Remediation OfChlorinated Solvent
In SituRemediationof Chlorinated SolventPlumesSERDP and ESTCP RemediationTechnology Monograph SeriesSeries Editor: C. Herb Ward, RiceUniversity
ContentsCHAPTER 1GROUNDWATER CONTAMINATION BY CHLORINATEDSOLVENTS: HISTORY, REMEDIATION TECHNOLOGIESAND STRATEGIES111.1Introduction1.2Chlorinated Solvent1.3Early History and Cleanup Technologies1Usage441.3.2Discovery of ContaminationDevelopment of Cleanup Technologies1.3.3Movement and Fate61.3.4Superfimd71.3.1and Chemical1.4Physical1.5Nature of the s101.6.5Pump-and-TreatAir-Injection SystemsBiodegradationCosolvent and Surfactant FlushingIn Situ Thermal Technologies1.6.6In Situ Chemical on1.8Effectiveness of es23ReferencesCHAPTER 224CHLORINATED SOLVENT CHEMISTRY:NOMENCLATURE AND re and .2Solid-Water342.3.4PartitioningAir-Water PartitioningSolid-Air Partitioning2.3.5Transformation Reactions362.3.3References353536XXV
ContentsXXVICHAPTER 3BIODEGRADATION OF CHLORINATED ETHENES393.1Introduction393.2Operational Definition of Biodegradation393.3Historical Overview of Chlorinated Ethene3.4Chlorinated on and Redox Conditions41BiodegradationA Brief Overview of Redox Terminology3.5.1Reductive Dechlorination and In Situ Redox Conditions3.5.2In Situ3.5.3Kinetic Constraints3.5.4Electron Donor3.5.5Conclusions for Chlorinated Ethene Reductive DechlorinationChlororespirationonChlorinated Ethene Reductive bolic Oxidation under Oxic ConditionsDegradationof Chlorinated EthenesasPrimary SubstratesImportance50of Chlorinated EtheneDegradation underOxic Conditions3.6.451Conclusions for Chlorinated Ethene Mineralization underOxic Conditions51Microbial Mineralization of Chlorinated Ethenes under Anoxic Conditions3.7.1A Practical Definition ofAnoxic Field Conditions3.7.2Minimizing Experimental3.7.3Evidence for Chlorinated Ethene Mineralization underArtifacts5354Conclusions for Chlorinated Ethene Mineralization underAnoxic Conditions3.8Product Accumulation3.9Final Conclusionsas an55Indicator of In SituBiodegradation59ABIOTIC PROCESSES AFFECTING THE REMEDIATIONOF CHLORINATED esCHAPTER 451Mechanisms for Chlorinated Ethene Mineralization underAnoxic Conditions3.7.55152Anoxic Conditions3.7.44.344Microbial Mineralization of Chlorinated Ethenes Under Oxic Conditions3.6.34.244of Chlorinated Ethenesunder Oxic Conditions4.142Microbial Reductive Dechlorination of Chlorinated Ethenes3.6.23.741Role of Redox in Chlorinated Ethene6969Processes69AbsorptionAbsorptionMeasuring and Estimating Sorptionversus6970Volatilization Processes744.3.1754.3.2Air-WaterVaporPartitioning at EquilibriumTransport of Chlorinated Solvents in the Vadose ZonePhase77
Contents4.4xxviiAbiotic Transformation Processes794.4.1Substitution and Elimination Reactions814.4.2Reduction and Oxidation Reactions834.4.3Reaction Kinetics934.4.44.5Estimating Rates of Abiotic TransformationsCoupled Biotic-Abiotic Processes96984.5.1Biocatalysis984.5.2Biominerals 0ReferencesCHAPTER 5101ENGINEERING AND IMPLEMENTATION CHALLENGESFOR CHLORINATED SOLVENT ite Characterization5.3.15.45.55.6the Level of CharacterizationIllInsufficient Geological and Hydro geological CharacterizationIll5.3.3Insufficient Contaminant Delineation1135.3.4SiteCharacterization StrategiesSite Features115Challenges1IV5.4.1Reagent Delivery in Heterogeneous Subsurface Environments1185.4.2Geochemical Constraints1225.4.3Microbiological5.4.4Ongoing Sources of Contaminants1245.4.5Contaminant Mixtures125Public .5.2Community5.5.3IssuesPotential Indoor Air Vapor Intrusion127Concerns129129Implementation .3Contaminant Mobilization1325.6.4Fouling of Wells and FormationDifficulty in Predicting Performance133InfrastructureAdditional Discussion of Methods5.7.1to133Manage Challengesthe Level of CharacterizationManagement ApproachesOptimizeDelivery Approaches for Difficult Lithologies5.7.3Managing the Challenges of Performance Uncertainty5.7.4Treatment Trains to Manage Multiple ChallengesReferencesto134.134135137138139139
CHAPTER 6MODELING REMEDIATION OF CHLORINATED145SOLVENT PLUMES6.1Introduction1456.2Fate and145Basic Fate andTransport Equations146TheProcessModelingModeling Biodegradation, Sorption and Abiotic Reactions152of Chlorinated Solvents1576.2.16.2.26.36.46.56.6Transport ModelingRepresentingSources in Groundwater6.4.1DNAPL Sources ce Mass165Models6.5.1Commonly Used Analytical Models1656.5.2Current Numerical Models166170Case Studies6.6.1BIOCFILOR CaseStudy—Cape CanaveralAirStation,170Training Area, FloridaRT3D Case Study—Simulation of an EmulsifiedOil Biobarrier Treating Chlorinated Solvents and PerchlorateFire6.6.26.7172178Conclusion and Summary178ReferencesCHAPTER7IMPACTS OF SOURCE MANAGEMENT ON CHLORINATED185SOLVENT PLUMES1857.1Introduction7.2Movement and Distribution of Chlorinated Solvents in the7.3186Subsurface7.2.1DNAPL1877.2.21887.2.3Vapor PhaseAqueous Phase7.2.4Sorbed Phase193Critical Attributes of7.3.17.3.27.3.37.3.47.3.57.3.6189Type I—Granular Media with Mild Heterogeneity andModerate to High PermeabilityType II—Granular Media with Low Heterogeneity andLow PermeabilityType III—Granular Media with Moderate to High HeterogeneityType IV—Fractured Media with Low Matrix PorosityType V—Fractured Media with High Matrix PorositySource Zones Containing Multiple Type Settings7.4Evolution of Chlorinated Solvent Sites7.5Effects of Source7.5.1194Geologic SettingTheDepletionBig 201204
Contents7.6xxix7.5.2Source rencesCHAPTER 8DNAPLSITE CHARACTERIZATION ISSUESAT CHLORINATED SOLVENT SITES8.1Introduction8.2Purposes of8.38.4217217Site Characterization2188.2.1Estimate Nature and8.2.2Determine Risk8.2.3Make and Monitor Remedial DecisionsCharacterizationApproachExtent ofContamination219223and Methods2242258.3.1Source Characterization in Unconsolidated Media2288.3.2Source Characterization in Fractured Media2328.3.3Risks of Contaminant237DataDragdown and rpretation of DNAPLSource Strength8.4.3Mass ces241Appendix 8.A253CHAPTER 9REMEDIAL TECHNOLOGY SELECTION FORCHLORINATED SOLVENT PLUMES2819.1Introduction2819.2Technology2829.3In Situ Remediation2849.3.1Advantages and LimitationsIn Situ TechnologiesBiological Treatment2849.3.22849.4.1Enhanced Reductive Dechlorination2889.4.2Aerobic red Natural Attenuation9.49.5Chemical Treatment288291292In Situ Chemical Oxidation2929.5.2In Situ Chemical Reduction2939.5.3Electrochemical Reduction2949.5.19.6Selection ProcessPhysicalTreatment294
Contents9.6.19.79.8In Situ Air294Sparging295Decision Guidelines9.7.1Ability9.7.2Problematic Site Conditionsto MeetManagement Objectives299302Summary302ReferencesCHAPTER 10B1 () R EM ED IA TI ON OF CHLORINATED309SOLVENT PLUMES10.1296309IntroductionWhat is /// Situ Bioremediation?10.1.110.1.2309310Use In Situ Bioremediation?10.1.3WhyWhy Not10.2A BriefHistory10.3Molecular10.4Use of In Situ Anaerobic Bioremediation31710.5Summary318Use In Situ Bioremediation?311312Biological Tools316318ReferencesMONITORED NATURAL ATTENUATIONCHAFFER 11OF CHLORINATED SOLVENT PLUMES32511.1Synopsis11.2Case11.3Use of Molecular11.4Correspondence between PCR Assays forof theStudyatTechnologythe Twin CitiesArmyAmmunition PlantBiological ToolsUse of16SrRNAUse of Biodegradationof MNA in the Future352BIOSTIMULATION FOR ANAEROBIC BIOREMEDIATIONOF CHLORINATED SOLVENTS12.112.2344350ReferencesCHAPTER 12337Parameters to Predict the PresenceBiogeochcmicalof Dehalococcoicles DNA11.6327336in Dehalococcokles and Rates of Natural ObjectivesRegulatory Acceptance35812.1.212.1.3Advantages and Limitations of Biostimulation360359Technology ated Solvents)363
xxxiContents12.2.2AnaerobicDegradation Pathwaysfor Chlorinated363Solvents12.2.4ControllingSite Screening for oundwater Redox 512.3.612.3.7368Studies373of BiostimulationOptionsSecondary Biostimulation AmendmentsBioaugmentationSubstrate Demand and Substrate Loading Rates373System ConfigurationsSubstrate Mixing and Delivery SystemsHealth and Safety 12.4.212.4.312.5376Biostimulation Design SummaryEvaluating Biostimulation g PerformanceSystem Modifications and Contingencies411412SummaryBiostimulation of Chlorinated Solvents12.5.1Practicing12.5.2Biostimulation Protocols, Reference Documents, and On-line12.5.3403412Resources413The Future of APTER 13BIOAUGMENTATION FOR ANAEROBICBIOREMEDIATION OF CHLORINATED SOLVENTS13.113.2Introduction425Scientific Basis42613.2.1Dehalorespiration and Dehalococcoides42613.2.2Survival and Distribution ofBioaugmentation Cultures429in the Subsurface13.2.313.313.5431Emerging Applications431BioaugmentationThe Practice ofCultures Available43113.3.2QA/QC Issues43413.3.3Implementation Options13.3.4Factors13.3.113.4425Affecting Bioaugmentation435Success437Technology Selection ttoTools to Assess the Need for13.5.1Direct Detection436Bioaugmentation437440441441
mical Characterization44213.6Uncertainties44313.7Case Studies44413.7.1Bachman Road,Michigan44413.7.2Dover Air ForceBase, Delaware44613.7.313.8Kelly Air Force Base, TexasSummary448448ReferencesAIR SPARGING FOR THE TREATMENTCHAPTER 14OF CHLORINATED SOLVENT n Paradigm Basis14.2.145714.2.2457Primary Factors Controlling PerformanceAir Flow and Air Distributions in Aquifers14.2.3Contaminant Removal during IAS14.2.4Implications for Feasibility Assessment and DesignIAS Design Paradigm45946046114.3.1Site nologies14.4Pilot46914.5System Design47314.6IAS47514.7Typical Design and Operation Flaws When Employing IAS Systems47614.8Summary477TestingSystem Monitoring and OptimizationReferencesCHAPTER 15477CHEMICAL OXIDATION AND REDUCTIONFOR CHLORINATED SOLVENT REMEDIATION15.1Introduction15.2In Situ Chemical Oxidation15.3481481(1SCO)48315.2.1Development of ISCO48315.2.2Oxidants Used for ISCO48615.2.3Hydrogen PeroxidePermanganate48815.2.415.2.5Sodium Persulfate50615.2.6Ozone51515.2.7Conclusion520In Situ Chemical Reduction15.3.1Foundations of ISCR496520520
Contentsx»15.3.215.3.315.3.4Research Needs52815.3.5Conclusions529CHAPTER 16IRON BARRIER WALLS FOR CHLORINATED SOLVENTREMEDIATION16.1Introduction and16.2Reaction539Nature of the Reaction/Processes539Pathways54016.2.3Kinetics ofDegradationTypicalDesign54616.3.3Interpretation and Application of Rate DataTreatment Zone DesignPossible PRB Configurations16.3.4Construction Methods55016.3.5Installations553Reaction Rates546Iron PRBin Fractured Rock54916.4.1Definition and Potential Factors55416.4.2Persistence of Metallic55416.4.3Competing Oxidants55516.4.4Formation of556IronSecondary MineralsMicrobiological effects559Case Studies55916.5.1DoDFacility, New YorkFacility, MassachusettsofStageTechnology Development55916.5.2Former Industrial56016.6.1Number of Sites and sCHAPTER 17564566ELECTROLYTIC REACTIVE BARRIERS FORCHLORINATED SOLVENT REMEDIATION17.2547554Long-term s16.3523Ongoing DevelopmentField Applications of 1SCR573Introduction57317.1.1Advantages and LimitationsTechnology Description57417.2.1Principles of Operation57517.2.2Materials of Construction57617.2.3e-Barrier578Operation575
Contentsxxxiv17.317.417.2.4Installation Methods58017.2.5Contaminants Treated58017.3.1Laboratory Studies58117.3.2Field Studies58217.3.3Cost17.3.4Potential Side Effects58217.3.5Lessons Learned584Comparison with Other Reactive Barrier TechnologiesCase Study: F.B. Warren AFB Field Demonstration585Sile58517.4.258617.4.3Performance Results588588Conclusions589ReferencesCHAPTER 18IN-WELL TREATMENT FOR CHLORINATEDSOLVENT DescriptionInstallation, Operation, and story18.1.2Current Status of the18.1.3Well18.1.4Patent/Licensing Issues593Technology593System Designs596596Principles of Operation18.2.1Methods of18.2.2Treatment596Pumping GroundwaterMethodologies598and Limitations60218.3.1Biological Treatment60518.3.2ShortApplicabilityCircuiting of Groundwater Flow18.4Health and18.5Site Characterization605606Safety 18.6Pump Tests18.5.2Dipole Tests18.5.3Slug TestingSystem Design 7608608Monitoring Requirements609In-Well Treatment ProcessMonitoringRemedial Progress Monitoring61018.8Site Closure Issues61318.9Case Studies61418.9.1CaseHistory #1: UVB Demonstrationat MarchAFB, California18.9.2CaseHistory#2:614NoVOCs DemonstrationAir Station North Island, CaliforniaatNaval620
P Protocol62418.10.2USEPA Site Program625ReportsAir Force Massachusetts Military Reservation Documents18.10.3PHYTOREMEDIATION OF CHLORINATEDCHAPTER 19SOLVENT PLUMES19.1The631631Phytoremediation ConceptProcesses Involved in Chlorinated Solvent19.1.2Phytoremediation19.2.219.2.3Assessing the Applicability of PhytoremediationDesign ConsiderationsMonitoring651653654655Case oduction19.1.119.2625625ReferencesTreatment of TCE-Contaminated GroundwaterbyEasternCottonwood Trees, Naval Air Station Joint Reserve Base,Fort Worth, Texas19.3.2657Treatment of19.3.3Halogenated Volatile Organic Compoundsby Hybrid Poplars, J-Field Superfund Site, AberdeenProving Ground, Edgewood, MarylandTreatment of Chlorinated Volatile Organic Compoundsby Hybrid Poplars, Solvents Recovery Service of New CHAPTER 20COST ANALYSES FOR REMEDIAL OPTIONS67720.1Introduction67720.2Cost677Analysis Process20.2.120.320.4Template Site Descriptions20.2.2Cost Categories and ComponentsRemediation Options Evaluated68020.3.1Case 1: Residual Source Area68020.3.2Case 2: Shallow Barrier68220.3.3Case 3:685Cost679687Analyses20.4.1Case 1: Residual Source Area68720.4.2Case 2: Shallow Barrier68920.4.3Case 3:20.4.4Remedies with Pump-and-TreatEffect of Discount Rate on Cost Calculations20.4.520.5DeepBarrier677DeepComparison ofSummaryReferencesBarrierIn Situ691694696696697
ContentsxxxviCH AFFER 21FUTURE DIRECTIONS AND RESEARCH NEEDSFOR CHLORINATED SOLVENT PLUMES69921.1Introduction69921.2Why Is More Research and Development Needed?70021.2.1Remaining Uncertainties21.2.2Renewed Focus21.2.321.3What701702Societal Trends21.3.221.3.3Improve Predictive mprove Diagnostic ToolsImprove gies708711714717719720ReferencesAcronymsIs Needed?Apply Systems Analysis and EngineeringQuantify and Minimize UncertaintyFundamental Process21.3.7List of700PlumesSpecific Research and Development21.3.121.4onand Abbreviations727Unit Conversion Table733List of Figures735List of Tables741Glossary745Index769
6.2 Fate and Transport Modeling 145 6.2.1 Basic Fate and Transport Equations 146 6.2.2 The Modeling Process 152 6.3 Modeling Biodegradation, Sorption and Abiotic Reactions ofChlorinated Solvents 157 6.4 Representing Sources in Groundwater Modeling 159 6.4.1 DNAPLSources Zones 160 6.4.2 Esti
VL R 20 MDI Polyisocyanate Solvent-free 31.5 132 VL R 21 MDI Polyisocyanate Solvent-free 31.5 132 VH 20 MDI Modified MDI Solvent-free 24.5 173 E 21 MDI Prepolymer Solvent-free 16 263 E 22 MDI Prepolymer Solvent-free 8.6 489 E 23 MDI Prepolymer Solvent-free 15.4 273 E 29 MDI Prepolymer Solvent-free 24 175 E 20100 MDI Prepolymer Solvent-free 15.9 268
tion using the AKTA Explorer 100 system (GE Health-care). Solvent A comprised 10 mM KH 2 PO 4 in 25% (v/v) ACN, whereas solvent B comprised solvent A with 500 mM KCl. Solvents A and B were applied at the follow-ing gradients: 0–10% solvent B for 2 min, 10–20% solvent B for 25 min, 20–45% solvent B for 5 min, and 50–100%
Factors Affecting Solubility ( Temperature ) Unit 12 Subjects . Last update : 1/5/2014 SOLUBILITY PRODUCT CALCULATIONS Subjects Effect of solvent on solubility : Solubility of a solute in a solvent purely depends on the nature of both solute and solvent. A polar solute dissolved in polar solvent. A polar solute has low solubility or insoluble in a non-polar solvent . For this reason if you .
MSDS Number: 100000004966 1 / 18 Solvent 142-66 SECTION 1. PRODUCT AND COMPANY IDENTIFICATION Product name: Solvent 142-66 Product Use Descri p-tion : Solvent.Solvent. Manufacturer or supplier's details Company: Nexeo Solutions LLC Address 3 Waterway Square Place
TTTexas Mold Assessment and Remediation Rules Texas Mold Assessment and Remediation Rules exas Mold Assessment and Remediation Rules ---- Amended May 20, 2007 Amended May 20, 2007 §295.302 3 (16) Facility - Any institutional, commercial, public, governmental, industrial or residential building.
The Green Remediation: Incorporating Sustainable Environmental Practices into Remediation of Contaminated Sites technology primer was developed by the United States Environmental Protection Agency (U.S. EPA) Office of Superfund Remediation and Technology Innovation (OSRTI). The document was prepared in cooperation with EPA's Brownfields and Land Revitalization Technology
Solvent based post-combustion capture (ICP B) Solvent-based post-combustion capture was chosen as the second ICP because it is quite likely that solvent scrubbing will be deployed by industry as a CCS technology. Commercial solvent developers have already completed process design and analysis for
3.6 BEM as TQM framework . 43 3.6.1 Deming Prize . 44 3.6.2 The Malcolm Baldrige National Quality Award . 45 3.6.3 European Foundation for Quality Management . 48 3.7 Abu Dhabi Award for Excellence in Government Performance . 50 3.7.1 The ADAEP model . 51 3.8 Comparison between the BEMs . 52 3.9 Chapter summary . 54 4 Chapter Four: Framework of the Study .
