosystem Assessments – the Council‟s FEP consolidates bestavailable scientific information on the South Atlantic ecosystem into a singledocument that will be updated periodically Employ Marine Protected Areas as a Management Tool – the Council has undertakenan extensive process to design and implement MPAs under its Snapper Grouper FMP;Amendment 14 established a network of MPAs Improve Habitat Conservation and Restoration – the Council emphasizes theconservation of habitat through several FMPs (e.g., direct gear prohibitions, EFH, andEFH-HAPCs) and through habitat policies and commenting on projects that impactEFH and EFH-HAPCs Develop Prioritized Management Information Needs – the FEP contains Research andMonitoring Plans for the Oculina Closed Area and Deepwater Coral Ecosystems aswell as identifying fish, habitat, and human information needs in the South Atlanticregion Enhance Data Needs for Recreational Fisheries – the Council is evaluating requiringpermits for all commercial and recreational fishermen to fish for, harvest, or possessany resource in the EEZ Enhance Cooperative Research – the Council is directly involved in the cooperativeresearch program in the South Atlantic and is pushing to fill our data gaps Establish Dedicated Access Privileges – the Council employs this approach tomanage wreckfish in the EEZ and is evaluating implementing a Limited AccessPrivilege Program (LAPP) for the golden tilefish fishery Maximize the Use of VMS for Fishery-Related Activities – the Council requiresVMS on rock shrimp vesselsand will evaluate the need to require VMS on otherfishing vessels in future amendmentsFishery Ecosystem Planof the South Atlantic Region4Volume I Overview
Expand EFH designations – the Council is exploring available analytical methods torefine and expand EFH designations and will address the possible designation of newEFH-HAPCs as has been proposed by the Habitat Advisory Panel through CE-BA 2 Address Environmental Impacts of Aquaculture – the Council approved a PolicyStatement on Marine Aquaculture developed through its Habitat Advisory Panel Address Environmental Impacts of Offshore Oil and Gas Production – the Councilupdated its policy on energy development and transportation (and offshore renewableenergy development) with advice from its Habitat and Coral Advisory Panels Regulate Destructive Fishing Gear – the Council already has regulations in place toprotect habitat from destructive fishing gear:prohibition on use of all fish traps, blacksea bass pots south of Cape Canaveral Florida, roller-rig trawls, and entanglementnets in the snapper grouper fishery; prohibition on use of longlines shallower than 50fathoms; and prohibition of bottom longlines in the wreckfish fishery. The Councilintends to further protect habitat from damaging gear by prohibiting the use of bottomtrawls, mid-water trawls, bottom longlines, fish traps and pots, and anchors chainsand grapples in deepwater CHAPCs Reduce Bycatch – the Council strongly supports the continued implementation ofACCSP to have better bycatch data to inform management decisions; bycatchreduction devices (BRDs) are required in penaeid and rock shrimp fisheries; use offish traps, trawls and entanglement nets is prohibited in the snapper grouper fishery;use of drift gill nets is prohibited in the coastal migratory pelagic fishery; and use ofbottom longlines is prohibited inshore of 50 fathoms and retention of anything butdeepwater snapper grouper species when using the gear Improve the Management of U.S. Coral Resources – the Council protects coral, coralreefs, and live/hard bottom habitat in the South Atlantic EEZ through harvest andgear restrictions in the Coral and Snapper Grouper FMPs and Amendments. All coralharvest is prohibited except allowable octocorals (small quota) and aquacultured liverock. The Council is now proposing designation of deepwater Coral HAPCs toprotect vulnerable deepwater coral communities Commit to Creation of the IOOS – the Council, as a member of the SECOORASteering Committee and recently elected member of the Board of Directors, isfacilitating expanding the observing system‟s ability to meet fishery oceanographymonitoring and assessment needs that will support an ecosystem approach to themanagement of fishery resources in the South Atlantic Enhance Data and Information Management – the Council has developed, incooperat
1.0 Background Supporting Move to Ecosystem Based Management Moving to Ecosystem-Based Management Development of a South Atlantic Council Fishery Ecosystem Plan (FEP) provides a significant opportunity to review biological, ecological, social, and economic information for fi
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The Hawaii longline fishery for tuna and swordfish produces sustainable seafood. This fishery is sustainable because it meets the national and international requirements for 1) science-based, precautionary fishery management, 2) performance in managing fish populations for sustainability, and 3) controlling fishery impacts on the ecosystem.
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Oculina Bank Habitat Area of Particular Concern. If aboard a fishing vessel, no person may anchor, use an anchor and chain, or use a grapple and chain. There are no shrimp fishery access areas within the Oculina Bank Habitat Area of Particular Concern. Preferred Alternative 2. Establish a shrimp fishery access area that is 22 mi2 along the eastern
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development of a management plan focusing on controlling import of undersized monofilament gillnet ,fishing effort and gear restrictions in the river mouths and major tributaries during the breeding seasons and implementing the regional fishery legislation. Keywords/phrases: Commercial fishery, Sustainable management, Monofilament, Spawning
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The handbook Architectural Graphic Standards was first published in 1932, the same year and in the same city that the exhibition The International Style opened at The Museum of Modern Art in New York. The coincidence of these two events underscores the bifur cation in modern architectural practice between appearance and function. While the show emphasized formal composi tional principles to .
