NINTH EDITION JUSTICE ADMINISTRATION
NINTH EDITIONJUSTICEADMINISTRATIONPOLICE, COURTS, AND CORRECTIONSMANAGEMENTKenneth J. PeakUniversity of Nevada, RenoAndrew L. GiacomazziBoise State University330 Hudson Street, NY NY 10013A01 PEAK1400 09 SE FM.indd 107/10/17 4:16 AM
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DedicationTo the late Sam Chapman—longtime professor, police practitioner, and true expert in the field. Sam was notably an enduring friend and associate of the greatAugust Vollmer; indeed, it was Sam who, while on duty, would be summonedto Gus’ backyard and hold him as Vollmer neared death. A more true, loyal, interesting, and dedicated friend I have never known. Thanks for everything, Sam.—K. P.To my mother, Monika Giacomazzi. While not planned, I wrote the last of mywords to this edition on the 8th anniversary of her passing. From my mother,I gained a great appreciation for hard work and a thirst for knowledge, not tomention a sometimes wicked sense of humor. To you, mom; I know you’realready reading! “Always Loving, Always Loved.”—A. G.A01 PEAK1400 09 SE FM.indd 307/10/17 4:16 AM
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Brief ContentsPA R T1Justice Administration 1Chapter 1The Study and Scope of Justice Administration 2Chapter 2Organization and Administration: Principles and Practices 21Chapter 3Rights of Criminal Justice Employees 54PA R T2The Police 83Chapter 4Chapter 5Chapter 6PA R TPolice Organization and OperationPolice Personnel Roles and FunctionsPolice Issues and Practices841081313The Courts 157Chapter 7Court Organization and Operation 158Chapter 8Court Personnel Roles and Functions 185Chapter 9Court Issues and Practices 213PA R T4Corrections 243Chapter 10Corrections Organization and Operation 244Chapter 11Corrections Personnel Roles and Functions 282Chapter 12Corrections Issues and Practices 309PA R T5Issues Spanning the Justice System 337Chapter 13Ethical Considerations 338Chapter 14Special Challenges: Labor Relations, Liability, and Discipline 362vii A01 PEAK1400 09 SE FM.indd 707/10/17 4:16 AM
Chapter 15Chapter 16Financial AdministrationChapter 17Technologies and Tools: Toward Addressing Crimeand Disorder 439AppendixWritings of Confucius, Machiavelli,and Lao-Tzu 458GLOSSARYINDEX394Protecting the Homeland: Foremost Challenges forPolice Chief Executives 420460467Brief Contents viii A01 PEAK1400 09 SE FM.indd 807/10/17 4:16 AM
ContentsP R E FAC ExxiABOUT THE AUTHORSPA R T1xxvJustice AdministrationChapter 11The Study and Scope of Justice AdministrationIntroduction 3Why Study Justice Administration? 3Purpose of the Book and Key TermsOrganization of the Book 4A True System of Justice?235A Criminal Justice Process? 6A Criminal Justice Network? 6A Criminal Justice Nonsystem? 8Or, Is It a True Criminal Justice System? 10From Nonsystem to System: Redefining Performance Measures 10The Foundations of Justice and Administration: Legaland Historical Bases 11The Consensus versus Conflict Debate 11Crime Control through Due Process 12Public versus Private Sector Administration 13Planned Change and Policymaking in Justice Administration14Planning Interventions 14Force-Field Analysis 16Consequences of Not Planning for Change 17Summary 17 Key Terms and Concepts 18 Questions for eview 18 Deliberate and Decide 18 LearnRby Doing 19 Case Study 19 Notes 20Chapter 2Organization and Administration: Principles and PracticesIntroduction 22Defining Organizations 22The Evolution of Organizational Theory 2321Scientific Management 23Human Relations Management 24Systems Management 25Bureaucratic Management 25Organizational Inputs/Outputs 26ix A01 PEAK1400 09 SE FM.indd 907/10/17 4:16 AM
Organizational Structure 26Primary Principles 26Span of Control and Unity of Command 28Closed versus Open Systems 30Communication within the Organization31Import and Consequence 31Process and Characteristics 31Communicating in Police Organizations: Consequence, Jargon,and the Grapevine 34Oral and Written Communication 35Other Barriers to Effective Communication 35Cultural Cues 35External Communications: Use of Social Media 36Primary Leadership Theories 36What Is Leadership? 36Trait Theory 37Style Theory 38Situational Leadership Theory 39Characteristics and Skills of America’s Best Leaders40“Good in Their Skin” 40Katz’s Three Skills 41Motivating Employees 41The Hawthorne Studies 42Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs 43McGregor’s Theory X/Theory Y 44Ouchi’s Theory Z 45Herzberg’s Motivation-Hygiene Theory 45Expectancy and Contingency Theories 45Motivation through Job Enrichment 46Preparing for Employees Now and in the Future: Generation Y 47Changing Demographics and Mind-Set 47Coming Challenges 47Becoming a Learning Organization 48Summary 49 Key Terms and Concepts 49 Questionsfor Review 49 Deliberate and Decide 50 Learn by DoingCase Study 50 Notes 51Chapter 3Rights of Criminal Justice EmployeesIntroduction 55Overview 55The Employment Relationship 575054Recruitment and Hiring 57Disparate Treatment 57How Old Is “Too Old” in Criminal Justice? 59Criminal Justice and Affirmative Action 59Property Rights in Employment 60Pay and Benefits 61Criminal Justice and a Safe Workplace 62Constitutional Rights of Criminal Justice Employees63Freedom of Speech and Association 63Contents x A01 PEAK1400 09 SE FM.indd 1007/10/17 4:16 AM
Searches and Seizures 66Self-Incrimination 66Religious Practices 67Sexual Misconduct 68Residency Requirements 69Moonlighting 69Misuse of Firearms 69Alcohol and Drugs in the WorkplaceDrug Testing 7170Rights of Police Officers 72Workplace Harassment 72Family and Medical Leave Act 74Eligibility Requirements 74Amendments to the Act 74The Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) 75Related Laws—And Possible Changes in the Offing 75Addressing Grooming and Appearance: Uniform Codes, Beards,and Tattoos 76Employers’ Rights 76Employees’ Rights: Tattoos and MillennialsPA R T2The PoliceChapter 476Summary 77 Key Terms and Concepts 77 Questionsfor Review 77 Deliberate and Decide 78 Learn byDoing 78 Case Study 79 Notes 79 83Police Organization and Operation 84Introduction 85No More “Business as Usual”: Changing Police Culture 85A Change in Mind-Set 86Adopting Procedural Justice 87A New Professionalism 87Are We “Guardians” or “Soldiers”? 88Related Concepts: Constitutional Policing and Legitimacy 89Changing “Optics” and Responding to Mass Demonstrations 90Achieving Harmony 90Police Agencies as Organizations 91The Grouping of Activities 91The Division of Labor 91Elements of Police Organizational StructureExamples of Police Organization 9392The Basic Organizational Structure 93Organizational Guidelines: Policies, Procedures, Rules, and RegulationsExisting and Emerging Paradigms in Policing 9896Community Policing and Problem Solving 98The SARA Process 98Contributory Strategies: CompStat, Smart Policing, Intelligence-Led Policing,Predictive Policing 99Contentsxi A01 PEAK1400 09 SE FM.indd 1107/10/17 4:16 AM
Moving a Police Organization from “Good” to “Great” 102Agency Accreditation 103Summary 104 Key Terms and Concepts 104 Questionsfor Review 104 Deliberate and Decide 105 Learn byDoing 105 Case Study 106 Notes 106 Chapter 5Police Personnel Roles and Functions 108Introduction 109Roles of the Police Executive: The Mintzberg Model for CEOs109The Interpersonal Role 109The Informational Role 110The Decision-Maker Role 111Preparing for a Career as Law Enforcement Executive111Vying for a Law Enforcement Executive’s Position: What WorksTips and Preparation for the Assessment Center 112Chiefs of Police111113Expectations and Advocacy 113Who Is Today’s Police Chief: A Profile 114Promote from Within, or Hire from Outside? 114Navigating the Political Arena 115Today’s Chief: Under Fire and Being Fired 116The Sheriff 117Middle Managers: Captains and Lieutenants 118First-Line Supervisors: The Patrol Sergeant 120Seeking the Gold Badge 120Assuming the Position: General Roles and Functions 121Basic Tasks 122Types of Supervisors 122Should Police Leaders Give Credence to a “Ferguson Effect”? 123The Patrol Officer 124Basic Tasks 124What Traits Make a Good Officer? 125Addressing a Front-End Problem: Recruiting Quality Officers 125Sexual Harassment: Enigma Wrapped in Anachronism 127Summary 127 Key Terms and Concepts 127 Questionsfor Review 127 Deliberate and Decide 128 Learnby Doing 128 Case Study 128 Notes 129Chapter 6Police Issues and Practices 131Introduction 132Police Shootings: Conundrum and Controversy 132America’s Angst 132Wanted: A National Use-of-Force Database 133The Importance of Use-of-Force Policymaking 133Posting Information about Police Shootings 134The Cry Heard Round the Country: “Wear Body Cameras!”De-escalating Crises: No “Line in the Sand” 136134Managing the Use of Force: Issues, Practices, Controversies137Power to Be Used Judiciously 137Contents xii A01 PEAK1400 09 SE FM.indd 1207/10/17 4:16 AM
A Typology of Abuse of Authority 137Use-of-Force Continuums 138Does a Particular “Type” of Officer Use More Force? 139Use of Force on Persons with Mental Disorders 140Vehicle Pursuits 141The Early Intervention System: Identifying Problem Employees 142Dealing with Officers’ Pain: PTSD 143Civilian Review Boards: Blessing—Or Curse? 143Extent and Rationale 143Police Distrust 143Fostering Constitutional Policing: Use of the Consent DecreeNew Approaches to Active Shooters: A Sea Change 145Officer Wellness and Safety: A Top Priority 146144An “Uneasy” Time 146Occupational Hazards: The Issues 146A Wellness and Safety Plan—and Change of Agency Culture 147Need for Training, Policy, Technology 149What Cities Are Doing: Selected Case Studies 150Summary 151 Key Terms and Concepts 151 Questionsfor Review 151 Deliberate and Decide 152 Learnby Doing 152 Case Study 152 Notes 153PA R T3The CourtsChapter 7157Court Organization and Operation 158Introduction 159Inside the Courts: Decor, Decorum, Citizens 159Hallowed Places 159Justice in the Eye of the Beholder 160Seeking Truth in an Adversarial Atmosphere 161A Dual Court System 162Federal Courts: Organization and Administration162The U.S. Supreme Court: Its Jurists, Traditions, and WorkU.S. Courts of Appeals 164U.S. District Courts 166Judicial Conference of the United States 167Administrative Office of the U.S. Courts 167162Comparing Federal and State Court Systems 168State Courts of Last Resort and Appeals 169Courts of Last Resort 169Intermediate Courts of Appeals 171Trial Courts172General Jurisdiction: Major Trial CourtsLimited Jurisdiction: Lower Courts 173172“Unification,” “Consolidation,” “Reform”: By any Name,a Century’s Attempts to Streamline the Courts 175Courts in Early England: A Desire to Unify 175Contentsxiii A01 PEAK1400 09 SE FM.indd 1307/10/17 4:16 AM
The United States: An Historical Hodgepodge 176As It Stands Today 176Two Examples at the Extremes 177The Influence of Courts in Policymaking 178Summary 179 Key Terms and Concepts 180 Questionsfor Review 180 Deliberate and Decide 180 Learnby Doing 181 Case Study 181 Notes 182Chapter 8Court Personnel Roles and FunctionsIntroduction 186Defining Judicial Administration 186The Jurists 188185Methods of Judicial Selection 189Judicial Benefits and Problems 191Good Judging, Courtroom Civility, and Judicial Misconduct195What Makes for “Good Judging”? 195Problems of Their Own: Types of Judicial Misconduct 196A Revised Model Code of Conduct for State and Local Judges 197A Thorny Issue: Judges’ Use of Electronic Social Media Sites 198What Does “Appearance of Impropriety” Mean? An Example 200Judges as Court Managers 201Court Clerks 202Trained Court Administrators 203Development and Training 203General Duties 205Evaluating Court Administrators 205Jury Administration 206Summary 207 Key Terms and Concepts 207 Questionsfor Review 207 Deliberate and Decide 208 Learnby Doing 208 Case Study 209 Notes 209Chapter 9Court Issues and PracticesIntroduction 214Is There a “CSI Effect”? 214Courthouse Violence 216213Shooters in the Courthouses 216General Types of Court Violence 217Conducting a Threat Assessment 218Problem-Solving Courts219Origin, Functions, and Rationale 219A New Role for the Courtroom Work Group 220Drug, Mental Health, and Veterans Courts 220The Dilemma of Delay 225“Justice Delayed—” 225The Consequences 225Suggested Solutions and Performance Standards 226Case Scheduling: Two Systems 227Decreasing Litigation: Alternative Dispute ResolutionContents228xiv A01 PEAK1400 09 SE FM.indd 1407/10/17 4:16 AM
Supreme Court Decisions on Federal Sentencing Guidelines 230Courts’ Media Relations 230Other Issues and Practices 231Are “851 Notices” Being Overused and Abused? 231Time to Rethink Juvenile Waivers? 232Should the Exclusionary Rule Be Banned? 234Cameras in the Courtroom 235Summary 236 Key Terms and Concepts 236 Questionsfor Review 237 Deliberate and Decide 237 Learnby Doing 237 Case Study 238 Notes 238PA R T4Corrections243Chapter 10Corrections Organization and OperationIntroduction 245Correctional Organizations 246244Employment and Expenditures 246Declining Prison Populations: Reasons and Some Caveats 246General Mission and Features 248Prisons as Organizations248The Central Office 249Individual Prisons 250The Controversy of Supermax254Definition and Operation 254Effects on Inmates 255Constitutionality 256A Boon to Public Safety? 256Policy Implications 257Constitutional Rights of Inmates257From Hands Off to Hands On: A Shift in Prisoners’ Rights, Law,and Philosophy 257A “Slave of the State” 258Prison Regulations and Laws vis-à-vis Inmates’ Constitutional Rights 258Legal Remedy and Access to the Courts 258First Amendment 259Fourth Amendment 260Eighth Amendment 260Fourteenth Amendment 261Civil Rights of Institutionalized PersonsInmate Litigation 264263Prior to the Twenty-First Century: “Hair-trigger” SuingThe Prison Litigation Reform Act 265Jails as Organizations264266Podular/Direct Supervision Jails 266Community Jails 269A New Supreme Court Decree: Collecting DNA at Point of Arrest 270Contents xv A01 PEAK1400 09 SE FM.indd 1507/10/17 4:16 AM
Corrections Accreditation 270Probation and Parole Agencies as Organizations 270Agency Organization, Armed and Sworn Status of Officers 271Probation Systems 272Parole Systems 274Summary 276 Key Terms and Concepts 276 Questionsfor Review 276 Deliberate and Decide 276 Learn by DoingCase Study 277 Notes 278Chapter 11Corrections Personnel Roles and FunctionsIntroduction 283Prisons 284282The Warden: A Profile 284Preparing New Wardens for Success 287Principles of Good Prison Leadership 287Administering the Death Penalty 289Achieving Racial Balance 290Middle Managers and Supervisors 290“Thy Brother’s Keeper”: Evolving Roles and Types of COsManaging staff Deviance 292Staff–Inmate Relationships 293Jail Personnel277291294Jail Administrators’ Functions 294A Few Comments on “Jail First” Policies and Detentionas a Career Path 295Employee Training 296Probation and Parole Officers298Duties and Orientation 299Probation Management Styles 301Addressing Stress, Burnout, and Attrition301Stressful Prisons 302Stressors in Jails 302Stress in Probation and Parole 303Summary 304 Key Terms and Concepts 304 Questionsfor Review 304 Deliberate and Decide 305 Learnby Doing 305 Case Study 306 Notes 307Chapter 12Corrections Issues and Practices 309Introduction 310Issues Concerning Inmate Populations 310Juvenile Justice: An End to Death and Life without Parole Sentences 310Sexual and Physical Violence: Facts of Institutional Life 311The Prison Rape Elimination Act of 2003 312A Dilemma: Should Inmates Be Issued Condoms? 313Hostage Taking in Detention Facilities: An Overview 313Mentally Ill Offenders 316The Aging of Inmates: Problems and Approaches 318Inmate Classification: Cornerstone of Security and Treatment 319Drug Use in Prisons: Interdiction and Treatment 320Can a “Therapeutic Community” Work? 322Contentsxvi A01 PEAK1400 09 SE FM.indd 1607/10/17 4:16 AM
The Controversy of Private Prisons323Emergence of the Concept 323Comparing Public versus Private Prisons 323Alternatives to Incarceration: Intermediate Sanctions325Intensive Supervision in the Community 325House Arrest/Electronic Monitoring 327Shock Probation/Parole 328Boot Camps/Shock Incarceration 329Day Reporting Centers 329Summary 330 Key Terms and Concepts 331 Questionsfor Review 331 Deliberate and Decide 331 Learnby Doing 332 Case Study 332 Notes 332PA R T5Issues Spanning the Justice SystemChapter 13337Ethical Considerations 338Introduction 339Food for Thought: Six Ethical DilemmasEthics, Generally 341339Philosophical Foundations 341Types of Ethics 341Noble Cause Corruption 342Challenges for Administrators, Managers, and Supervisors 343Ethics in Policing343The Root of the Problem: Greed and Temptation 343A Primer: The Oral Interview 344Accepted and Deviant Lying 344“Brady Material” 345Gratuities: A Model for Gauging Degrees of Corruption 347Training, Supervision, and Values 348Ethics in the Courts349Evolution of Standards of Conduct 349The Judge 349Lawyers for the Defense 351Prosecutors 352Other Court Employees 352Ethics in Corrections 353Guiding Decision Making 354Ethics Tests for Justice Professionals 355Is Workplace Loyalty Always Good? 356Summary 357 Key Terms and Concepts 357 Questions forReview 357 Deliberate and Decide 358 Learn byDoing 358 Case Study 359 Notes 359 Chapter 14Special Challenges: Labor Relations, Liability, and DisciplineIntroduction 363Collec
JUSTICE ADMINISTRATION POLICE, COURTS, AND CORRECTIONS MANAGEMENT NINTH EDITION Kenneth J. Peak University of Nevada, Reno Andrew L. Giacomazzi Boise State University 330 Hudson Street, NY NY 10013 A01_PEAK1400_09_SE_FM.indd 1 07/10/17 4:16 AMFile Size: 1MB
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