NIETZSCHE, THEORIES OF KNOWLEDGE, AND CRITICAL
NIETZSCHE, THEORIES OF KNOWLEDGE,AND CRITICAL THEORY
BOSTON STUDIES IN THE PHILOSOPHY OF SCIENCEEditorsJURGEN RENN. Max-Planck-Institute for the History of Science and KOSTAS GAVROGLU. University ofAthensROBERT S. COHEN. Boston UniversityEditorial Advisory BoardTHOMAS F. GLICK, Boston UniversityADOLF GRZNBAUM, University of PittsburghSYLVAN SL. SCHWEBER, Brandeis UniversityJOHN J. STACHEL, Boston UniversityMARX W. WARTOFSKY t (Editor 1960-1997)VOLUME 203
NIETZSCHE,THEORIES OF KNOWLEDGE,AND CRITICAL THEORYNIETZSCHE AND THE SCIENCES IEdited byBABETTE E. BABICHFordham Universityin cooperation withROBERTS. COHENBoston UniversitySPRINGER-SCIENCE BUSINESS MEDIA, B.V.
A c.I.P Catalogue record for this book is available from the Library of Congress.ISBN 978-90-481-5233-9ISBN 978-94-017-2430-2 (eBook)DOI 10.1007/978-94-017-2430-2Printed an acid-free paperAll Rights Reserved 1999 Springer Science Business Media DordrechtOriginally published by Kluwer Academic Publishers in 1999No part of this publication may be reproduced orutilized in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical,inc1uding photocopying, recording or by any information storage andretrieval system, without written permission fromthe copyright owner.
IN MEMORIAMWalter Schmid1910-1997PRO OPERE GRATIAE
T ABLE OF CONTENTSAcknowledgementsList of Abbreviations UsedixxiROBERT S. COHEN / PrefacexvINTRODUCTIONBABETTE E. BABICH / Nietzsche's Critical Theory:The Culture of Science as ArtResume and Section Summaries114NIETZSCHE AND THE TRADITIONHOWARD CAYGILL / Nietzsche and AtomismSTEPHEN GAUKROGER / Beyond Reality: Nietzsche's Science ofAppearancesTILMAN BORSCHE / The Epistemological Shift from Descartes toNietzsche: Intuition and ImaginationE. E. SLEINIS / Between Nietzsche and Leibniz: Perspectivism andIrrationalismSTEVEN CROWELL / Nietzsche Among the Neo-Kantians;Or, the Relation Between Science and PhilosophyANGELE KREMER-MARlETTI / Nietzsche's Critique of ModemReasonCHARLES BAMBACH / The Politics of Knowledge: Nietzsche WithinHeidegger's History of TruthKURT RUDOLF FISCHER / Nietzsche and the Vienna Circle273751677787103119NIETZSCHE'S CRITIQUE OF GRAMMAR, CULTURE, ANDINTERPRETATIONJOSEF SIMON / Grammar and Truth: On Nietzsche's Relationshipto the Speculative Sentential Grammar of the Metaphysical TraditionHOLGER SCHMID / The Nietzschean Meta-Critique of Knowledgevii129153
viiiT ABLE OF CONTENTSWOLFGANG MULLER-LAUTER / On Judging in a World ofBecoming: A Reflection on the 'Great Change' in Nietzsche'sPhilosophyMANFRED RIEDEL / Scientific Theory or Practical Doctrine?JOSEF KOPPERSCHMIDT / Nietzsche's Rhetorical Philosophyas Critique of Impure Reason165187199NIETZSCHE, HABERMAS, AND CRITICAL THEORYJURGEN HABERMAS / On Nietzsche's Theory of Knowledge:A Postscript from 1968KLAUS SPIEKERMANN / Nietzsche and Critical TheoryBRIAN O'CONNOR / Nietzsche and Enlightenment Science:A Dialectical ReadingJAMES SWINDAL / Nietzsche, Critical Theory, and a Theory ofKnowledgeMAX PENSKY / Truth and Interest: On Habermas's Postscript toNietzsche's Theory of KnowledgeJOANNA HODGE / Habermasian Passion and the NietzscheanContagionTOM ROCKMORE / Habermas, Nietzsche, and Cognitive PerspectiveBERNHARD B. F. TAURECK / Habermas' s Critique of Nietzsche'sCritique of ReasonNICHOLAS DA VEY / Nietzsche, Habermas, and the Question ofObjectivityTRACY B. STRONG / A Postscript on Habermas, Nietzsche,and Politics307Selected Research Bibliography315Notes on Contributors327Table of Contents of Volume Two: Nietzsche, Epistemology,and the Philosophy of Science: Nietzsche and the Sciences II333Index335209225243253265273281289295
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTSThe publisher's permission to translate Tilman Borsche's essay "Intuition undImagination" in Mihailo Djuric and Josef Simon, eds., Kunst und Wissenschaftbei Nietzsche (Wurzburg: Konigshausen & Neumann, 1986) is gratefullyacknowledged. Thanks are also expressed here for the publisher's permission totranslate Jtirgen Habermas's "Nachwort" to his collection, Friedrich Nietzsche,Erkenntnistheoretische Schriften (Frankfurt am Main: Suhrkamp, 1968).I take the happy opportunity herewith to affirm my respect and admiration forRobert S. Cohen and I thank him for suggesting and for encouraging my workon this volume, as well as for the range of his contributions to its scope. Asalways, too, Patrick A. Heelan has my constant gratitude for his insight, criticaladvice, and indispensable personal support. I am also inspired by his enthusiasmfor philosophy and the breadth of his ongoing research interests in bothphilosophy and science. The institutional support provided by the GraduateSchool of Georgetown University is also gratefully and acknowledged becausethe practical labor on this collection was in considerable part supported by theresearch project, Hermeneutic and Phenomenological Approaches to thePhilosophy of Science, directed by Patrick A. Heelan, S.J., William A. GastonProfessor of Philosophy.In an important way, this work first began when as a doctoral student I visiteda conference on the topic Nietzsche: Kunst und Wissenschaft in the Spring of1985 at the ruc in Dubrovnik in the former, peacefully united Yugoslavia, withthe aid of a Fulbright Fellow's small travel grant. There I immediately recognized the need for a book which might adumbrate the key differences and pointsof contact between the German language reception of Nietzsche's philosophyand Anglophone approaches to Nietzsche - especially with regard to formal andepistemic issues. Particularly influential were Gunter Abel, Tilman Borsche,Volker Gerhardt, Friedrich Kaulbach (n, Wolfgang Muller-Lauter, BirgitteScheer, and Josef Simon. Beyond my own effort to engage the challenge ofthinking between English and German reflections in Nietzsche's Philosophy ofScience (1994), the current collection represents some of the many differentvoices and scholarly perspectives in this tradition, as various in the Anglophoneas they are in the German contributions below, a range also including othervoices and languages - here presented in English to facilitate the communicaix
xACKNOWLEDGEMENTStion that remains still to be broadened between different language traditions anddifferent scholarly formations.Beyond the direct personal trajectory of this collection, the tradition ofreading "Nietzsche and the Sciences" dates from Nietzsche's earliest interpreters. Supplementing the pioneering insights of Hans Vaihinger and Abel Rey,Alwin Mittasch, Oskar Becker, and, more recently, Milic Capek must beacknowledged. Contemporary currents continue with Robin Small's work onrecurrence and the theory of time and Angele Kremer-Marietti combinesresearch on Nietzsche with a special expertise on Comte. Walther Ch. Zimmerli's influential paper on Nietzsche's critique of science, published here forthe first time in the present volume, as well as for the broader work of JeanGranier, Reinhard Low (t), and Dieter Henke (with reference to theology andDarwinism), and the still-as-yet untapped insights of Dieter Jahnig's reflectionson the problem of science as a philosophic problem with regard to the originsof art in history and culture encourages further research on the themes collectedhere. Further: the new and growing interest in Nietzsche and truth (andincluding science, metaphysics, and epistemology) on the part of new scholars,especially those hailing from analytic philosophical quarters, may well beexpected to enhance the project of understanding Nietzsche's thinking while atthe same time highlighting a theme that both invites and supports the possibilityof continental/analytic dialogue.I express my deep personal thanks to David B. Allison, Richard CobbStevens, Theodore Kisiel, Alexander Nehamas, Tracy B. Strong, and MarxWartofsky (t). I also thank Alasdair MacIntyre for his kind encouragement aswell as for the balanced example of his thoughtful Preface to Volume Two. And,I thank Holger Schmid not only for his assistance with both collections, workingwith me to correct literally everyone of the translations from the German, butalso for philosophic conversation in Nietzsche's own spirit on the esoterickernel of antiquity, language, poetry, and music.
LIST OF ABBREVIA nONS USEDIn general, references to Nietzsche's works are abbreviated and included in the body of the text.References to all other works are listed in the notes to each individual contribution, though thismay vary with different authors. In addition, because this collection is not intended for thespecialist reader alone, an effort has been made to keep references as general as possible.Specialists will not find this rigorous but it is hoped that by the same token, nonspecialists mayfind the discussions less forbidding. This is an overall guide. Some essays will employ individualconventions.NIETZSCHE'S WORKS:GERMAN EDITIONSGOAWerke. GrofJoktav-Ausgabe, 2nd. ed., (Leipzig: Kroner, 1901-1913).KGB Briefwechsel. Kritische Gesamtausgabe, ed. by. G. Colli and M.Montinari, (BerlinfNew York: Walter de Gruyter, 1975 sqq.).KSASiimtliche Werke. Kritische Studienausgabe (MlincheniBerlin, NewYork: DTV/ Walter de Gruyter, 1980). Cited as KSA followed by thepage number. Some authors include notebook volume and number.KGW Nietzsches Werke (Kritische Gesamtausgabe) (Berlin: Walter deGruyter, 1967 ff.) Cited as KGW followed by the page number.NIETZSCHE'S WORKS: ENGLISH EDITIONSThe following abbreviations refer to in-text references to English translations of Nietzsche'sworks. The original date of publication is listed in parentheses. The manner of citation, whetherto essay and section number or to section number alone, or to specific page numbers in thetranslated edition is also noted in the notes to each essay. Citations have been standardized onlywhere possible and references are not always to the same translation. Where more than one currenttranslation of the same original work is used in the essays to follow, listings are given below inorder of citation frequency. The specific reference is also listed whenever possible in notes to eachessay.PTPhilosophy and Truth. Selections from Nietzsche's Notebooks of theEarly 1870's, (1872-3), ed. and trans., Daniel Breazeale (New Jersey:Humanities Press, 1979). Das Philosophenbuch, originally published inxi
xiiLIST OF ABBREVIATIONS USEDNietzsches Werke, Vol. X, ed., Ernst Holzer and August Horneffer,(Leipzig: Kroner, 1907), pp. 109-232; KSA 7, 417 ff., and elsewhere.English source edition cited by page number.TL"On Truth and Lies in a Nonmoral Sense," (1873), pp. 77-97 inPhilosophy and Truth. KSA 1, 875-890. See also "On Truth and Lyingin an Extra-Moral Sense," pp. 246-257 in Sander Gilman, Carole Blair,David 1. Parent, ed. and trans., Friedrich Nietzsche on Rhetoric andLanguage, (Oxford University Press, 1989). Cited from Philosophy andTruth by the page number.PTGPhilosophy in the Tragic Age of the Greeks, (1873), trans. MarianneCowan (Chicago: Gateway, 1962). KSA 1, 804-872. Cited by pagenumber.BTThe Birth of Tragedy and the Case of Wagner, (1872), trans. W.Kaufmann (New York: Random House, 1969). Cited by section number.UMUntimely Meditations, (1873-76), trans. Rl. Hollingdale (Cambridge:Cambridge University Press, 1983). Cited by page number.HHHuman, All Too Human, (1878-80), trans. Rl. Hollingdale (Cambridge:Cambridge University Press, 1982). Cited in some essays by volume,part, and section number.DDaybreak, (1881), trans. Rl. Hollingdale (Cambridge: CambridgeUniversity Press, 1982). Cited by section number.GSThe Gay Science, (1882), trans. Walter Kaufmann (New York: VintageBooks, 1974). Cited by section number.ZThus Spoke Zarathustra, (1883-85), trans. Walter Kaufmann, inKaufmann, ed., The Portable Nietzsche, (New York: Viking Penguin,1954). Cited by page number. See also Thus Spoke Zarathustra, trans.R.l. Hollingdale, (Harmondsworth: Penguin 1961). Certain essays alsoinclude section headings.BGEBeyond Good and Evil, (1886), trans. R. 1. Hollingdale (Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1973). See also Beyond Good and Evil, trans. WalterKaufmann (New York: Vintage Books, 1966). Cited by section number.GMOn the Genealogy of Morals, (1887), trans. Walter Kaufmann (NewYork: Vintage Books, 1967). Cited by essay and section number.ACThe Antichrist, (1895), trans. Rl. Hollingdale (New York: VikingPenguin, 1968); see also Kaufmann, The Portable Nietzsche. Cited bypage number.TIThe Twilight of the Idols, (1889), trans. Rl. Hollingdale (New York:Viking Penguin, 1968); see also Kaufmann, The Portable Nietzsche.Cited by page number; certain essays list section headings or shortenedtitles as indicated in italics in the following listings. For convenience in
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS USEDxiiireferencing other translations or the original text, the section titles corresponding to cited page ranges are: "Forewonf': 21-22; "Maxims andArrows": 23-27; "The Problem of Socrates": 29-34; "'Reason" in Philosophy": 35-39; "How the 'Real World' at last Became a Myth": 4041; "Morality as Anti-Nature: 42-46; "The Four Great Errors": 47-54;"The 'Improvers' of Mankind": 55-59; "What the Germans Lack": 6066; "Expeditions of an Untimely Man": 67-104; "What 1 Owe to the Ancients": 105-111.EHEcce Homo, ([1888] 1908), trans. R. J.Hollingdale (HarmondsworthlLondon: Penguin, 1979, 1992). Cited by page number; certainessays list essay headings and section numbers. For convenience in referencing other translations or the original text, the section titles corresponding to cited page ranges are: "Foreword"; 33-36; "Epigraph": 37;"Why 1 Am So Wise": 38-50; "Why I Am So Clever": 51-68; "Why 1Write Such Excellent Books": 69-77; "The Birth of Tragedy": 78-83;"The Untimely Essays": 84-88; "Human, All Too Human": 89-94;"Daybreak": 95-97; "The Gay Science": 98; "Thus Spoke Zarathustra":99-111; "Beyond Good and Evil": 112-113; "The Genealogy of Morals": 114-115; "Twilight of the Idols": 116-118; "The Wagner Case":119-125; "Why 1 Am A Destiny": 126-134.WMThe Will to Power, ed. and trans. Walter Kaufmann and R.J. Hollingdale(New York: Vintage Books, 1968). Cited by section number. For corresponding NachlafJ references please see the recent double concordanceto the KSA and KGW editions by Scott Simmons in New NietzscheStudies 1:112 (1996): 126-153. See also Marie-Luise Haase and JorgSalaquarda, "Konkordanz. Der Wille zur Macht: Nachlass in chronologischer Ordnung der Kritische Gesamtausgabe," Nietzsche-Studien 9(1980): 446-490.OTHER WORKSKdrV I. Kant, Kritik der reinen Vernunft (Hamburg: Meiner, 1990). Also listedas CPR with reference to The Critique of Pure Reason, trans. N. KempSmith (New York: St. Martin's Press, 1965. London: Macmillan & Co.,Ltd., 1929).NSIBabich, ed., Nietzsche, Theories of Knowledge, and Critical Theory:Nietzsche and the Sciences I (Dordrecht: Kluwer, 1999).NSIIBabich, ed., Nietzsche, Epistemology, and Philosophy of Science:Nietzsche and the Sciences II (Dordrecht: Kluwer, 1999).
PREFACETo each reader of Nietzsche's works, the reading has been a confrontation,personal, even private, prejudiced by previous hearsay or distortion, preparedby philosophical commitment or by political passion. I think it likely that eachof us follows a personal pathway to Nietzsche, but I resist the thought that weeach must have our own private Nietzsche. Interpreting, arguing, mutuallycriticizing, even disputing ad hominem and by scandal, understanding Nietzschehas from the beginning, more than a century ago, been a public cultural concern.And yet, each personal pathway to Nietzsche may reveal one's own appreciationof his astonishing and prophetic insights. For me, he was on the far horizon ofphilosophy of science.***I was an American physicist with philosophical curiosity, studying and workingduring the last half of the 20th century. My dominant themes were pro and conKantian, along with Russell, soon joined by Mach, the Vienna Circle empiricists, and later the linguistic and historical turns in the philosophy of science,all especially attending to the nature of scientific explanation in its puzzlingvarieties. These empiricisms quarreled with the evident metaphysical presuppositions of the great scientists, of Newton and Galileo and Leibniz and apparentlyall the others too. For so many scientists, Ernst Mach in his time and mineclarified and distinguished what is empirical and what is conventional withinscientific descriptions, what is conceptually helpful but only auxiliary, what ishypothetical but without referential requirement. Thus Emile Meyerson wroteof the scientist's demand for identity persistent through temporal change (in hisIdentity and Reality); he claimed that ever present identity and other nondemonstrable explanatory components of scientific theories are 'plausible,' andnot in fact a priori knowledge but plausible fictions. But also, well beforeMeyerson, with Mach's rational reconstructions of the conceptual histories ofmechanics and other branches of natural science, there appeared such plausiblefictions: but these fictions of science, usable within limits of scale or otherwisebounded domains, must not be mis-used or taken to be absolute.If the 'plausible' was intrinsic to scientific thought, in whatever forms fit thescience of a time, then we seem to have had, in historical stages, models andpictures of our world which contain 'mere' appearances: metaphors, intellectualxvB. Babich (ed.), Nietzsche, Theories of Knowledge, and Critical Theory: Nietzsche and the Sciences I, xv-xx. 1999 Kluwer Academic Publishers.
xviPREFACEmyths, regulative fictions, artificial simplifications, an intellectual scaffolding.Early on (perhaps 1946), I was surprised by Hans Vaihinger's powerfulepistemological realism in his treatise on The Philosophy of 'As If' (begun in1877, published in German 1911, English 1935 and, for me, the British wartimeedition of 1944). He saw fictions throughout the sciences, which were bothconvenient and necessary, both heuristic and regulative. My surprise wasgreatest reading Vaihinger's final chapter, 'Nietzsche and his Doctrine ofConscious Illusion.' So many excerpts from Nietzsche remain with me fromVaihinger's grab-bag, saturated with Nietzschean stimuli; among them:We have arranged for ourselves a world in which we can live - by assuming bodies, lines, surface,causes and effects, motion and rest, shape and content; without these articles of faith nobodywould now be able to endure life! But that does not mean that anything has yet been proven. Lifeis no argument; for error might be one of the conditions of life.andParmenides said: 'We cannot think that which is not' - but we at the other extreme say 'What canbe thought must certainly be a fiction.'This went beyond positivism; and so did my logical empiricist heroes as well.Philipp Frank, in his article on 'The Importance of Ernst Mach's Philosophy ofScience for Our Times' (1917; English translation 1941, 1949) first anticipatedhis admiration for Nietzsche with a passage from Goethe (from Maxims andReflections ):Hypotheses are the scaffolds which are erected in front of a building and removed when thebuilding is completed They are indispensible to the worker; but he must not mistake thescaffolding for the building.Then Frank appreciates Nietzsche's sociological understanding of traditionalphilosophy long before Karl Mannheim, recognizing the recurrent oppositionto science of those Frank testily called 'school philosophers.' This wasNietzsche's 'psychology of metaphysics' - or the demand for a 'true,' absolute,objective world,This world is apparent; consequently there is a true world; - this world is conditioned; consequently there is an unconditioned world . (and later) A true world - of whatever kind, certainlywe have no organ of perception for it.Was I hearing the young Frank, and Neurath and Carnap through Nietzsche'swords? Again:It is of cardinal importance to do away with the true (metaphysical) world. It is the greatdevaluation of the world that is us: it has so far be
NICHOLAS DA VEY / Nietzsche, Habermas, and the Question of Objectivity 295 TRACY B. STRONG / A Postscript on Habermas, Nietzsche, and Politics 307 Selected Research Bibliography 315 Notes on Contributors 327 Table of Contents of Volume Two: Nietzsche, Epistemology, and the Philosophy of Scienc
Nietzsche’s Thus Spoke Zarathustra, Charles Bambach Nietzsche’s Beyond Good and Evil, Daniel Conway Nietzsche’s On the Genealogy of Morality, Robert Guay Nietzsche’s The Case of Wagner and Nietzsche Contra Wagner, Ryan Harvey and Aaron Ridley Nietzsche’s Twilight of the Idols, Vanessa Lemm Nietzsche’s The Anti-Christ, Paul Bishop
Nietzsche and the Machine RB.: It has been an insistent point on your part, informing the read ing strategy of each of your engagements with Nietzsche's philosophy, that there is one truth to Nietzsche or to Nietzsche's text. Yo ur relations to Nietzsche distinguish themselves explicitly fr om those of Heidegger, which
Nietzsche on this particular topic. First, Vaihinger developed his fictionalism by making reference to a neo-Kantian framework, the same framework that influenced Nietzsche. Second, Vaihinger made reference to Nietzsche himself and quoted several unpublished writings where Nietzsche talks about the I and the subject as mere fictions. Finally,
Nietzsche on this particular topic. First, Vaihinger developed his fictionalism by making reference to a neo-Kantian framework, the same framework that influenced Nietzsche. Second, Vaihinger made reference to Nietzsche himself and quoted several unpublished writings where Nietzsche talks about the I and the subject as mere fictions. Finally,
Nietzsche on Truth and Philosophy (1990), Brian Leiter's Nietzsche on Morality (2002) and Ken Gemes' article named Janaway on perspectivism (2009). Out of Nietzsche's bibliography I have decided to limit my use to what is necessary, which means I will draw mainly from two short passages in his book Twilight of the Idols, the third
Foucault then treats Nietzsche’s writings as a political object of study. Foucault, here, specifically refers to the “discourse of Nietzsche” and demonstrates how that discourse can be used as the model for a critique of knowledge-power and of the subject. In effect, at each of these stages, Foucault takes Nietzsche’s written words to study
of Nietzsche's philosophy in parabolic fo rm. Conceived as a parody of the Bible, the fo ur books of Zarathustra presented the reader with the activities and speeches of the eponymous hero, who is surely Nietzsche's spokesperson. Beyond Good and EC'il covers some of the same ground, but in this \vork Nietzsche does not
Introduction to Logic Catalog Description: Introduction to evaluation of arguments. Concentration on basic principles of formal logic and application to evaluation of arguments. Explores notions of implication and proof and use of modern techniques of analysis including logical symbolism. Credit Hour(s): 3 Lecture Hour(s): 3 Lab Hour(s): 0 Other Hour(s): 0 Requisites Prerequisite and .
