AD824 Single Supply, Rail-to-Rail Low Power, FET-Input Op .
Single Supply, Rail-to-RailLow Power, FET-Input Op AmpAD824FEATURESSingle Supply Operation: 3 V to 30 VVery Low Input Bias Current: 2 pAWide Input Voltage RangeRail-to-Rail Output SwingLow Supply Current: 500 A/AmpWide Bandwidth: 2 MHzSlew Rate: 2 V/ sNo Phase ReversalAPPLICATIONSPhoto Diode PreamplifierBattery Powered InstrumentationPower Supply Control and ProtectionMedical InstrumentationRemote SensorsLow Voltage Strain Gage AmplifiersDAC Output AmplifierPIN CONFIGURATIONS14-Lead Epoxy SOIC(R Suffix)14 OUT DOUT A 113 –IN D–IN A 2 IN A 3AD82412 IN D IN B 511 V–TOP VIEW(Not to Scale)10 IN C–IN B 69 –IN COUT B 78 OUT CV 416-Lead Epoxy SOIC(R Suffix)16 OUT DOUT A 1–IN A2 IN A3V 4 IN B512 IN C–IN B611 –IN COUT B 7NC 815 –IN D14 IN DAD82413 V–10 OUT C9 NCNC NO CONNECTThe AD824 is a quad, FET input, single supply amplifier, featuring rail-to-rail outputs. The combination of FET inputs andrail-to-rail outputs makes the AD824 useful in a wide variety oflow voltage applications where low input current is a primaryconsideration.The FET input combined with laser trimming provides an inputthat has extremely low bias currents with guaranteed offsetsbelow 1 mV. This enables high accuracy designs even withhigh source impedances. Precision is combined with lownoise, making the AD824 ideal for use in battery poweredmedical equipment.The AD824 is guaranteed to operate from a 3 V single supplyup to 15 V dual supplies. AD824AR-3V Parametric Performance at 3 V is fully guaranteed.Applications for the AD824 include portable medical equipment,photo diode preamplifiers and high impedance transduceramplifiers.Fabricated on ADI’s complementary bipolar process, the AD824has a unique input stage that allows the input voltage to safelyextend beyond the negative supply and to the positive supplywithout any phase inversion or latchup. The output voltageswings to within 15 mV of the supplies. Capacitive loads to350 pF can be handled without oscillation.The ability of the output to swing rail-to-rail enables designersto build multistage filters in single supply systems and maintainhigh signal-to-noise ratios.GENERAL DESCRIPTIONThe AD824 is specified over the extended industrial (–40 C to 85 C) temperature range and is available in narrow 14-leadand 16-lead SOIC packages.REV. CInformation furnished by Analog Devices is believed to be accurate andreliable. However, no responsibility is assumed by Analog Devices for itsuse, nor for any infringements of patents or other rights of third parties thatmay result from its use. No license is granted by implication or otherwiseunder any patent or patent rights of Analog Devices. Trademarks andregistered trademarks are the property of their respective companies.One Technology Way, P.O. Box 9106, Norwood, MA 02062-9106, U.S.A.Tel: 781/329-4700www.analog.comFax: 781/326-8703 2003 Analog Devices, Inc. All rights reserved.
AD824–SPECIFICATIONSELECTRICAL SPECIFICATIONS (@ V 5.0 V, VSParameterSymbolINPUT CHARACTERISTICSOffset Voltage AD824AVOSCM 0 V, VOUT 0.2 V, TA 25 C unless otherwise 储3.3mVmVpApApApAVdBdBdBW储pFTMIN to TMAXInput Bias Current23002300IBTMIN to TMAXInput Offset CurrentIOSTMIN to TMAXInput Voltage RangeCommon-Mode Rejection RatioInput ImpedanceLarge Signal Voltage GainOffset Voltage DriftOUTPUT CHARACTERISTICSOutput Voltage HighCMRRAVODVOS/DTVOHOutput Voltage LowVOLShort Circuit LimitISCOpen-Loop ImpedanceZOUTPOWER SUPPLYPower Supply Rejection RatioSupply Current/AmplifierPSRRISYVCM 0 V to 2 VVCM 0 V to 3 VTMIN to TMAX–0.2666060VO 0.2 V to 4.0 VRL 2 kWRL 10 kWRL 100 kWTMIN to TMAX, RL 100 kW20502501804010010004002V/mVV/mVV/mVV/mVmV/ CISOURCE 20 mATMIN to TMAXISOURCE 2.5 mATMIN to TMAXISINK 20 mATMIN to TMAXISINK 2.5 mATMIN to TMAXSink/SourceTMIN to TMAXf 1 MHz, AV 14.9754.974.804.754.9884.9854.854.821520120140 12 10100VVVVmVmVmVmVmAmAWVS 2.7 V to 12 VTMIN to TMAXTMIN to TMAX7066DYNAMIC PERFORMANCESlew RateFull-Power BandwidthSettling TimeGain Bandwidth ProductPhase MarginChannel SeparationSRBWPtSGBPfoCSRL 10 kW, AV 11% Distortion, VO 4 V p-pVOUT 0.2 V to 4.5 V, to 0.01%NOISE PERFORMANCEVoltage NoiseVoltage Noise DensityCurrent Noise DensityTotal Harmonic Distortionen p-peninTHD3.08074253015020080500600dBdBmANo Loadf 1 kHz, RL 2 kW21502.5250–123V/mskHzmsMHzDegreesdB0.1 Hz to 10 Hzf 1 kHzf 1 kHzf 10 kHz, RL 0, AV 12160.80.005mV p-pnV/ HzfA/ Hz%–2–REV. C
AD824ELECTRICAL SPECIFICATIONS (@ V 15.0 V, VSParameterSymbolINPUT CHARACTERISTICSOffset Voltage AD824AVOSInput Bias CurrentIBInput Offset CurrentIBIOSOUT 0 V, TA 25 C unless otherwise noted)ConditionsMinTMIN to TMAXVCM 0 VTMIN to TMAXVCM –10 VTMIN to TMAXInput Voltage RangeCommon-Mode Rejection RatioInput ImpedanceLarge Signal Voltage GainOffset Voltage DriftOUTPUT CHARACTERISTICSOutput Voltage HighCMRRAVODVOS/DTVOHOutput Voltage LowVOLShort Circuit LimitOpen-Loop ImpedanceISCZOUTPOWER SUPPLYPower Supply Rejection RatioSupply 4.03540001013储3.3mVmVpApApApApAVdBdBW储pF20VCM –15 V to 13 VTMIN to TMAX–157066Vo –10 V to 10 V;RL 2 kWRL 10 kWRL 100 kWTMIN to TMAX, RL 100 kW125030020050200200010002V/mVV/mVV/mVV/mVmV/ CISOURCE 20 mATMIN to TMAXISOURCE 2.5 mATMIN to TMAXISINK 20 mATMIN to TMAXISINK 2.5 mATMIN to TMAXSink/Source, TMIN to TMAXf 1 MHz, AV .985–14.98–14.88–14.86 20100VVVVVVVVmAWVS 2.7 V to 15 VTMIN to TMAXVO 0 VTMIN to TMAX7068DYNAMIC PERFORMANCESlew RateFull-Power BandwidthSettling TimeGain Bandwidth ProductPhase MarginChannel SeparationSRBWPtSGBPfoCSRL 10 kW, AV 11% Distortion, VO 20 V p-pVOUT 0 V to 10 V, to 0.01%NOISE PERFORMANCEVoltage NoiseVoltage Noise DensityCurrent Noise DensityTotal Harmonic Distortionen p-peninTHD0.1 Hz to 10 Hzf 1 kHzf 1 kHzf 10 kHz, VO 3 V rms,RL 10 kWREV. CTypf 1 kHz, RL 2 kW–3– dBmAmA2336250–123V/mskHzmsMHzDegreesdB2161.1mV p-pnV/ HzfA/ Hz0.005%
AD824–SPECIFICATIONSELECTRICAL SPECIFICATIONS(@ VS 3.0 V, VCM 0 V, VOUT 0.2 V, TA 25 C unless otherwise noted)ParameterSymbolINPUT CHARACTERISTICSOffset Voltage AD824A -3 �3.3mVmVpApApApAVdBdBW储pFTMIN to TMAXInput Bias CurrentIB22502250TMIN to TMAXInput Offset CurrentIOSTMIN to TMAXInput Voltage RangeCommon-Mode Rejection RatioInput ImpedanceLarge Signal Voltage GainOffset Voltage DriftOUTPUT CHARACTERISTICSOutput Voltage HighCMRRAVODVOS/DTVOHOutput Voltage LowVOLShort Circuit LimitISCISCZOUTOpen-Loop ImpedancePOWER SUPPLYPower Supply Rejection RatioSupply Current/AmplifierPSRRISYVCM 0 V to 1 VTMIN to TMAX05856VO 0.2 V to 2.0 VRL 2 kWRL 10 kWRL 100 kWTMIN to TMAX, RL 100 kW10301809020655002502V/mVV/mVV/mVV/mVmV/ CISOURCE 20 mATMIN to TMAXISOURCE 2.5 mATMIN to TMAXISINK 20 mATMIN to TMAXISINK 2.5 mATMIN to TMAXSink/SourceSink/Source, TMIN to TMAXf 1 MHz, AV 12.9752.972.82.752.9882.9852.852.821520120140 8 6100VVVVmVmVmVmVmAmAWVS 2.7 V to 12 V,TMIN to TMAXVO 0.2 V, TMIN to TMAX7066DYNAMIC PERFORMANCESlew RateFull-Power BandwidthSettling TimeGain Bandwidth ProductPhase MarginChannel SeparationSRBWPtSGBPfoCSRL 10 kW, AV 11% Distortion, VO 2 V p-pVOUT 0.2 V to 2.5 V, to 0.01%NOISE PERFORMANCEVoltage NoiseVoltage Noise DensityCurrent Noise DensityTotal Harmonic Distortionen p-peninTHD0.1 Hz to 10 Hzf 1 kHzf 1 kHz, RL 2 kWf 10 kHz, RL 0, AV skHzmsMHzDegreesdB2160.80.01mV p-pnV/ HzfA/ Hz%REV. C
AD824WAFER TEST LIMITS (@ V 5.0 V, VSCM 0 V, TA 25 C unless otherwise noted)ParameterSymbolOffset VoltageInput Bias CurrentInput Offset CurrentInput Voltage RangeCommon-Mode Rejection RatioPower Supply Rejection RatioLarge Signal Voltage GainOutput Voltage HighOutput Voltage LowSupply nditionsLimitUnitVCM 0 V to 2 VV 2.7 V to 12 VRL 2 kWISOURCE 20 mAISINK 20 mAVO 0 V, RL 1.01220–0.2 to 3.06670154.97525600mV maxpA maxpAV mindB minmV/VV/mV minV minmV maxmA maxNOTEElectrical tests and wafer probe to the limits shown. Due to variations in assembly methods and normal yield loss, yield after packaging is not guaranteed forstandard product dice. Consult factory to negotiate specifications based on dice lot qualifications through sample lot assembly and testing.ABSOLUTE MAXIMUM RATINGS 1VCCSupply Voltage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 VInput Voltage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . –VS – 0.2 V to VSDifferential Input Voltage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30 VOutput Short Circuit Duration to GND . . . . . . . . . IndefiniteStorage Temperature RangeR-14, R-16 Packages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . –65 C to 150 COperating Temperature RangeAD824A . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . –40 C to 85 CJunction Temperature RangeR-14, R-16 Packages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . –65 C to 150 CLead Temperature Range (Soldering 60 sec) . . . . . . . . . 300 CPackage Type14-Lead SOIC (R)16-Lead SOIC (R)qJA2qJCUnit120923627 C/W 824AR-16–40 C to 85 C 14-Pin SOIC–40 C to 85 C 14-Pin SOIC–40 C to 85 C 16-Pin SOIC INJ1Q6C3Q5J2R13Q20Q19R7Q7R15Q23Q22C2–INC4VOUTQ24 Q25Q8C1Q2Q3Q31R12I1R14I2R17I3Q28Q26I4VEEFigure 1. Simplified Schematic of 1/4 AD824PackageOptionR-14R-14R-16CAUTIONESD (electrostatic discharge) sensitive device. Electrostatic charges as high as 4000 V readilyaccumulate on the human body and test equipment and can discharge without detection. Althoughthe AD824 features proprietary ESD protection circuitry, permanent damage may occur on devicessubjected to high-energy electrostatic discharges. Therefore, proper ESD precautions arerecommended to avoid performance degradation or loss of functionality.REV. CQ29Q21 Q27Q4ORDERING GUIDETemperatureRangeQ18R9NOTES1Absolute maximum ratings apply to packaged parts unless otherwise noted.2qJA is specified for the worst case conditions, i.e., qJA is specified for device in socketfor P-DIP packages; qJA is specified for device soldered in circuit board for SOICpackage.ModelI6R2–5–WARNING!ESD SENSITIVE DEVICE
AD824 –Typical Performance CharacteristicsVS 15VNO 10M100100901k10k100k1MPHASE – DegreesGAIN – dB60PHASE – Degrees10M1009010100%0%50mV1µs50mVTPC 1. Open-Loop Gain/Phase and Small SignalResponse, VS 15 V, No LoadTPC 3. Open-Loop Gain/Phase and Small SignalResponse, VS 5 V, No LoadVS 15VCL 100pF801µsVS 5VCL 220pF6060GAIN – dB4045902013518001001k10k100k1MPHASE – Degrees404590201351800PHASE – DegreesGAIN – dB60GAIN – dBVS 5VNO 50mV1µsTPC 2. Open-Loop Gain/Phase and Small SignalResponse, VS 15 V, CL 100 pF1µsTPC 4. Open-Loop Gain/Phase and Small SignalResponse, VS 5 V, CL 220 pF–6–REV. C
AD824VS 3VNO LOAD60t45902013518009.950µs10090PHASE – DegreesGAIN – 09010100%0%50mV1µs5VTPC 5. Open-Loop Gain/Phase and Small SignalResponse, VS 3 V, No LoadTPC 7. Slew Rate, RL 10kVS 3VCL 220pF602µs100904590201351800PHASE – DegreesGAIN – dB40VOUT100%5V100µsTPC 8. Phase Reversal with Inputs Exceeding Supply by 1 V–201k10k100k1M10M0.8OUTPUT TO RAIL – µs01 TPC 6. Open-Loop Gain/Phase and Small SignalResponse, VS 3 V, CL 220 pFREV. C5 10 50 100 500 LOAD CURRENT – A1m5m10mTPC 9. Output Voltage to Supply Rail vs. Sink and SourceLoad Currents–7–
AD82414COUNT 603VVS15V1060NUMBER OF UNITSNOISE DENSITY – nV/ Hz124020864251015FREQUENCY – kHz200–2.5 –2.0 –1.5 –1.0 –0.500.5 1.0 1.5OFFSET VOLTAGE DRIFT2.02.5TPC 13. TC VOS Distribution, –55 C to 125 C, VS 5, 0TPC 10. Voltage Noise Density1500.1VS 5, 0RL 0AV 1INPUT OFFSET CURRENT – pA125VS 3THD N – %0.010VS 50.001VS 1510075502500.0001201001kFREQUENCY – ERATURE – CTPC 14. Input Offset Current vs. TemperatureTPC 11. Total Harmonic Distortion280100kVS 5, 0COUNT 86010kINPUT BIAS CURRENT – pANUMBER OF UNITS2402001601k10012080400–0.5 –0.4 –0.3 –0.2 –0.100.1 0.2OFFSET VOLTAGE – mV0.30.40.510120406080100TEMPERATURE – C120140TPC 15. Input Bias Current vs. TemperatureTPC 12. Input Offset Distribution, VS 5, 0–8–REV. C
AD8241k100INPUT VOLTAGE NOISE – nV/ HzCOMMON-MODE REJECTION – dB120806040200101001k10k100kFREQUENCY – Hz1MPOWER SUPPLY REJECTION – dB–80–100–1201001k10kFREQUENCY – Hz1001kFREQUENCY – Hz10k100k10080604020010100kTPC 17. THD vs. Frequency, 3 V rms308080256060403, 0V2020001001k10k100kFREQUENCY – Hz1MOUTPUT VOLTAGE – Volts15VPHASE MARGIN – Degrees100401001k10k100kFREQUENCY – Hz1M10MTPC 20. Power Supply Rejection vs. Frequency1002015105–2010M01kTPC 18. Open-Loop Gain and Phase vs. FrequencyREV. C10120–60–20101TPC 19. Input Voltage Noise Spectral Density vs.Frequency–40THD – dB10110MTPC 16. Common-Mode Rejection vs. FrequencyOPEN-LOOP GAIN – dB1003k10k30k100kINPUT FREQUENCY – Hz300k1MTPC 21. Large Signal Frequency Response–9–
AD824–80–90CROSSTALK – dB5V–1005µs10090–1101 TO 4–1201 TO 31 TO 2100%–130–140101kFREQUENCY – Hz10010k100kTPC 22. Crosstalk vs. FrequencyTPC 25. Large Signal Response275010k25001kSUPPLY CURRENT – µAOUTPUT IMPEDANCE –VS 15V10010122502000VS 3, 017501500.11250.01101k10010k100kFREQUENCY – Hz1M1000–6010MTPC 23. Output Impedance vs. Frequency, Gain 1–40–20020406080TEMPERATURE – C100120140TPC 26. Supply Current vs. Temperature20mVOUTPUT SATURATION VOLTAGE – mV1000500ns10090100%VS 15VVS 3, 0100VOL – VS1000.01TPC 24. Small Signal Response, Unity Gain Follower,10k储100 pF LoadVS – VOH0.101.0LOAD CURRENT – mA10.0TPC 27. Output Saturation Voltage–10–REV. C
AD824APPLICATION NOTESINPUT CHARACTERISTICSIn the AD824, n-channel JFETs are used to provide a lowoffset, low noise, high impedance input stage. Minimum inputcommon-mode voltage extends from 0.2 V below –VS to 1 V lessthan VS. Driving the input voltage closer to the positive rail willcause a loss of amplifier bandwidth.The AD824 does not exhibit phase reversal for input voltagesup to and including VS. Figure 2a shows the response of anAD824 voltage follower to a 0 V to 5 V ( VS) square wave input.The input and output are superimposed. The output tracks theinput up to VS without phase reversal. The reduced bandwidthabove a 4 V input causes the rounding of the output wave form.For input voltages greater than VS, a resistor in series withthe AD824’s noninverting input will prevent phase reversal atthe expense of greater input voltage noise. This is illustrated inFigure 2b.1V2µs100900%(a)1VThe AD824’s unique bipolar rail-to-rail output stage swingswithin 15 mV of the positive and negative supply voltages. TheAD824’s approximate output saturation resistance is 100 W forboth sourcing and sinking. This can be used to estimate outputsaturation voltage when driving heavier current loads. Forinstance, the saturation voltage will be 0.5 V from either supplywith a 5 mA current load.Direct capacitive loads will interact with the amplifier’s effectiveoutput impedance to form an additional pole in the amplifier’sfeedback loop, which can cause excessive peaking on the pulseresponse or loss of stability. Worst case is when the amplifier isused as a unity gain follower. TPC 4 and 6 show the AD824’spulse response as a unity gain follower driving 220 pF. Configurations with less loop gain, and as a result less loop bandwidth,will be much less sensitive to capacitance load effects. Noisegain is the inverse of the feedback attenuation factor providedby the feedback network in use.10µs1V1009010GNDOUTPUT CHARACTERISTICSIf the AD824’s output is overdriven so as to saturate either ofthe output devices, the amplifier will recover within 2 ms of itsinput returning to the amplifier’s linear operating region.1V VSInput voltages less than –VS are a completely different story.The amplifier can safely withstand input voltages 20 V belowthe minus supply voltage as long as the total voltage from thepositive supply to the input terminal is less than 36 V. In addition,the input stage typically maintains picoamp level input currentsacross that input voltage range.For load resistances over 20 kW, the AD824’s input errorvoltage is virtually unchanged until the output voltage is drivento 180 mV of either supply.10GNDA current-limiting resistor should be used in series with theinput of the AD824 if there is a possibility of the input voltageexceeding the positive supply by more than 300 mV or if aninput voltage will be applied to the AD824 when VS 0. Theamplifier will be damaged if left in that condition for more than10 seconds. A 1 kW resistor allows the amplifier to withstand upto 10 V of continuous overvoltage and increases the input voltage noise by a negligible amount.0%1V(b)Figure 3 shows a method for extending capacitance load drivecapability for a unity gain follower. With these component values, the circuit will drive 5,000 pF with a 10% overshoot. 5VRPVINVOUT VS0.01 F8VINFigure 2. (a) Response with RP 0; VIN from 0 to VS(b) VIN 0 to VS 200 m VVOUT 0 to VSRP 49.9 kWSince the input stage uses n-channel JFETs, input currentduring normal operation is positive; the current flows out fromthe input terminals. If the input voltage is driven more positivethan VS – 0.4 V, the input current will reverse direction asinternal device junctions become forward biased. This isillustrated in TPC 8.REV. C100 1/4AD824VOUT0.01 F4CL–VS20pF20k Figure 3. Extending Unity Gain Follower Capacitive LoadCapability Beyond 350 pF–11–
AD824APPLICATIONSSingle Supply Voltage-to-Frequency ConverterTable I. AD824 In Amp PerformanceThe circuit shown in Figure 4 uses the AD824 to drive a lowpower timer, which produces a stable pulse of width t1. Thepositive going output pulse is integrated by R1-C1 and used asone input to the AD824, which is connected as a differentialintegrator. The other input (nonloading) is the unknown voltage,VIN. The AD824 output drives the timer trigger input, closingthe overall feedback loop.10VC50.1 FU4REF0226VREF 5V53RSCALE**10k 4CMOS74HCO4U3B43U1C1499k , 1%0V TO 2.5VFULL SCALEC20.01 F, 2%VS 5 VCMRRCommon-ModeVoltage Range3 dB BW, G 10G 100tSETTLING2 V Step (VS 0 V, 3 V)5 V (VS 5 V)Noise @ f 1 kHz, G 10G 10074 dB80 dB–0.2 V to 2 V –5.2 V to 4 V180 kHz180 kHz18 kHz18 kHz2 ms5 ms270 nV/ Hz2.2 mV/ Hz270 nV/ Hz2.2 mV/ HzOUT2U3A215µs10090OUT1U2CMOS 555R3*116k 1/4R1VS 3 V, 0 VC30.1 F0.01 F, 2%R2499k , 1%Parameters4R6 THR8V OUT 32 TRAD82410CV 57 DISC6390pF5%(NPO)0%1VGND1C40.1 FFigure 5a. Pulse Response of In Amp to a 500 mV p-pInput Signal; VS 5 V, 0 V; Gain 10NOTESfOUT V IN/(VREF t1), t1 1.1 R3 C6 25kHz fS AS SHOWN.* 1% METAL FILM, 50ppm/ C TCVREF** 10%, 20T FILM, 100ppm/ C TCR1R2R3R4R5R690k 9k 1k 1k 9k 90k OHMTEKPART # 1043t1 33 s FOR fOUT 20kHz @ V IN 2.0VG 10Figure 4. Single Supply Voltage-to-Frequency ConverterTypical AD824 bias currents of 2 pA allow megaohm-rangesource impedances with negligible dc errors. Linearity errors onthe order of 0.01% full scale can be achieved with this circuit.This performance is obtained with a 5 V single supply, whichdelivers less than 3 mA to the entire circuit.G 100G 100G 10 VS0.1 F261/4VIN1RP1k Single Supply Programmable Gain Instrumentation AmplifierVIN2The AD824 can be configured as a single supply instrumentation amplifier that is able to operate from single supplies downto 5 V or dual supplies up to 15 V. AD824 FET inputs’ 2 pAbias currents minimize offset errors caused by high unbalancedsource impedances.31/41AD8245AD824117VOUTRP1k (G 10) V OUT (VIN1 – V IN2) (1 R6R4 R5(G 100) V OUT (VIN1 – V IN2) (1 ) V REFR5 R6R4) V REFFOR R1 R6, R2 R5 AND R3 R4An array of pre
Low Voltage Strain Gage Amplifiers DAC Output Amplifier GENERAL DESCRIPTION The AD824 is a quad, FET input, single supply amplifier, fea-turing rail-to-rail outputs. The combination of FET inputs and rail-to-rail outputs makes the AD824 useful in a wide variety of low voltage applications where
Bottom rail, mid & top railS Top Rail Mid-Rail Bottom Rail how to measure mid-rail height When measuring the mid-rail height it is important to measure to the center point of where you would like the mid-rail to be placed. As the mid-rail is the same size as an individual louver, it will be placed approximately /- 1” for the specified height.
bolted joints are especially prevalent in early built rail transit systems. C racks are often found to initiate in the area of the first bolt hole and rail head to web fillet (upper fillet) at the rail end among bolted rail joints, which might cause further defects, such as rail breaks or loss of rail running surface P revious
Single, Dual, Quad Low-Voltage, Rail-to-Rail Operational Amplifiers LMV321, NCV321, LMV358, LMV324 The LMV321, LMV321I, NCV321, LMV358/LMV358I and LMV324 are CMOS single, dual, and quad low voltage operational amplifiers with rail to rail output swing. These amplifiers are a cost effective solution for
design of the AD623 has been optimized to operate from a single supply, the AD623 still provides superior performance when operated from a dual voltage supply ( 2.5 V to 6.0 V). Low power consumption (1.5 mW at 3 V), wide supply voltage range, and rail-to-rail output swing make the AD623 ideal for battery powered applications.
rail splice line post to rail wall mounted rail stair rail return end post to rail post mounted rail a c f d b e add plug as required 4" (102mm) kickplate 1/8" x 1/2" (3mm x 12.7mm) ss pop rivets (2 required) 1/8" x 1/2" (3mm x 12.7mm) ss pop rivets (both sides) 2" x 0.156" (51mm x 4mm) square handrail tube top & mid rail 2-3/8 " x 3/16 (60.3mm .
2 3 www.srs-roadrail.com One of the first road-rail vehicles from the 1940:s. One road -rail vehicle from the 2010:s 1976 First road-rail vehicle for overhead lines equipped with lift - "lift rail vehicle" - LRB with front rail axle placed behind front road axle. 1978 Second generation lift rail vehicle LRB with front rail axle placed in front of the front road axle.
Rail Transportation and Engineering Center (RailTEC) 205 N Mathews Ave. Urbana, IL, United States 61801. ABSTRACT . Previous research has focused on the effect of rail cant on rail wear and wheel/rail interaction, indicating that a steeper rail cant results in increased wear on rails and wheels. However, no research has investigated the effect .
behavior is best done with an understanding of behavior change theories and an ability to use them in practice (1990, p. 19). the goal of this Gravitas, therefore, is to introduce three major theories of behav-ior change, describe the key variables of behavior change models, and to explore the link between behav-ior change and attitude.
