Mastering Standardized Tests - Glencoe
Mastering Standardized TestsStudent Edition
Copyright by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.Permission is granted to reproduce the material contained herein on the conditionthat such material be reproduced only for classroom use; be provided to students,teachers, and families without charge; and be used solely in conjunction with theGlencoe Science program. Any other reproduction, for use or sale, is prohibitedwithout prior written permission of the publisher.Send all inquiries to:Glencoe/McGraw-Hill8787 Orion PlaceColumbus, OH 43240-4027ISBN 0-07-873029-5Printed in the United States of America.1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 045 08 07 06 05
ContentsIntroductionWhat is in this book? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1Task Regimen. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3Test-Taking Tips . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7Unit 1: Science and TechnologyChapter 1: The Nature of Science . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8Chapter 2: Science, Technology, and Society . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12Unit 2: Motion, Forces, and EnergyChapter 3: Motion, Acceleration, and Forces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16Chapter 4: The Laws of Motion. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20Chapter 5: Energy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24Chapter 6: Work and Machines. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28Chapter 7: The Earth–Moon–Sun System. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32Chapter 8: The Solar System. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36Unit 3: Energy in MotionChapter 9: Heat and States of Matter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40Chapter 10: Waves . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44Chapter 11: Sound and Light . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48Chapter 12: Earth’s Internal Processes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52Unit 4: Forms of EnergyChapter 13: Electricity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56Chapter 14: Magnetism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
Chapter 15: Electromagnetic Radiation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64Chapter 16: Energy Sources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68Chapter 17: Weather and Climate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72Unit 5: Matter and Earth MaterialsChapter 18: Classification of Matter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76Chapter 19: Properties of Atoms and Periodic Table . . . . . . . . . 80Chapter 20: Earth Materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84Chapter 21: Earth’s Changing Surface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88Unit 6: Interactions of MatterChapter 22: Chemical Bonds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92Chapter 23: Chemical Reactions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96Chapter 24: Solutions, Acids, and Bases. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100Chapter 25: Nuclear Changes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104Chapter 26: Stars and Galaxies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108
IntroductionWhat is in this book?Welcome to the Student Edition of Mastering Standardized Tests for PhysicalScience with Earth Science.There are three distinct sections in this workbook: Introduction: MethodsThis introduction provides you with methods to tackle test questions. Using themethods in this introduction, you will learn how to use the process of elimination,how to identify important information in the tests’ graphs, charts, and tables, as wellas other skills that can help you succeed on tests. Carefully study the methods in thisintroduction before you begin the test questions in this workbook.This workbook was written to accompany your textbook. For every chapter in yourtextbook, there are two types of tests in this workbook.Copyright Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Chapter Test: Content MasteryFor every chapter in the textbook, this workbook contains a Chapter Test. EachChapter Test is made up of multiple-choice questions designed to assess yourknowledge and understanding of the material in the corresponding chapter of thetextbook. Standardized Test Practice: Test PreparationFor every chapter in the textbook, this workbook contains a correspondingStandardized Test Practice. The questions in this section are designed to prepare youfor national science tests such as the TerraNova, the Iowa Tests of Basic Skills (ITBS),and the Stanford Achievement Test, Tenth Edition (SAT-10). The format of thequestions found in these practice tests is very similar to the format of the questionsfound in the actual national science tests.Physical Science with Earth ScienceIntroduction 1
Methods of Content Review and Test PreparationA unique four-part Task Regimen and helpful Test-Taking Tips designed tomaximize the benefits of using this workbook are presented in this section. Each of thefour tasks is designed to help you identify challenges and improve your performance.Each task has an assignment for you to do on your own at home and one to do inclass. The homework and the in-class activities will often be coordinated, so it isimportant that you concentrate on both equally.Remember, the entire goal of this workbook is to benefit YOU!Before you begin this workbook, take a minute to answer the following questions.On the blank lines, write in any other questions or ideas you might have. Rememberto discuss your questions with your teacher so that you can be fully informedabout the test.1. Is the standardized test timed, or will I have unlimited time?3. Where will the test be held? Is it in a room that tends to be cold, and should Ibring a sweater?4.5.2 IntroductionPhysical Science with Earth ScienceCopyright Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.2. Am I allowed to write on the test? If not, do I need to bring scratch paper?
Task RegimenTask IObjective: To use the Chapter Tests to review science material from yourtextbookAt-Home Goal: To identify parts of the textbook you need to review furtherIn-Class Goal: To receive explanations about details from the textbook chapter andhelp with content that you need to review furtherTask IAt-Home AssignmentFor each question you missedin the Chapter Test, find thepages in the textbook thatcover the material.If you cannot find theinformation, write out threequestions about the materialthat you did not understand.Copyright Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.In-Class AssignmentExample 1Which type of wind generally moves from thesouthwest to the northeast in the northernhemisphere?f. polar easterliesg. jet streamh. sea breezej. prevailing westerliesNote the page in the textbook where thisinformation can be found.Work in a group to review thetextbook material and themissed questions. Have yourteacher explain any questionsor concepts that your groupdoes not understand.How It Will Help YouBy receiving personal attention,you will be able to have all ofyour specific questionsanswered and explained.Reviewing the missed questionswill help you make sure thatyou understand your mistakes.Physical Science with Earth ScienceIntroduction 3
Task IIObjective: To use the Standardized Test Practices as preparation for actualstandardized testsIn-Class Goal: To practice working on test-like questions in a realistic test-takingenvironmentAt-Home Goal: To analyze your mistakes and identify any questions on which youneed more workTake the test in arealistic test-takingenvironment.At-Home AssignmentWith an answer keyfrom your teacher,review your test. Usingyour textbook, reviewany incorrect answers.Put a question markbeside any questionsthat you cannot figureout and bring them toclass the next day.How It Will Help YouThis assignment willhelp you carefullyanalyze your mistakesand identify the exactreason you answeredsome questionsincorrectly. You willalso receive help withquestions you needto review.4 IntroductionExample 2TestElement 1Element 2Element 3Element 4ConductivityYesYesNoNoPhysicalappearanceShiny solidstored in oilShiny solidColorless gasYellow gasVeryreactiveReacts withnon-metalsUnreactiveReacts withalkali metalsReactivityA fifth element also was tested. It did not conduct, itreacted with alkali metals, and it was a gas. Thiselement behaved most similarly toF Element 1G Element 2H Element 3J Element 4Carefully consider theinformation in the table. Noneof these elements reacts withalkali metals and is a gas.Therefore, all of these answerchoices are incorrect.Carefully consider the information in thetable again. Only Element 4 reacts withalkali metals and is a gas.Physical Science with Earth ScienceCopyright Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.Task IIIn-Class Assignment
Task IIIObjective: To use the process of elimination during testing situationsAt-Home Goal: To practice using the process of elimination to identify incorrectanswer choicesIn-Class Goal: To strengthen your use of the process of eliminationCopyright Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.Task IIIAt-Home AssignmentMake a list of the hardestquestions and considereach answer choice. Notewhether you think eachanswer choice is correct orincorrect and why. Place aline through the letter ofeach answer choice thatyou eliminate. Put aquestion mark next to anyanswer choices that youare not certain about. Feelfree to use the textbookwhen needed.Example 3RespondTake In andUse EnergyGrow andDevelopLiving ThingsReproduceOrganizedWhich of these statements is correct?F Rocks grow and develop from energy.G Energy uses living things.In-Class AssignmentH Trees respond to the wind.Your teacher will lead adiscussion about theanswer choices for eachquestion. Share your ideasand analysis with the class.J Young animals grow into mature animals.How It Will Help YouWorking alone and as aclass will give you achance to learn andpractice the process ofelimination. You willlearn how to successfullyeliminate incorrect answerchoices.Physical Science with Earth ScienceChoice F: No, rocks do not grow. They do notuse energy.Choice G: No, living things use energy. Energydoes not use living things.Choice H: No, trees move in the wind, but it isnot a response.Choice J: Yes, young animals do grow and developinto mature animals.Introduction 5
Task IVObjective: To develop the ability to recognize, extract, and use all informationgiven within the testAt-Home Goal: To learn how to recognize and use all of the information given to youin the questionsIn-Class Goal: To share ideas and techniques for use all of the information given toyou in the questionsWrite a list of the hardestquestions. For eachquestion, write down allof the information givenby the graphic and thequestion. Note whatinformation helped youanswer the questioncorrectly. Write aquestion mark beside anyquestion or graphic thatyou found confusing.In-Class AssignmentAs a class or in groups,discuss each question.Write down a list of allthe informativeobservations you andyour peers make.How It Will Help YouExample 4Precipitation AmountsMonth Precipitation gust4.99The chart showshow muchprecipitationthere was foreach month.There aredifferentamounts foreach month.According to the chart, which month hadthe LEAST precipitation?f.g.h.j.MarchMayJuneAugustAugust was the month with the leastprecipitation. This is the correct answer choice.Practicing understandingcharts and graphs andanalyzing the informationprovided by the test willhelp you to answer thequestions correctly.6 IntroductionPhysical Science with Earth ScienceCopyright Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.Task IVAt-Home Assignment
Test-Taking TipsTest-Taking Tips for Before the Test:1. Be sure to get plenty of sleep the week before the test. A healthy amount of sleep is8–9 hours every night.2. The night before the test, try to do something relaxing but stimulating, such asplaying a board game, exercising, or reading an enjoyable book. Cramming the nightbefore the test can often hamper your memory and make you tired.3. The morning of the test, eat a healthy breakfast with fresh foods that are high inprotein and carbohydrates.4. The morning of the test, clear your mind of any outside distractions so that you willbe better able to focus on the test. If breaks are given during the test, use that timeto relax and clear your mind.Test-Taking Tips for During the Test:1. Listen to and read all directions.2. Be sure you understand the question before reading the answer choices. Then, makesure to read and consider every answer choice.3. Remember to carefully consider all the information presented in the test’s graphics.Copyright Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.4. If the test is timed, be sure to pace yourself.5. Always choose an answer. By eliminating as many incorrect choices as possible, youwill have a good chance of guessing correctly and obtaining more points.Physical Science with Earth ScienceIntroduction 7
Name:Date:Class:Chapter 1 The Nature of ScienceChapter TestDIRECTIONSChoose the best answer choice for each of the following questions.1. Which of the following features shouldNOT be included in the scientific method?a.b.c.d.hypothesis formationexperimenter biasobservationtheory development2. All of the following are standardcomponents of the experimental onsThe World’s Population ear3. The best conclusion to draw from these data is that the population of the world isa.b.c.d.8.decreasingstaying about the samegrowing at a constant rateincreasing exponentiallyPhysical Science with Earth ScienceCopyright Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.Number of Humans(Billions)7.0
Name:Date:Class:Chapter 1 The Nature of Science4. Life science is the study of living things.According to this definition, alife scientist would most likelystudy.f.g.h.j.weather changesmagnetic forcecave formationcellular reproduction5. All of the following quantities havederived units in the SI right Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.6. In general, models benefit scientificinvestigation the most by.f.g.h.j.using derived units as measurementsrepresenting ideas, events, and objectschanging experimental resultsproviding descriptions of patterns innature7. Under which heading in a table of contentswould the most information about units befound?a.b.c.d.Chapter Test8. At the World Series, a star pitcher threwthree pitches in the center of the strikezone. These pitches were.f. precise but not accurateg. accurate but not preciseh. accepted and practicedj. precise and accurate9. To determine the boiling point of anunknown liquid, a student heats 10 mL ofthe liquid in a test tube and records thetemperature every minute for 20 minutes.In this example, time is the.a.b.c.d.controldependent variableindependent variablehypothesis10. Melissa heated a few blue crystals in a testtube. After a few minutes, she observedthat the crystals had turned white and afilm of water had formed on the inside ofthe test tube. Before Melissa conductedthis experiment, she mostlikely.f.g.h.j.developed a theorydeveloped a hypothesisdeveloped a biasdeveloped a scientific lawDependent VariablesHistory of Lord KelvinScientific LawMeasurement SystemsPhysical Science with Earth Science9
Name:Date:Standardized Test PracticeClass:Chapter 1 The Nature of ScienceDIRECTIONSRead each question. Then, on your answer sheet, mark the answer choice that you think is best.1In science, activities are performed thattest the validity of theories. Theseactivities are called.4Which of these unit systems is used byscientists?F foot-poundA experimentsG BritishB hypothesesH NorwegianC variablesJ SID controls2Sometimes scientists misinterpret theirdata, causing them to draw the wrongconclusions. What is one common causeof scientific misinterpretation?F unit conversiongH researcher biasJ phenomenon35Mr. Alicea’s class is measuring thedensity of a tennis ball. What additionalinformation do the students need to findthe ball’s density?Which of the following is the bestapplication of a line graph?A massA to make observations and gatherC volumeinformationB temperatureD weightB to show trends and how the datachanges over timeC to show how some fixed quantity isbroken down into partsD to compare information collected bycounting10Physical Science with Earth ScienceCopyright Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.G modeling
Name:Date:Class:Chapter 1 The Nature of Science6Which of the following is measured inkilograms?F temperatureG lengthH massJ speed7Standardized Test PracticeJeb has decided to start an aquarium. Atthe pet store, Jeb learns that everyaquarium should be comprised of acertain percentage of different things,such as water, rocks, plants, and filters.Which of these would be the best way toillustrate the information about whataquariums should contain?A tableB circle graphC bar graphD line graphDirections: Read numbers 8–9 below. Then, on the lines that follow, write your answers inCopyright Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.complete sentences.8A statement is scientific if it is testable. Write a scientific statement about something in yourclassroom.9“Science” and “technology” are words that often are mixed up, even though they havedifferent meanings. Science is the process of finding new information about the world, whiletechnology is using that scientific information to make new products. Think of somethingyou use every day. Write one sentence about the technology used to make that object andanother sentence describing the science behind the technology.Physical Science with Earth Science11
Name:Date:Chapter TestClass:Chapter 2 Science, Technology, and SocietyDIRECTIONSChoose the best answer choice for each of the following questions.3. A facilities engineer in a hospital complexwould be expected to.a. research treatments for diabetesb. test and maintain the back-up powersystemc. distribute medications to variousdepartmentsd. design an assembly line formanufacturing health care productsa.b.miles per gallonc.Vehicle Fuel Consumption5045403530252015100Pickup esd.2. Which of the following objects wouldNOT be considered a technology?4. Using the chart above, which of thefollowing vehicles is the best technology interms of fuel consumption?f.g.h.j.Pickup truckSport-utility vehicleMinivanStation wagonf. the wheels on the first cart made byhumansg. a disposable cafeteria forkh. arrowheads used by Native Americansj. floor mats made of recycled tires12Physical Science with Earth ScienceCopyright Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.1. Which of the following technologieswould be least useful to a farmer in anunderdeveloped country?
Name:Date:Class:Chapter 2 Science, Technology, and SocietyChapter Test5. As a result oftesting, the airbags to be installed in a new line of carswere modified to improve the vehicle'ssafety rating.a.b.c.d.crash assurancecontrolperformanceaccident preventionFigure AFigure B7. Which of the following indicators oralarms would NOT be included on abuilding's fire prevention control panel,such as the one above?Copyright Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.a.b.c.d.6. In the drawing above, figure A is anexample of a.f.g.h.j.prototypepilotcomputer simulationdemonstrationPhysical Science with Earth Scienceair temperaturetenant contact informationsmoke levelspower connections8. An engineer designed a w
for national science tests such as the TerraNova, the Iowa Tests of Basic Skills (ITBS), and the Stanford Achievement Test, Tenth Edition (SAT-10). The format of the questions found in these practice tests is very similar to the format of the questions found in the actual national science tests. Physical Science
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