The Handbook For United Nations Field Missions On .
The Handbook for United Nations Field Missions on Preventing and Responding to Conflict-Related SexualViolence was produced by the Conflict-Related Sexual Violence Team, Policy and Best Practices Service,Policy, Evaluation and Training Division, of the United Nations Department of Peace Operations (DPO).It was developed jointly with the Department of Political and Peacebuilding Affairs (DPPA), the Office ofthe High Commissioner for Human Rights (OHCHR), and the Office of the Special Representative of theSecretary-General on Sexual Violence in Conflict (OSRSG-SVC). The handbook benefited from extensiveconsultations with representatives from United Nations Field Missions with a conflict-related sexual violencemandate (MINUSCA, MINUSMA, MONUSCO, UNAMI, UNAMID, UNMISS and UNSOM), representativesfrom the United Nations Action Network on Sexual Violence in Conflict, and partners at United NationsHeadquarters.This publication was made possible through the invaluable support of the Government of Norway andgenerous contributions from the Governments of Canada, the United Kingdom and the United Statesof America.Design and layout of the Handbook was done by Frank DiCostanzo/ddacommunications.com.All comments and questions about the Handbook are welcome and should be forwarded topbps-crsv-unhq@un.orgCopyright United Nations 2020All rights reservedManufactured in the United States of AmericaReference Number 2020.08
ContentsList of Acronyms. 1Introduction . 2Part I: United Nations Field Missions and the Conflict-RelatedSexual Violence Mandate: Key ConceptsChapter One: Conceptual Foundation and the Evolution of theConflict-Related Sexual Violence Mandate. 5Section 1: Defining Conflict-Related Sexual Violence. 5Section 2: Understanding Conflict-Related Sexual Violence. 6Section 3: The Guiding Principles of Conflict-Related Sexual Violence Work.13Section 4: Challenges to Preventing and Responding to Conflict-Related Sexual Violence.17Chapter Two: Legal Frameworks and United Nations Security Council Resolutionson Conflict-Related Sexual Violence.20Section 1: The Legal Framework on Conflict-Related Sexual Violence.20Section 2: The Institutional Framework on Conflict-Related Sexual Violence.23Chapter Three: Operational and Coordination Frameworks to AddressConflict-Related Sexual Violence.26Section 1: Architecture to Address Conflict-Related Sexual Violence in Field Missions.26Section 2: Related Protection Frameworks and Mandates.28Section 3: Development and Humanitarian Coordination Mechanisms.31Section 4: Coordination and Support to Civil Society Organizations.32Section 5: Coordination with United Nations Entities at Headquarters.34Chapter Four: The Survivor-Centred Approach and Referral Pathways.35Section 1: The Survivor-Centred Approach and Holistic Responses.35Section 2: Referral Pathways and Responsibilities of United Nations Field Missions Personnel.37Part II: Main Areas of Work and Functions to Prevent and Respond toConflict-Related Sexual ViolenceChapter Five: Conflict-Related Sexual Violence Advising and Mainstreaming.43Section 1: Advising on Conflict-Related Sexual Violence.43Section 2: Mission-Wide Conflict-Related Sexual Violence Mainstreaming.47Case study: Shabunda Action Plan.54
Chapter Six: Advocacy, Raising Awareness, and Capacity-Building onConflict-Related Sexual ViolenceSection 1: Definitions.56Section 2: Advocacy and Awareness-Raising Responsibilities WithinUnited Nations Field Missions.57Section 3: Roadmap of an Advocacy Strategy.65Chapter Seven: Monitoring, Analysing and Reporting onConflict-Related Sexual Violence. 67Section 1: Guiding Principles for Monitoring and Reporting on Conflict-Related Sexual Violence.67Section 2: The Monitoring, Analysis, and Reporting Arrangements.68Section 3: Establishing the MARA in United Nations Field Missions.70Section 4: Monitoring and Information Gathering on Conflict-Related Sexual Violence.73Section 5: Analysing Trends and Patterns of Conflict-Related Sexual Violence.77Section 6: Reporting on Conflict-Related Sexual Violence.80Section 7: Intersection between the MARA and the Gender-Based Violence InformationManagement System.84Case study: MARA and GBV Sub-Cluster Coordination.85Chapter Eight: Providing Physical Protection to Prevent and Respondto Conflict-Related Sexual Violence. 87Section 1: Physical Protection and Coordination to AddressConflict-Related Sexual Violence.87Section 2: Early-Warning Indicators of Conflict-Related Sexual Violence and Responseby Military and Police Components.90Section 3: Actions by Military and Police Components to Prevent and Respondto Conflict-Related Sexual Violence.92Chapter Nine: Engagement for Commitments with Parties to the Conflictto End Conflict-Related Sexual Violence. 98Section 1: Engagement for Commitments with State and Non-State Parties to Conflict.98Section 2: Support to State and non-State Parties to AddressConflict-Related Sexual Violence. 107Case study: Engagement Strategy with Parties to Conflict. 112
Chapter Ten: Ending Impunity for Conflict-Related Sexual Violence. 114Section 1: Ending Impunity to Prevent and Respond to Conflict-Related Sexual Violence. 114Section 2: Adapting Mission Support to National Contexts and Judicial Responses. 116Section 3: Supporting Credible Criminal Investigations and Prosecutions. 118Section 4: Judicial Protection Measures for Victims/Survivors ofConflict-Related Sexual Violence. 124Section 5: Political-Level Engagement to Address Impunityand Strengthen National Justice Systems. 125Section 6: Reparations and Remedies for Victims/Survivors. 127Case Study: Protection for Victims and Witnesses of Human Rights andSexual-Violence Crimes. 128List of References. 130Annex . 1321. List of Functions and Responsibilities on CRSV within the Military Component. 1322. Military Staff Branches and Responsibilities on Preventingand Responding to CRSV. 1383. Training Overview for Civilian, Military, and Police Personnelof United Nations Field Missions. 1414. Advocacy on CRSV through International Human Rights Mechanisms. 1425. Terms of Reference for the MARA Working Group in theDemocratic Republic of Congo and Iraq. 1446. Monitoring CRSV by Human Rights Components: the Five W’s and How. 1557. Joint Communiqué of the Central African Republic and theUnited Nations on Prevention and Response to CRSV (2019). 156
LIST OF ACRONYMSCLA. Community Liaison AssistantMONUSCO. United Nations Organization StabilizationMission in the Democratic Republic of CongoCPA. Child Protection AdvisorMRM. Monitoring and Reporting MechanismCRSV. Conflict-related sexual violenceNGO. Non-governmental organizationCSO. Civil Society OrganizationOCHA. United Nations Office for the Coordinationof Humanitarian AffairsCAR. Central African RepublicDDR. Disarmament, Demobilizationand ReintegrationOHCHR. Office of the High Commissioner for Human RightsDFS. Department of Field SupportOSRSG-SVC. Office of the Special Representative of theSecretary-General on Sexual Violence in ConflictDPA. Department of Political Affairs (now DPPA)DPKO. Department of PeacekeepingOperations (now DPO)PEP. Post-Exposure ProphylaxisPOC. Protection of CiviliansDPO. Department of Peace OperationsQRF. Quick Reaction ForceDPPA. Department of Political and Peacebuilding AffairsQRT. Quick Reaction TeamDRC. Democratic Republic of the CongoROE. Rules of EngagementDUF. Directives on the Use of ForceS/WPAs. Senior Women’s Protection Advisor/Women’s Protection AdvisorsFHQ. Force HeadquartersGBV. Gender-Based ViolenceGBVIMS. Gender-Based Violence InformationManagement SystemSEA. Sexual Exploitation and AbuseSGBV. Sexual and Gender-Based ViolenceSOPs. Standard Operation ProceduresHCT. Humanitarian Country TeamSPLA-IO . Sudan People’s Liberation Army-in OppositionHOM. Head of MissionSPM. Special Political MissionHQ. HeadquartersSRSG. Special Representative of the Secretary-GeneralHRDDP. Human Rights Due Diligence PolicySRSG-SVC. Special Representative of the Secretary General on Sexual Violence in ConflictHRO. Human Rights OfficerICRC. International Committee of the Red CrossIDP. Internally Displaced PersonIMTC. Integrated Mission Training CentresINGO. International Non-Governmental OrganizationsIOM. International Organization for MigrationIRC. International Rescue CommitteeSSR. Security Sector ReformSWPA. Senior Women’s Protection AdvisorTOB. Temporary Operating BaseTOE. Team of Experts on the Rule of Law andSexual Violence in ConflictTOR. Terms of ReferenceISIL. Islamic State in Iraq and the LevantUNAMID. African Union-United Nations HybridOperation in DarfurISTM. Integrated and Specialized Training MaterialsUNCT. United Nations Country TeamJCS. Justice and Correction SectionUNFPA. United Nations Population FundJIT. Joint Investigation TeamUNICEF. United Nations Children’s FundJMAC. Joint Mission Analysis CentreJOC. Joint Operations CentreUNMISS. United Nations Mission in the Republicof South SudanJPT. Joint Projection TeamUNODC. United Nations Office on Drugs and CrimeMARA. Monitoring, Analysis, and Reporting ArrangementsUNPOL. United Nations PoliceMGPA. Military Gender and Protection AdvisorUNSCR. United Nations Security Council ResolutionsMINUSCA. United Nations Multidimensional IntegratedStabilization Mission in theCentral African RepublicWHO. World Health OrganizationMINUSMA. United Nations Multidimensional IntegratedStabilization Mission in MaliWPA . Women’s Protection AdvisorWPS. Women, Peace and SecurityUnited Nations Field Missions Preventing and Responding to CRSV 1
INTRODUCTIONThe United Nations Security Council has recognized conflict-related sexual violence (CRSV) as a peace andsecurity issue. Through a series of United Nations Security Council Resolutions (UNSCR) on Women, Peace,and Security, it has stressed that sexual violence can significantly exacerbate situations of armed conflictand impede the restoration of international peace and security.1 CRSV is a serious violation of internationalhuman rights law and international humanitarian law, which under international criminal law can amount to awar crime, crime against humanity, or a constituent element of genocide. The Security Council has mandatedUnited Nations Field Missions, the United Nations system, and the international community to take action toprevent and respond to CRSV.This Handbook is intended to serve as a practical guide to support the implementation of the CRSV mandateby United Nations Field Missions, including Peacekeeping Operations and Special Political Missions.2 Itserves both as guidance for civilian,3 military, and police personnel deployed to United Nations Field Missionsand as a pre-deployment orientation tool for future Mission personnel.The Handbook has been developed jointly by the Department of Peace Operations (DPO), the Department ofPolitical and Peacebuilding Affairs (DPPA), the Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights (OHCHR),and the Office of the Special Representative of the Secretary-General on Sexual Violence in Conflict(OSRSG-SVC). It complements and builds upon the Policy on “United Nations Field Missions: Preventingand Responding to Conflict-Related Sexual Violence”,4 and should be read in conjunction with existingDPO, DPPA, OHCHR, and OSRSG-SVC policies, guidelines, and standard operating procedures (SOPs). TheHandbook aims to consolidate existing good practices, methodologies, models, templates, checklists, andother tools to address CRSV.The Handbook defines key concepts and delineates the responsibilities of civilian, military, and policecomponents within United Nations Field Missions to help prevent and respond to CRSV. Using case studiesfrom various Field Missions, it focuses on common challenges and proposes recommendations. The guidanceand best practice described in the Handbook can be built upon and adjusted to suit the specific context andneeds of United Nations Field Missions.Preventing and responding to CRSV is a crosscutting issue that requires engagement from multiple actorsinside and outside United Nations Field Missions. The critical importance of coordination is therefore emphasized throughout the Handbook: among civilian, military, and police components of Field Missions as well aswith external partners such as the host country, the United Nations Country Team (UNCT), relevant UnitedNations entities at Headquarters, non-governmental organizations (NGOs) and civil society organizations(CSOs).1 See United Nations Security Council Resolutions 1325 (2000), 1820 (2008), 1888 (2009), 1889 (2009), 1960 (2010), 2106 (2013), 2242(2015), 2331 (2016), 2467 (2019), and 2493 (2019).2 This Handbook strives to ensure relevance and applicability to both peacekeeping and special political missions (SPMs) while noting thedifferent contexts, roles, composition and resources. Some peacekeeping and SPMs have a specific Security Council mandate to preventand respond to CRSV—at the time of writing these are MONUSCO, MINUSCA, MINUSMA, UNMISS, UNAMID, UNSOM, and UNAMI.While this Handbook is primarily intended for personnel serving in these Missions, its content should serve as guidance for other UnitedNations Field Missions.3 The term “civilian component” comprises all non-military and non-police components in a United Nations Field Mission, including butnot limited to the Human Rights component; Civil Affairs; Disarmament, Demobilization and Reintegration (DDR); Gender Unit;HIV/AIDS; Justice and Correction Section (JCS); Joint Operations Centre (JOC); Joint Mission Analysis Centre (JMAC); the PublicInformation Office; Peace and Reconciliation; Political Affairs; and Security Sector Reform (SSR) sections.4 See United Nations DPO/DPPA/OHCHR/SRSG-SVC Policy on United Nations Field Missions: Preventing and Responding to ConflictRelated Sexual Violence (2020).2 United Nations Field Missions Preventing and Responding to CRSV
Part I of t
United Nations Field Missions, the United Nations system, and the international community to take action to prevent and respond to CRSV. This Handbook is intended to serve as a practical guide to support the implementation of the CRSV mandate by United Nations Field Missions, including Peacekeepin
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