OECD Benchmark Definition Of Foreign Direct Investment .
OECD BenchmarkDefinition of ForeignDirect InvestmentFOURTH EDITION 2008
OECDBenchmark Definitionof Foreign DirectInvestmentFOURTH EDITION2008Vol. XX, Edition, AuthorCorps 14 Caecilia Roman, Inter 16 ptsEmpagement 152 199 mm Top 25 mm Left 19 mm
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FOREWORDForewordForeign direct investment (FDI) is a key driver of international economic integration. With theright policy framework, FDI can provide financial stability, promote economic development andenhance the well being of societies.Reliable FDI statistics have always been essential for policy makers faced with the challenges ofattracting and making the most of international investment. In the early 1980s, the OECDrecognised that traditional reporting models could not account for the removal of regulatory barriersfor cross-border investments, the evolution of multinational enterprises and the increasingcomplexity of their financing through offshore tax juridisctions and other arrangements. As a result,in 1983, the OECD adopted a new "Benchmark Definition of Foreign Direct Investment" whichprovided a comprehensive set of rules to improve statistical measures of foreign direct investment.However, the financing structures of multinational enterprises and other business combinationshave continued to evolve in an increasingly globalised market. To adapt the statistical measures tochanging economic and financial realities, the OECD adopted in 2008 the 4th edition of theBenchmark Definition of Foreign Direct Investment which sets the world standard for FDI statistics.This 4th edition introduces new techniques in financial measures of direct investment. Asexamples, distinguishing financial flows via special purpose entities to reduce the effects of roundtripping of funds; distinguishing FDI by type of transaction (such as mergers and acquisitions); andidentifying FDI according to the ultimate investor. This revised Benchmark Definition includesindicators on economic activities of multinational enterprises and a new section for users. Theannexes elaborate further specific topics and include practical examples. The 4th editon of theBenchmark Definition will serve as a single point of reference for all that is related to FDI and itsmeasurement.This publication is the result of the work by the Working Group on International InvestmentStatistics, representing the international community of FDI statisticians [and chaired by Mr. RogerDe Boeck]. The work was undertaken at the request of the OECD Investment Committee and in cooperation with the IMF and other partner international organisations. It was supported by materialprepared by the Secretariat of the Working Group, Ayse Bertrand, Senior Statisician in the OECDInvestment Division headed by Pierre Poret in the Directorate for Financial and Enterprise Affairs.OECD BENCHMARK DEFINITION OF FOREIGN DIRECT INVESTMENT: FOURTH EDITION – ISBN 978-92-64-04573-6 – OECD 20083
TABLE OF CONTENTSTable of ContentsAcronyms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .10Recommendation of the Council on the OECD Benchmark Definitionof Foreign Direct Investment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .12Chapter 1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1.1. Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1.2. Purpose of the Benchmark Definition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1.3. Revision of the Benchmark Definition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1.4. An overview of foreign direct investment concepts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1.5. Organisation of the Benchmark Definition. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .131414161718Chapter 2. Uses of FDI Statistics. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2.1. Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2.2. Why measure FDI?. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2.3. Understanding the main features of FDI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2.3.1. FDI in the context of economic accounts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2.3.2. FDI Equity ownership: the critical determinant. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2.4. Analytical FDI breakdowns. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2.4.1. Standard (core) FDI series . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2.4.2. Supplemental FDI series . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2.5. Interpreting FDI series and globalisation indicators. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2.5.1. FDI series . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2.5.2. Globalisation indicators related to FDI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .192020212122262831323234Chapter 3. Main Concepts and Definitions of Foreign Direct Investment . . . . . . . . . . . .3.1. Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3.2. Statistical units. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3.2.1. Economic territory and the concept of residence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3.2.2. Institutional units . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3.2.3. Institutional sectors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3.3. Foreign direct investment. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3.4. The direct investment relationship. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3.4.1. Foreign direct investor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3.4.2. Foreign direct investment enterprise . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3.4.3. Framework for Direct Investment Relationships (FDIR) . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3.4.4. The debtor/creditor principle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3.4.5. The Asset/Liability principle and the Directional principle . . . . . . . . . . .39404040424848494950505656Chapter 4. FDI Components, Accounts and Scope . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4.1. Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4.2. FDI components . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4.3. FDI accounts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4.3.1. FDI positions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5960606365OECD BENCHMARK DEFINITION OF FOREIGN DIRECT INVESTMENT: FOURTH EDITION – ISBN 978-92-64-04573-6 – OECD 20085
TABLE OF CONTENTS64.3.2. FDI financial transactions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4.3.3. Direct Investment Income. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4.3.4. Other changes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4.4. Scope of FDI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4.4.1. Standard content of FDI statistics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4.4.2. Supplemental FDI series . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4.4.3. Banks and other financial intermediaries. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4.4.4. Financial leases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7074798484868989Chapter 5. FDI Accounting Principles and Valuation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5.1. Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5.2. Accounting principles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5.3. Valuation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5.3.1. Valuation of foreign direct investment positions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .91929293935.3.2. Valuation of FDI financial flows and transfer pricing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .96Chapter 6. Special Entities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6.1. Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6.2. Special purpose entities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6.3. Collective investment institutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6.4. Land, structures and other immovable objects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6.5. Construction enterprises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6.6. Mobile equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6.7. Insurance. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .99100100103103105106107Chapter 7. Classification of FDI by Economy and Industry. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7.1. Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7.2. Attribution to an economy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7.2.1. General principles to identify home and host economies . . . . . . . . . . . .7.2.2. Standard and supplemental geographical presentations. . . . . . . . . . . . .7.3. Industry classification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7.3.1. General principles to identify industry allocation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7.3.2. Standard and supplemental industrial activity presentations . . . . . . . .7.3.3. International Standard Industry Classification (ISIC) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7.3.4. Holding companies. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7.4. Country attribution linked with industry classification. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .109110111111112115115116117118120Chapter 8. FDI and Globalisation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8.1. Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8.2. FDI statistics as indicators of globalisation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8.3. Intersection between FDI and Activities of MultinationalEnterprises (AMNE) statistics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8.4. Coverage of AMNE statistics. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8.4.1. Ownership criteria . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8.4.2. Statistical units . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8.5. Attribution of AMNE variables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8.5.1. Attribution by country . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8.5.2. Attribution by activity and by product . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8.6. Economic variables for AMNE statistics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8.6.1. Sales (turnover) and/or output . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .121122124126127127128129129131132132OECD BENCHMARK DEFINITION OF FOREIGN DIRECT INVESTMENT: FOURTH EDITION – ISBN 978-92-64-04573-6 – OECD 2008
TABLE OF CONTENTS8.6.2. Employment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8.6.3. Value added . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8.6.4. Exports and imports of goods and services . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8.6.5. Number of enterprises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8.6.6. Other variables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8.7. Compilation issues for AMNE statistics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .133134134135136136AnnexesAnnex 1.Annex 2.Annex 3.Annex 4.Annex 5.Annex 6.Annex 7.Annex 8.Annex 9.Annex 10.Annex 11.Annex 12.Annex 13.Changes from Benchmark Definition of Foreign Direct Investment3rd Edition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Presentations of FDI Statistics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .List of Borderline Cases and Exclusions from FDI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Framework For Direct Investment Relationships . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Valuation of Unlisted Equity. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Reinvested Earnings and Reinvestment of Earnings. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Special Purpose Entities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Collective Investment Institutions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Mergers and Acquisitions (M&A) Type Transactions as a Partof FDI Statistics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Ultimate Investing Country . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Specific Features of FDI Statistics in the Context of Currencyand Economic Unions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Examples of Foreign Direct Investment Data Collectingand Reporting Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Research Agenda . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .139143157164174180186192197210214218223Foreign Direct Investment Glossary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 227Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.6.1.6.2.6.3.8.1.A2.1.A3.1.A6.1.Confidentiality . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .FDI according to the asset/liability principle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .FDI according to the directional principle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Fellow Enterprises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Frequently asked user questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .The economic territory. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .SNA: Classification of Institutional Units . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Structures related to enterprises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Direct Investment Relationships . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Financial instruments related to foreign direct investment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Components of M&A transactions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Some examples of SPEs: shell companies, conduits and holding companies . .General criteria to assist compilers to identify SPEs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Definition of land . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Indicators of globalisation related to FDI. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Sign Convention . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .SNA: classification of financial corporations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Reinvested earnings on direct investment . . . . . .
OECD Benchmark Definition of Foreign Direct Investment FOURTH EDITION 2008 OECD Benchmark Definition of Foreign Direct Investment FOURTH EDITION 2008 Foreign direct investment (FDI) is a major driver of globalisation. As investment patterns of multinational enterprises become more and more complex, reliable and internationally comparable,
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Foreign direct investment statistics Explanatory notes The OECD Benchmark Definition of Foreign Direct Investment sets the world standard for direct investment statistics. The fourth edition was completed in 2008 and has now been implemented by most reporting countries. This note provides explanatory information on aspects of FDI statistics,
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user-friendly format. 2003: Launch of OECD Health Care Quality Indicators (HCQI) project to develop a set of indicators measuring and comparing quality of care across countries. 2004: First OECD Health Ministerial Meeting in Paris to discuss the main findings from the OECD Health Project. Release of publication Towards High-Performing Health .
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