DiscoVeriNG The QUaNTUM UNiVerse
DISCO V ERING THEQ U A N TUM UN IVERSEThe rol e of pa r t icle colli der sDOE / NSFHI GH E N ERGY PHY SICS ADV ISOR Y PA N EL
Nine key questions define the field of particle physics.Einstein’s Dream ofU nified ForcesThe particle worldThe birt h of the uni verse158A r e t h e r e un d i s c o v e r e d p r i n c i p l e sW h y a r e t h e r e s o m a ny k i n d s o fHow did the universe come to be?o f n atu r e : n e w s ymm e t r i e s , n e wpa r t i c l e s ?9ph ys ical l aws?62W h at i s d a r k m att e r ? H o w c a n w eH o w c a n w e s o lv e t h e my s t e r y o fm a k e i t i n t h e l a b o r at o r y ?d a r k e n e r gy ?73Are there extra dimensionso f s pa c e ?4Do all the forces become one?W h at a r e n e ut r i n o s t e l l i ng u s ?What happened to the antimatter?
DI S COV ER IN G THE QUA NTU M U NIV ER S ED I SCOV ER ING THEQ U A NTUM U NIVERSET HE ROL E OF PA RT IC L E C OL L I DE R SWhat does “Quantum Universe” mean?To discover what the universe is made of and how it works is thechallenge of particle physics. “Quantum Universe” defines the questto explain the universe in terms of quantum physics, which governs thebehavior of the microscopic, subatomic world. It describes a revolutionin particle physics and a quantum leap in our understanding of themystery and beauty of the universe.DOE / NSFH I G H E N E RGY PH Y S IC S A D V I SOR Y PA N E L
D I S C OV E R I N G T H E Q UA N T U M U N I V E R S ECOMMIT TEE MEMBERSJ O N AT H A N B A G G E RJUDITH JACKSONJohns Hopkins UniversityFermilabBARRY BARISHYO U N G - K E E K I MCaltechUniversity of ChicagoNEIL CALDERE D WA R D K O L BStanford Linear Accelerator CenterFermilabUniversity of ChicagoALBERT DE ROECKCERNJ O S E P H LY K K E N , Co-ChairFermilabJ O N AT H A N L . F E N GUniversity of California, IrvineK O N S TA N T I N M AT C H E VUniversity of FloridaFRED GILMANCarnegie Mellon UniversityH I T O S H I M U R AYA M AUniversity of California, BerkeleyJOA NNE HEWE T TStanford Linear Accelerator CenterJ A M E S S I E G R I S T, Co-ChairStanford UniversityLawrence Berkeley National LaboratoryUniversity of California, BerkeleyJOHN HUTHHarvard UniversityRAINER WEISSMassachusetts Institute of Technology
CONTENTS02INTRODUCTION04E XECUTIVE SUMMARY :LIGHTING OUT FOR THE TER ASCALE07DI SCOV ERIN G THE QUA NTU M U NIV ER S E :SIDEBARS06Postcards from the Terascale15Large Hadron Collider15International Linear Collider19Not Just Colliders20Seeing the Invisible –A N OVERVIE W08AMysteries of the Terascale10BLight on Dark Matter12CEinstein’s Telescope16DISCOVERY SCEN ARIOS17The Higgs is Different18A Shortage of Antimatter21Mapping the Dark Universe22Exploring Extra Dimensions25Dark Matter in the Laboratory26Supersymmetry29Matter Unification30Unknown Forces33Concerto for Strings35CONCLUSIONA Tale of Two Colliders23Particles Tell Stories27The Cosmological Cousinsof the Higgs28Synergy31Precision
02INTRODUCTIONDISCOVERING THE QUANTUM UNIVERSERight now is a time of radical change in particle physics.Recent experimental evidence demands a revolutionary newvision of the universe. Discoveries are at hand that will stretchthe imagination with new forms of matter, new forces of nature,new dimensions of space and time. Breakthroughs will comefrom the next generation of particle accelerators – the LargeHadron Collider, now under construction in Europe, and theproposed International Linear Collider. Experiments at theseaccelerators will revolutionize your concept of the universe.
03DI S COV ER IN G THE QUA NTU M U NIV ER S E
04“I reckon I got to light out forEXECUTIVE SUMMARYthe territory ahead of the rest ”LIGHTING OUT FOR THE TERASCALEMark Twain, Huckleberry FinnParticle physicists are about to light out for a vast newnot the Higgs, whatever it is that does Higgs’s job of givingscientific terra incognita. When they do, later in thismass to the particles of matter. Experiment and theorydecade, they will encounter a territory of discovery thatso far all seem to say that SOMETHING like the Higgsmany of them have theorized and dreamed about allexists at the energy of the Terascale to keep the universetheir lives. This unexplored country is the Terascale,and everything in it from flying apart at the speed of light.named for the Teravolts of particle accelerator energyThe LHC experiments will very likely discover it. Whenthat will open it up for scientific discovery. The nextthey do, the discovery will be a triumph of technologygeneration of particle accelerators are physicists’ ticketsand human understanding. Less certain, but also distinctlyto the Terascale and the mysteries that it harbors aboutlikely, are discoveries of dark matter, extra dimensionsthe nature of the physical laws that govern the universe.of space, “superpartners” for all the familiar particles ofOnce they’ve seen the Terascale, physicists believe, thematter, parallel universes – and completely unexpecteduniverse will never look the same.phenomena.Although physicists have yet to explore the Terascale,Like the discovery of an uncharted continent, thethey have ideas of what they may find. The past 30 yearsexploration of the Terascale at the LHC will transformof experiment and theory have produced many clues andforever the geography of the universe. But there willpredictions of its features and contours – a detailed travelbe limits to the LHC’s view. A true grasp of Terascaleguide to a country that no one has yet visited. Experimentsphysics will require a source of comprehensive andat the Large Hadron Collider at CERN in Europe willnuanced information of a different kind. Along with thesoon show what relation the theorists’ guidebook bears toLHC, physicists propose a second particle accelerator forTerascale reality. Real data from these experiments willTerascale discoveries, one that would use different particlesrewrite the theorists’ Guide to the Quantum Universe.– electrons instead of the LHC’s protons – and differentAbout certain features of the Terascale, most predictionstechnology. With LHC pointing the way, this linear collideragree. Most physicists expect to find the Higgs boson – or, ifwould make a whole new round of discoveries about thequantum universe.
DI S COV ER IN G THE QUA NTU M U NIV ER S E05If, for example, the LHC experiments were to spota Higgs particle, or something that looks like a Higgs, alinear collider would move in for a close-up. Is it in factthe Higgs? Is it all alone, or does it have relatives? Howdoes it interact with the particles around it?The LHC experiments may well identify candidates fordark matter, the unseen mystery substance that outweighsvisible matter in the universe five to one. A dark mattersighting by the LHC would be an extraordinary discovery;and again, a linear collider could discover the informationphysicists need: Is it really dark matter? Does it have all thecharacteristics that dark matter must have? Does it make upall of dark matter, or only a fraction? If LHC experimentssee evidence for supersymmetry, extra dimensions orTH E DISC OVE RY SC E NARI O Sparallel universes, a linear collider would have the abilityFOL L OW TH RE E TH E ME S.to discover their true nature.With the perspective from the LHC experiments,1.discover the Higgs and other new particles. Experimentsa linear collider could range across the physics of theat the linear collider would then zoom in on theseTerascale. It would also offer another unique capability.phenomena to discover their secrets. Properties ofUsing coordinates from LHC discoveries, it could detectthe Higgs may signal extra dimensions of space orthe quantum effects of phenomena occurring at energiesexplain the dominance of matter over antimatter.far beyond the Terascale, acting as a telescope from theParticle interactions could unveil a universe shapedTerascale to the energy regions Einstein dreamed of,by supersymmetry.where all of nature’s different forces may become onesingle force.2.properties to contribute to dark matter. Such particlesas an all-terrain explorer of the Terascale, adaptable towould fi rst be produced at the LHC. Experiments atinvestigate in depth what the LHC discovers. The morethe linear collider, in conjunction with dedicated darkinformation the LHC uncovers about the Terascale, thematter searches, would then discover whether theymore discoveries a linear collider would make.actually are dark matter.The definitive map of the Terascale must await the– the LHC a soon-to-be reality, the linear collider now atthe stage of a proposal. Discovering the Quantum Universegives a best estimate of the questions the experiments willanswer about this new scientific territory, following threethemes: Mysteries of the Terascale; Light on Dark Matter;and Einstein’s Telescope.LIGHT ON DARK MATTER. Most theories of Terascalephysics contain new massive particles with the rightA linear collider’s design would allow it to functionresults of experiments at these next-generation acceleratorsM Y S T E R I E S O F T H E T E R A S C A L E . The LHC should3.E I N S T E I N ’ S T E L E S C O P E . From a vantage point atthe Terascale, the linear collider could function as atelescope to probe far higher energies. This capabilityoffers the potential for discoveries beyond the directreach of any accelerator that could ever be built. In thisway, the linear collider could bring into focus Einstein’svision of an ultimate unified theory.
06BACK TO THE BIG BANG: PARTICL EACCELER ATORS ALLOW PHYSICIS TS TO LOOKTHE HIGHFARTHE R AND FARTHE R BACK IN TIME, TO REVISITBIG BANG. DOENERGIE S OF THE EARLY UNIVERS E AFTER THETO A SINGLEGECONVERTODAYETHE FOUR FORCES WE OBSERVE COLLISIO NS MAYUNIFIED FORCE AT ULTRAH IGH ENERGY ? PARTICLTION OF FORCES .UNIFICASUCHFOREPROVIDE THE FIRST EVIDENCP O S T CARD S F ROM T HE T ERASCALEThe sun warms planet Earth, but we live in a universe whereSince the early cyclotrons of the 1950s, particle acceleratorsthe temperature of space is only three degrees above absolutehave served as the passports to higher and higher energies.zero. Its energy is so low that we can no longer see what spaceThe entire standard model of the structure of matter, with itscontained in the inferno of its birth. As the universe cooled fromfundamental particles and forces, has emerged from the increasingthe Big Bang, it passed through a series of phases, each at aenergies of particle collisions. Each generation of acceleratorslower energy and each with its own set of particles and forceshas built on the discoveries of previous generations to ventureacting according to its own physical laws.deeper into the history of the universe. Now, a new generationParticle accelerators give us the opportunity to go back andof accelerators with the highest energies yet will open up forrevisit the higher energies of our ancestral universe, to observeexploration a region of energy – the Terascale – that has tenphenomena no longer visible in our own era. These high-energythousand trillion times the energy of space today. Postcards fromphenomena are important to us, because our universe today stillthe Terascale will answer basic questions about the universe.feels their imprint. The order behind what appears arbitrary inour own universe becomes clear at higher energies.Moreover, the Terascale is not the end of the story.Discoveries there may reveal phenomena occurring at energiesFor example, many theories predict that at the extreme energyso high that no particle accelerator will ever achieve themjust after the Big Bang, all of nature’s forces were combined indirectly. Such postcards from the Planck scale once seemed anone single unified force, splitting as the universe cooled into theunreachable fantasy. Forwarded from an address in the Terascale,four forces that we know today. Reconnecting to the early universethey may one day arrive.may reveal how gravity relates to electromagnetism as differentaspects of a single principle of nature.
DI S COV ER IN G THE QUA NTU M U NIV ER S E07A N OVERVIE WAMYSTERIES OF THE TERASCALEBLIGHT ON DARK MATTERCEINSTEIN’S TELESCOPEDISCOVERING THE QUANTUM UNIVERSE :AN OVERVIEWStarting with the discovery of the electron, particle physicistshave ventured successively deeper into the unseen world withinthe atom. They have discovered a structure and simplicity neitherexpected nor predicted, even by Einstein. Their discoveries haveredefined the human conception of the physical world, connectingthe smallest elements of the universe to the largest, and to theearliest moments of its birth.
08RELATED QUESTIONSA R E T H E R E U N D I S C O V E R E D P R I N C I P L E S O F N AT U R E :ANEW SY MME TRIES, NEW PH YS ICAL L AWS?H O W C A N W E S O LV E T H E M Y S T E R Y O F D A R K E N E R G Y ?A R E T H E R E E X T R A D I M E N S I O N S O F S PA C E ?W H AT H A P P E N E D T O T H E A N T I M AT T E R ?MYSTERIES OFTHE TERASCALELater in this decade, experiments at the Large HadronSo far, no one has ever seen the Higgs field. To detectCollider at CERN will break through to the Terascale, ait, particle accelerators must first create Higgs particles andregion of energy at the limit of today’s particle acceleratorsthen measure their properties. The LHC is designed withwhere physicists believe they will find answers to questionsenough energy to create Higgs particles and launch theat the heart of modern particle physics.process of discovery.The LHC will expose the Terascale to directTo determine how the Higgs really works, though,experimental investigation. Present-day experimentsexperimenters must precisely measure the properties ofsuggest that it harbors an entirely new form of matter,Higgs particles without invoking theoretical assumptions.the Higgs boson, that gives particles their mass. BeyondSuch precise and model-independent experiments are athat, physicists believe that the Terascale may also holdhallmark of linear collider physics, not available in theevidence for such exotic phenomena as dark matter,complex experimental environment of the LHC. A linearextra dimensions of space, and an entire new roster ofcollider could determine if the Higgs discovered at theelementary superparticles.LHC is the one-and-only Higgs. Does it have precisely theThe first target is the Higgs. Over the past few decades,right properties to give mass to the elementary particles?theoretical breakthroughs and precision experiments haveOr does it contain admixtures of other new particles,led to the construction of the standard model of particleheralding further discoveries? A linear collider would bephysics, which predicts that an omnipresent energy fieldable to make clean and precise determinations of criticalpermeates the cosmos, touching everything in it. LikeHiggs properties at the percent level of accuracy.an invisible quantum liquid, it fills the vacuum of space,slowing motion and giving mass to matter. Without thisHiggs field, all matter would crumble; atoms would flyapart at the speed of light.
DI S COV ER IN G THE QUA NTU M U NIV ER S E09A N OVERVIE WScience Magazine’s 125 Questions.Installation of the ATLAS detector at CERN. Courtesy of CERNQuestion #1: “What is the Universe made of?”A Higgs discovery, however, will raise a perplexing newThe Terascale may hold the answers to stillquestion: According to our present understanding, the Higgsmore of particle physics’ most basic questions. Theparticle itself should have a mass a trillion times beyonddominance of matter over antimatter in the universethe Terascale. Although the Higgs gives mass to Terascaleremains a mystery, but part of the answer could lie inparticles, its own mass should be much, much greater. Whyundiscovered interactions that treat matter and antimatterdoes the Higgs have a mass at the Terascale?slightly differently – that is, in undiscovered sources ofFor years, theorists have tried to explain this mystery,the matter-antimatter asymmetry physicists call CPdevising multiple possibilities including supersymmetry,violation. At the LHC, it will be difficult to extract CPextra dimensions and new particle interactions. Which,information about Terascale physics. Experiments at aif any, of the theories is correct? Sorting that out is alinear collider, however, could detect and measure newtask for the LHC and a linear collider. The LHC willsources of matter-antimatter asymmetry.have enough energy to survey the Terascale landscape.Mapping the Terascale will take physicists far intoThen a linear collider could zoom in to distinguish onenew scientific territory, as complex theoretical frameworkstheory from another.come face to face with experimental data. From this clashTheories of supersymmetry and extra dimensions, forexample, predict new particles that are close relatives of theHiggs. Some of these particles would be difficult to detector identify at the LHC, and difficult to distinguish from theHiggs itself. Linear collider experiments would have uniquecapabilities to allow physicists to identify these particles andpinpoint how they are related to ordinary matter.of theory with data will arise a profoundly changed pictureof the quantum universe.
10RELATED QUESTIONSW H AT I S D A R K M AT T E R ?BLIGHT ON DARK MATTERH O W C A N W E M A K E I T I N T H E L A B O R AT O R Y ?Dark, adj. 1a. Lacking or having very little light.b. Lacking brightness 8. Difficult to understand;obscure. 9. Concealed or secret; mysterious.The past decade has witnessed the startling discovery thatmatter were the only thing holding them together. As closeover 95 percent of the universe is not made of ordinaryto home as the Milky Way, visible matter alone wouldmatter, but instead consists of unknown dark matter andnot hold the stars in their orbits. Dark matter holds thedark energy. Astrophysical observations have demonstrateduniverse together.that only four percent of the universe is made of matter likeWhat is this dark matter that binds the galaxies andthat here on Earth. Seventy-three percent is dark energy,keeps the universe from flying apart? Although darkand 23 percent is dark matter.matter is not made of the same stuff as the rest of theDark energy is a mysterious force that fills the vacuumworld, physicists have clues to its identity. Cosmologicalof empty space, accelerating the expansion of the universe.measurements favor “cold” dark matter – heavy particlesPhysicists don’t know what dark energy is, how it works,moving at low speeds – as a major component. For now,or why it exists. They do know that it must ultimatelythough, the dark side of the universe remains a mystery.have an explanation in terms of particle physics. AreMoreover, there is no reason to think that darkdark energy and the Higgs field related? The discoverymatter should be any simpler than visible matter, with itsof supersymmetry would provide a possible connection.multiple quarks and leptons. New particles do not normallySupersymmetry provides a natural context for both theappear in isolation. The 1932 discovery of the positron,Higgs field and dark energy.for example, signaled a new world of antimatter particles.Definitive evidence for the dark universe has comefrom many sources, including astrophysical observations ofclusters of galaxies that would have flown apart if visibleToday, the challenge is to explore the world of dark matterby creating dark matter particles in the laboratory.
DI S COV ER IN G THE QUA NTU M U NIV ER S E11A N OVERVIE WThere are many possible candidates forthe particles that make up dark matter.When particle physicists suspect that theunderlying theory for something is complex,they call it a “moose”.Illustration: Michael S. TurnerIf dark matter is made up of weakly interactingAccelerator experiments will be able to place darkmassive particles (something like heavy versions of thematter particles into context. For example, the LHC mayneutrinos), cosmological calculations suggest that theyidentify a dark matter candidate in particle collisions. Awould have Terasca
To discover what the universe is made of and how it works is the challenge of particle physics. “Quantum Universe” defines the quest to explain the universe in terms of quantum physics, which governs the behavior of the microscopic, subatomic world. It describes a revolution in partic
May 02, 2018 · D. Program Evaluation ͟The organization has provided a description of the framework for how each program will be evaluated. The framework should include all the elements below: ͟The evaluation methods are cost-effective for the organization ͟Quantitative and qualitative data is being collected (at Basics tier, data collection must have begun)
Silat is a combative art of self-defense and survival rooted from Matay archipelago. It was traced at thé early of Langkasuka Kingdom (2nd century CE) till thé reign of Melaka (Malaysia) Sultanate era (13th century). Silat has now evolved to become part of social culture and tradition with thé appearance of a fine physical and spiritual .
On an exceptional basis, Member States may request UNESCO to provide thé candidates with access to thé platform so they can complète thé form by themselves. Thèse requests must be addressed to esd rize unesco. or by 15 A ril 2021 UNESCO will provide thé nomineewith accessto thé platform via their émail address.
̶The leading indicator of employee engagement is based on the quality of the relationship between employee and supervisor Empower your managers! ̶Help them understand the impact on the organization ̶Share important changes, plan options, tasks, and deadlines ̶Provide key messages and talking points ̶Prepare them to answer employee questions
Dr. Sunita Bharatwal** Dr. Pawan Garga*** Abstract Customer satisfaction is derived from thè functionalities and values, a product or Service can provide. The current study aims to segregate thè dimensions of ordine Service quality and gather insights on its impact on web shopping. The trends of purchases have
Chính Văn.- Còn đức Thế tôn thì tuệ giác cực kỳ trong sạch 8: hiện hành bất nhị 9, đạt đến vô tướng 10, đứng vào chỗ đứng của các đức Thế tôn 11, thể hiện tính bình đẳng của các Ngài, đến chỗ không còn chướng ngại 12, giáo pháp không thể khuynh đảo, tâm thức không bị cản trở, cái được
Correlation of Discovering Algebra, 2nd Edition, Discovering Geometry, 4th Edition, and Discovering Advanced Algebra, . importance of checking whether an answer to a real-world . students gain more experience Discovering Geometry Discovering Advanced Algebra . Correlation of Discovering Mathematics Key Curriculum Press June 2010 .
Alfredo López Austin and Leonardo López Luján 18.3. Schematic map of the successive relocations of the Tizoc Stone (1–5) and the Archbishop’s Stone (A–B), by Tenoch Medina. was the one that has been unearthed for the second time at the site where the Cathedral of Mexico City is being constructed. This stone now stands at the western doorway of the church. The ancients call this the .
