Mandarin - Peace Corps
Peace Corps / China11/28/2006Chinese LanguageMandarinPeace Corps / ChinaChinese Basic Lessons for Invitees, Peace Corps / ChinaPage 1 of 28
Peace Corps / China11/28/2006The script accompanies the following 15 audio tracks:CN Mandarin Lesson 1CN Mandarin Lesson 2CN Mandarin Lesson 3CN Mandarin Lesson 4CN Mandarin Lesson 5CN Mandarin Lesson 6CN Mandarin Lesson 7CN Mandarin Lesson 8CN Mandarin Lesson 9CN Mandarin Lesson 10CN Mandarin Lesson 11CN Mandarin Lesson 12CN Mandarin Lesson 13CN Mandarin Lesson 1 4CN Mandarin Lesson 1 5(Time 3:39) (File Size:1.5MB)(Time 14:52)(File Size:6.1MB)(Time 4:45) (File Size:1.95MB)(Time 2:07) (File Size:873KB)(Time 3:14) (File Size:1.3MB)(Time 4:22) (File Size:1.8MB)(Time 3:01) (File Size:1.24MB)(Time 3:37) (File Size:1.49MB)(Time 1:24) File Size:576KB)(Time 1:50)(File Size:757KB)(Time 1:19)(File Size:544KB)(Time 1:12)(File Size:497KB)(Time 2:41)(File Size:1.1MB)(Time 1:01)(File Size:420KB)(Time 1:25)(File Size:588KB)Chinese Basic Lessons for Invitees, Peace Corps / ChinaPage 2 of 28
Peace Corps / China11/28/2006Table of ContentsLesson 1 Introduction to Chinese LanguageP4Lesson 2 PhoneticsP5Lesson 3 Basic GrammarP9Lesson 4 GreetingsP11Lesson 5 IntroductionsP12Lesson 6 Numbers/PricesP14Lesson 7 Food & DrinkP16Lesson 8 Some Chinese DishesP18Lesson 9 Useful PhrasesP19Lesson 10 Sick and EmergencyP20Lesson 11 Direction and PlacesP21Lesson 12 Clothes and ColorsP22Lesson 13 TimeP23Lesson 14 FamilyP25Lesson 15 Home ItemsP26Appendix: Measure words in Chinese (no audio)P27Chinese Basic Lessons for Invitees, Peace Corps / ChinaPage 3 of 28
Peace Corps / China11/28/2006Lesson 1 Introduction to Chinese LanguageMandarin is the official language of the People’s Republic of China. It is the dialectspoken in the capital Beijing. It is taught in all schools and is used for television andbroadcast. Almost the entire population understands Mandarin. The language taught inPre-Service Training (PST) is Mandarin.Chinese is a language with a large number of words with the same pronunciation but adifferent meaning; what distinguishes these ‘homophones’ is their ‘tonal’ quality – theraising and lowering of pitch on certain syllables. Mandarin has four tones – high, rising,falling-rising and falling, plus a fifth ‘neutral’ tone. To illustrate, look at the word mawhich has four different meanings according to tone:HighRisingFalling-risingFallingm am am[am]a‘mother’‘hemp’ or ‘numb’‘horse’‘to scold’ or ‘swear’Writing SystemChinese is not a phonetic language and the characters do not bear any resemblance toactual pronunciation. Chinese is often referred to as a language of pictographs.There are about 56,000 characters, but the vast majority of these are archaic. It iscommonly felt that a well-educated, contemporary Chinese might know and use between6000 and 8000 characters. To read a Chinese newspaper you will need to know 2000 to3000, but 1200 to 1500 would be enough to get the gist.Each Chinese character represents a spoken syllable, so many people declare that Chineseis a ‘monosyllabic language.’ Actually, it’s more a case of having a monosyllabic writingsystem. While the building block of the Chinese language is indeed the monosyllabicChinese character, Chinese words are usually a combination of two or more characters.You could think of Chinese words as being compounds.Phonetic system – PinyinIn 1958 China adopted a system of writing their language using the Roman alphabet. It'sknown as Pinyin. It is used in this course.GrammarChinese grammar is much simpler than that of European languages. There are no articles(a/the), no tenses and no plurals. The basic point to bear in mind is that, like English,Chinese word order is subject-verb-object. In other words, a basic English sentence like‘I (subject) love (verb) you (object)’ is constructed in exactly the same way in Chinese.Chinese Basic Lessons for Invitees, Peace Corps / ChinaPage 4 of 28
Peace Corps / China11/28/2006Lesson 2: PhoneticsThere are 6 basic vowels and 21 consonants in Mandarin Chinese. A syllable alwaysconsists of a vowel (V) or a consonant with a vowel (CV), such as ba, fo, ne. Consonantclusters, two or more consonants used in succession, are not permitted in Chinese.Syllabic combinations common in English such as VC (up, at), CVC (big, pat, map),CCVC (bred, dread, stone), CVCC (mask, best, sand), CCV (fly, blue, grow) CCCV(screw, spray, stray), VCC (old, and, ink), VCCC (Olds, ants, amps), CCVCC (brand,trains, swings), CVCCC (tests, tenths, lunged), CVCCCC (thirsts, texts, worlds),CCVCCC (slurps, prints, flirts), CCCVC (street, squat, strut), CCCVCC (struts, squats,sprained), and CCCVCCC (scrimps, sprints, squelched) are not possible in Chinese. CVC,on the other hand, is possible in Chinese, but the final C can only be the nasal sounds -nand -ng and the retroflex –r, such as jing, nan, yong and er. Consonants are often calledinitials because they invariably appear initially in a word with the exception of the final n, -ng or r, which can appear finally. Vowels are also called finals because they appearmedially or finally in a word. Vowels can stand by themselves when no initial consonantis present.Let’s learn the finals (vowels) first:MANDARINSIMILAR ENGLISHSOUNDEXAMPLE(PINYIN &CHARACTER)aeiou FatherfurseeorfluteGerman ‘f r’b]a 爸c]e 测d]i 地p o 婆b]u 不L] 绿aiflyn[ai 奶aoeiiaieiuouua enowdayyardyesyolklowwahyou ateh[ao 好m[ei 美xi]a 下xi]e 谢li]u 六l ou 楼hu a 花yu]e 月uiuoiaowaywarmiaowhu]i 会zu]o 做y]ao 要Chinese Basic Lessons for Invitees, Peace Corps / ChinaNOTEWritten as ‘u’ whenappearing after ‘j q x’‘ e’ stands for a syllable byitself, so it is written as ‘yue’,with the 2 dots droppedPage 5 of 28
Peace Corps / Chinauaianenangengerianianginingiongonguanunuang an n11/28/2006ku]ai 快m]an 慢w]en 问f ang 房p]eng 碰]er 二di[an 点li ang xi e 凉x in 心t ing 听y]ong 用d ong 冬gu an 关h un 昏hu ang 黄qu an 全j un gwandwhenwongyou anyuenNow the initials zCcSsZhzhSIMILARENGLISH jeanscheeseshockkidscatssirjoyEXAMPLE(PINYIN &CHARACTER)b]a 爸p o 婆m a 妈f a 发d]a 大t a 他n[i 你l]e 乐g]e 个k]e 客h e 和ji[e 姐qi an 钱xi u 休zu]o 坐c a 擦s an 三zh[ao 找Chinese Basic Lessons for Invitees, Peace Corps / ChinaNOTEthe lips do not protrudethe lips do not protrudeNot a equivalent in Englishpronounced without roundingand protruding the lipsPage 6 of 28
Peace Corps / echu ang 床shu o 说ru[an 软Yyyeary[ou 有w[o 我See aboveSee aboveSee aboveOnly to spell foreign wordsIs actually ‘u’ when ‘u’ standsfor a syllable by itselfIs actually ‘i’ (see above)Some sounds are especially difficult for English speakers to remember, and have similarpronunciations. The sound q, for example, sounds a little like ch. Similar pairs are x andsh, and j and zh.Please listen and repeat the following words:zi ci si zhi chi shi ri ji qi xiTonesHigh Risinghigh, flat, continuous tone rising tone similar to the intonation used in the questionWhat?’Falling-rising [tone that falls then rises. You'll hear many Mandarinspeakers ‘swallow’ the rising sound, only giving it a clearfalling-rising pattern far emphasis.Fallingfalling tone, similar to the one used when yelling ‘Damn!’]To help you get close, here's a brief try at tones, transcribed in English. Consider thesyllable ‘mmm’ (a non-syllable in Mandarin). Then, The high level tone is what you might say in English if you were asked a question,and you had to think about it before answering. It's high, and it's a constant tone: “Mmm,sixteen, I think.” The rising tone is like a question: “Mmm? I didn't catch that.”[The low level tone is what you might say in English to express doubt, or disbelief:“Mmm.I don't know about that.”]The falling tone is like an interjection: “Mmm! Well, I'll be!”Chinese Basic Lessons for Invitees, Peace Corps / ChinaPage 7 of 28
Peace Corps / China11/28/2006Listen and repeat:first tonesecond tonethird tonefourthtone am at angq ingy angu o am at angq ingy angu ose the syllables you heard：1.2.d]idi[and]it[anb aobi[anb[aopi]ant ongh ongg]ongt ongd]aodi[and]aoti anz]aizu]oc aicu]ox ingqi uj iy ouc ant ingk]anx]inc]esu[oji ecu]oji anzh anxu eshu iyu eju ezh[unzh[ench ench unyu]ey unr]iz]iChinese Basic Lessons for Invitees, Peace Corps / Chinac engq[ingji angzh angr]ouz[ouxu[anju[anc angsh angPage 8 of 28
Peace Corps / China11/28/2006Lesson 3: Basic GrammarMandarin grammar is relatively straightforward. There are no verb conjugations, noplurals, no articles (a/the), and no gender or tenses. At an elementary level, sentenceorder is similar to English: subject-verb-object. For example, the sentence ‘I studyChinese’ follows exactly the same word order in Mandarin:I study Chinese.W[o xu e h]any[u。(lit: I study Chinese)Let’s learn a few words first:thisthatto betearice/mealcupeggquestion particlenowhatzh]en]ash]ich af]anb eizij id]anm ab]ush enmeThen you can talk about objects:This is tea.Zh]e sh]i ch a。That is rice.N]a sh]i f]an。This is a cup.Zh]e sh]i b eizi。That is an egg.N]a sh]i j id]an。Note: ‘Sh]i’ is ‘to be’. It is generally followed by a noun which defines the subject/topic.It is not normally followed by an adjective on its own.How to form a question?A very simple way to form a question in Chinese is by putting a question particle ‘ma’ atthe end of a sentence that would otherwise be a plain statement. English counterparts ofthese questions are usually formed by syntactically more complicated “transformational”processes such as movement of the verb to the beginning of the sentence.Chinese Basic Lessons for Invitees, Peace Corps / ChinaPage 9 of 28
Peace Corps / China11/28/2006Is this tea?Zh]e sh]i ch a ma?Yes./ No.Is that rice?Sh]i / B u sh]i。N]a sh]i f]an ma?Yes. /No.Is this a cup?Sh]i / B u sh]i。Zh]e sh]i b eizi ma?Yes./No.Is that an egg?Sh]i / B u sh]i。N]a sh]i j id]an ma?Yes. /No.Sh]i / B u sh]i。Note: The word ‘b]u’ is the negative word. It precedes the verb to indicate that somethingdoes not happen. Here its tone changes from the fourth to the second because it isfollowed by a fourth tone. You will learn the rule in the future.So how do you ask what something is?‘什么 Sh enme’ is the interrogative word ‘what’. The most important feature aboutChinese interrogative pronouns is that, unlike English practice which shifts allinterrogative pronouns to the beginning of the question, Chinese keeps them in theposition in the sentence where the answers would be expected.What is this?Zh]e sh]i sh enme?This is tea.Zh]e sh]i ch a。What is that?N]a sh]i sh enme?That is a cup.N]a sh]i b eizi。Chinese Basic Lessons for Invitees, Peace Corps / ChinaPage 10 of 28
Peace Corps / China11/28/2006Lesson 4: GreetingsVocabularyyou (singular)I, megood, all aoz]aiji]anz[aoz[aosh]angxi]aw[uw[ansh]angDialogue 1Greetings in all circumstancesA: How are you?A: N[[i h[ao。B: How are you?B: N[i h[ao。A: Goodbye.A: Z]aiji]an。B: Goodbye.B: Z]aiji]an。Note: N[i h[ao. This is a common, slightly formal, greeting. Literally it would translate as“You are good,” or if conceived of as a question, “Are you fine?” However, it is notreally a question. The response is usually simply N[i h[ao again. Other common greetingsused among friends or acquaintances are:Dialogue 2:Greet people in the morningGood morning.A: Z[ao。（or Z[aosh]ang h[ao。）Good morning.B: Z[ao。（or Z[aosh]ang h[ao。）Note: You can change the morning ‘z[aosh]ang’ to afternoon ‘xi]aw[u’ or evening‘w[ansh]ang’ respectively, and add good ‘h[ao’ to greet people in different times of a day.Chinese Basic Lessons for Invitees, Peace Corps / ChinaPage 11 of 28
Peace Corps / China11/28/2006Lesson 5: IntroductionsVocabularyMay I ask.?you (singular)whatnameI, mecall, to be called, to be named(V) to be surnamed; (N) surnameQ[ingw]en.n[ish enmem ingziw[oji]aox]inga male’s nameZh ang W[eiDialogue 1Ask for the whole nameA: May I ask your name?A: Q[ingw]en, n[i ji]ao sh enme m ingzi?B: I’m called Zhang Wei.B: W[o ji]ao Zh ang W[ei。Dialogue 2:Ask for the family name and the given nameA: May I ask your surname?A: Q[ingw]en, n[i x]ing sh enme?B: My family name is Wang.I’m called Wang Jiande.And you?What is your name?B: W[o x]ing W ang,ji]ao W ang Ji]and e。N[i ne?N[i ji]ao sh enme m ingzi?A: My family name is Zhang. I am called A: W[o x]ing Zh ang, ji]ao Zh ang W[ei。Zhang Wei.Note: In a Chinese name, the surname or family name always comes first, followed bythe given name. Most surnames consist of a single character, though some have two.Chinese Basic Lessons for Invitees, Peace Corps / ChinaPage 12 of 28
Peace Corps / China11/28/2006Given names may be either one or two characters. Depending on social circumstances,individuals identify themselves either(1) by surname only: W[o x]ing Zh angor(2) by full name: W[o ji]ao Zh ang W[ei, or W[o sh]i Zh ang W[ei.The personal pronouns:I/meYouHe/himShe/herItw[on[it at at aWe/usw[omenYou (pl.)n[imenThey/them t amenChinese Basic Lessons for Invitees, Peace Corps / ChinaNote: Chinese personal pronouns are verysimple. There is no distinction for case. 'W[o'is 'w[o’ regardless of whether it is the subjectof the sentence or the object of the verb, andthe same is true for the second and thirdperson pronouns. Nor is there a distinctionfor gender. ‘T a’ is ‘t a’, whether it refers to awoman or a man.Page 13 of 28
Peace Corps / China11/28/2006Lesson 6 Numbers and PricesNumbers 1-10:onetwoy i]erthreefourfivesixseveneightninetens ans]iw[uli]uq ib aji[ush i一二 (When counting, two is ]er 二, when used withmeasure words, it is li[ang 两)三四五六七八九十Numbers 10 - 1billion:The Chinese number system is quite simple and generally easy to learn. Multiples of 10are made by stating the multiple and then 10 – so 20 is literally ‘two ten’. If you learn thenumbers from one to 10, you can count to 100 without having to learn any newvocabulary.The Chinese counting system is based on units of 10. These multiply as follows:10sh i十100b[ai百1000qi an千10,000w]an万100,000sh iw]an十万1 millionb[aiw]an百万10 millionqi anw]an千万100 millionw]anw]an; y]i 亿1 billionsh i y]i十亿Ordinal numbers:Simply prefix any number with d]i, and it becomes an ordinal:1std]i y i2ndd]i’ ]er3rdd]i s an10thd]i sh iChinese Basic Lessons for Invitees, Peace Corps / ChinaPage 14 of 28
Peace Corps / China11/28/2006Dialogue 1Asking for the priceExcuse me, how much is this?A: Q[ing w]en, zh]ege du osh[ao qi an?Ten yuan.B: Sh i-ku]ai qi an。I want this one. Thanks.A: W[o y]ao zh]ege。Xi]exi]e。Dialogue 2Asking for items in the groceryWhat do you want to buy?A: N[i y]ao m[ai sh enme?I want to buy mineral water. How much B: W[o y]ao m[ai ku]angqu anshu[i 。 Du osh[aois it (per bottle)?qi an y]i-p ing?Two-sixty. How many bottles do you A: Li[ang-ku]ai-li]u。 Y]ao j[i-p ing?want?B: S]i-p ing。Four.Vocabularythisthatwhichhow much? how many?money"dollar" or Chinese yuanwantthanks, thank youbuymineral water(Measure word) bottlehow many? (up to ten or so)zh]egen]agen[agedu osh[aoqi anku]aiyu an is slightly more formaly]aoxi]exiem[aiku]angqu anshu[ip ingj[ianother meaning is ‘several’Chinese Basic Lessons for Invitees, Peace Corps / ChinaPage 15 of 28
Peace Corps / China11/28/2006Lesson 7 Food and breadvegetableporkbeeffishm[if]anmi]anti aoji[aozimi]anb aosh uc]aizh ur]ouni ur]ouy u9. water10. mineral water11. coffee12. tea13. milk14. juice15. beer16. yogurtshu[iku]angqu[anshu[ik af eich ani un[ai.gu[o zh i.p iji[usu ann[ai17. bowl18. plate19. cup20. bottlew[anp anzib eizip ingzi21. sugar22. salt23. chili24. oil25. MSGt angy anl]aji aoy ouw]eijing26. hot27. iced28. andr]ede; t]angdeb ingd]ongdeh ePhrases & Sentences:I’d like to have noodles.I don’t want noodles.W[o y]ao mi]anti ao。W[o b uy]ao mi]anti ao。Do you have or not?Y[ou m eiy[ou ？Don't make it too hot.B uy]ao t]ai l]a。Chinese Basic Lessons for Invitees, Peace Corps / ChinaPage 16 of 28
Peace Corps / China11/28/2006I like dumplings.I don’t like rice.W[o x[ihu an ji[aozi。W[o b]ux[ihu an m[if]an。Can I have the bill, please?M[aid an/Su]anzh]ang。Please try to use the vocabulary above to substitute these sentences.Chinese Basic Lessons for Invitees, Peace Corps / ChinaPage 17 of 28
Peace Corps / China11/28/2006Lesson 8 Some Chinese DishesCold Dishes (Appetizers):1. li angb]an ji angd]ou2. p]aoc]aiBoiled cowpeas with chili saucepicklesHot Dishes (Main Course):1. y uxi ang r]ous i2. hu igu o r]ou3. y uxi ang qi ezi4. g ongb]ao j id ing5. f anqi e ch[ao j id]an6. t angc]u p aig[uStir fried shredded pork with “YuXiang” sauceTwice cooked porkStir fried eggplant with “YuXiang” sauceSpicy chicken with peanutsScrambled eggs with tomatoSweet and sour spare ribsVegetable:1. h[up i q ingji ao2. t[ud]ou s i3. t angc]u li anb ai4. g anbi[an s]ij]id]ouFried/Tiger-skin green pepperStir fried shredded potatoesStir fried cabbage with sweet and sour sauceFried kidney beansNoodles:1. f anqi e j id]an mi]an2. z aji]ang mi]an3. ni ur]ou mi]an4. h ongy ou shu[iji[ao5. q ingt ang shu[iji[ao6. ch aosh[ouNoodles with egg & tomatoNoodles with meat sauceNoodles with beefBoiled dumplings with chili sauceBoiled dumplingsBoiled soft dumplings with soupRice & Grains1. m[if]an2. d]an ch[aof]an3. b ab[ao zh ouRiceFried rice with egg8-treasures eswatermelonpeachespearsstrawberriesp inggu[oxi angji aoj uzix igu at aozil izic[aom eiPlease say “I like ” and “I don’t like ” in Chinese by using above vocabulary.Please visit a Chinese restaurant in your hometown to try out some dishes and try yourChinese Language!Chinese Basic Lessons for Invitees, Peace Corps / ChinaPage 18 of 28
Peace Corps / China11/28/2006Lesson 9 Useful Phrases1. Thank you.Xi]exi]e。2. You’re welcomeB uxi]e。3. I am sorry.Du]ibuq[i。4. That’s all rightM eigu anx]i。5. May I ask ?Q[ingw]en 6. Do you speak English?N[i hu]ishu o y ingy[u ma?7. I am an American.W[o sh]i m[eigu o r en。8. I am a Peace Corps volunteer.W[o sh]i H ep ing du]iyu an。9. I don’t speak Chinese.W[o b uhu]i h]any[u。10. Do you understand?N[i n eng t ingd[ong ma?11. I don’t understand.W[o t ing b]ud[ong。12. Please say it again.Q[ing z]ai shu o y ibi]an。13. Please speak slowly.Q[ing shu o m]an y]idi[an。Chinese Basic Lessons for Invitees, Peace Corps / ChinaPage 19 of 28
Peace Corps / China11/28/2006Lesson 10 Sickness and EmergencySickI am sick.W[o sh engb]ing le。I have a cold.W[o g[anm]ao le。I am allergic to this.W[o du]i zh]ege gu]om[in。I am tired.W[o l]ei le。I want to go to bed.W[o xi[ang shu]iji]ao le。Where is the bathroom?X[ish[ouji an z]ai n[a?I need to go to the hospital.W[o y]ao d]ao y iyu]an。May I ask where the hospital is?Q[ingw]en, y iyu]an z]ai n[a?EmergencyHelp!Ji]u m]ing!Police!J[ingch a!May I use your telephone?W[o k[ey[i y]ong n[ide di]anhu]a ma?I need to call the police 110.W[o y]ao d[a y ao-y ao-l ing。(y ao is an alternate pronunciation for the number one, used because y i is easily confusedwith q i, especially on the telephone)Chinese Basic Lessons for Invitees, Peace Corps / ChinaPage 20 of 28
Peace Corps / China11/28/2006Lesson 11 Direction and PlacesDirectionWhere is the ? z]ai n[ar?On the leftZ]ai zu[o bi an。On the rightZ]ai y]ou bi an。Straight-aheadQi an bi an。Near byF]u j]in。Not far from hereL i zh]er b]u yu[an。AboveSh]ang bi an。BehindH]ou bi an。Placesshopsh angdi]anstreetji e(d]ao)restaurantf]angu[anschoolxu exi]aoclassroomji]aosh]iofficeb]ang ongsh]ibus stationch ezh]anrailway stationhu[och ezh]anChinese Basic Lessons for Invitees, Peace Corps / ChinaPage 21 of 28
Peace Corps / China11/28/2006Lesson 12 Clothes and ColorsClothesY ifupantsk]uziblousew]ait]aoshirtch]ensh anskirtq unzijacketji ak]eshoesxi esandalsli angxi eslipperstu oxi eColorsy ans]ewhiteb ai (s]e)blackh ei (s]e)redh ong (s]e)yellowhu ang (s]e)bluel an (s]e)greenl]ü (s]e)grayhu i (s]e)brownz ong/h]e (s]e)
Lesson 1 Introduction to Chinese Language Mandarin is the official language of the People’s Republic of China. It is the dialect spoken in the capital Beijing. It is taught in all schools and is used for television and broadcast. Almost the entire population unde
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