Ce - Notespaedia
9Cell & General physiologyGeneral PhysiologyMeasurement of body fluid volumesVolumei. Total Body Waterii. ECFiii. Plasma Volumeiv. Blood Volumev. Interstitial Fluidvi. ICFIndicatorsDeuterium, Tritium, AntipyrineInulin, sucrose, mannitol, sodium thiosulphateAIIMS’19Evans blue, 125-I Albumin53-Cr labelled RBCsECF - plasmaTotal body water - ECF- Most commonly used indicator for TBW- Deuterium (2-H2O)- Gold standard substance for ECF- Inulin- Most dominant cation in ICF- Potassium MagnesiumReference : Guyton and Hall Textbook of Physiology, 13th edition, pg 309
12Sodium Potassium ATPase Pumpi. Is an electrogenic pumpii. It is a heterodimer,has 2 subunits, alpha andbetaiii. Uses energy to move 3sodium ions from inside tooutside and 2 potassiumions from outside to insideiv. Coupling ratio 3 : 2Alpha subunit21- Has intracellular and extracellularbinding sitesEXTRACELLULAR1 Na Binding siteBINDING SITE52 K Binding site34INTRACELLULARBINDING SITENEET’173 ATP Binding site4 Phosphate Binding site5 Ouabain Binding siteBeta subunit- Is a glycoprotein, which has 3 extracellular glycosylation sitesATPase binding siteReference : Complete Review of Integrated System- Physiology, 2nd edition, pg 8
20Nerve injuryNEET’15Wallerian/ distal/anterograde degenerationi. Occurs distal to the site of injuryii. Usually begins within 24-36 hrs afterinjuryiii. Axonal degeneration is the earliest tooccur followed by degeneration of myelinsheathiv. Macrophages & Schwann cell clearthe debris following degeneration.Retrograde/ proximaldegenerationi. Changes in proximal cell body ofinjured nerve happens within 48 hrs ofinjury and continue up to 15 20 daysii. Rough endoplasmic reticulum/ Nisslbodies undergo degeneration anddissolution (Chromatolysis)iii. Nucleus is usually pushed towardsthe peripheryiv. Golgi apparatus and mitochondriafragment and disintegrate.- Nerve regeneration occurs at the rateof 1 3 mm/ day- Indication of nerve regeneration isPositive Tinel Sign (production oftingling sensation)Reference : Complete Review of Integrated System- Physiology, 2nd edition, pg 50
28Blood brain barrier- BBB is formed by tight junctionsbetween capillary endothelial cells andastrocyte foot processes- Substances that crosses BBB easily are:i. Water (using carrier protein AQP-4)ii. Glucose (using GLUT 1 55K andGLUT 1 45K)iii. O2iv. CO2v. Steroid hormonesP-glycoprotein(a) If any drug crosses BBB, they are immediately pumped out of brain by P-glycoprotein(b) Also known as Multi-drug resistance protein 1 (MDR1)(c) Member of family of ATP binding cassettes that transport proteins and lipids acrosscell membranesReference : Ganong’s Review of Physiology, 24th edition, pg 605CIRCUMVENTRICULAR ORGANS- Areas includes:(1) Posterior pituitary(neurohypophysis, NH) andadjacent ventral part of themedian eminence of thehypothalamus(2) Area postrema (AP)(3) Organum vasculosum ofthe lamina terminalis(OVLT, supraoptic crest)- PI, pineal; SCO, subcommissural organ(4) Subfornical organ (SFO).Reference : Ganong’s Review of Physiology, 24th edition, pg 606
37Rods & cones1. Outer segment- stores photopigments in the form ofmembraneous disks2. Inner segment- rich in mitochondria- synthesises photopigments3. Synaptic Terminal- stores gluatamte, neurotransmitterfor signalingReference : Ganong’s Review of Physiology, 24th edition, pg 182Visual pathways- A lesion that interrupts oneoptic nerve causes blindness inthat eye (A).- A lesion in one optic tractcauses blindness in half of thevisual field (C) and is calledhomonymous (same side of bothvisual fields) hemianopia(half- blindness).- Lesions affecting the opticchiasm destroy fibers fromboth nasal hemiretinas andproduce a heteronymous(opposite sides of the visualfields) hemianopia (B).- Occipital lesions may sparethe fibers from the macula (D)because of the separation inthe brain of these fibers fromthe others subserving vision.Reference : Ganong’s Review of Physiology, 24th edition, pg 189
44Ventricular volumei. At the end of systole, 50 mL of blood remains which is called end-systolic volumeii. At. The end of diastole, ventricle is filled up to 130 mL which is called end-diastolic volumeHeart soundsi. 1st Heart sound- heard during closure of mitral and tricuspid valves at iso-volumetric contraction- Peak of R waveii. 2nd Heart sound- heard during closure of aortic and pulmonary valves at iso-volumetric relaxation- End of T waveiii. 3rd Heart sound- heard during rapid filling phaseAIIMS’17iv. 4th Heart sound- heard during atrial systole - End of P waveCardiac cycle eventsDurationi. Atrial systoleO.1 sii. Atrial diastole0.7 siii. Ventricular systole0.27 siv. Ventricular diastoleO.53 sTotal 0.8 sTotal 0.8 sJugular venous pressurea waveformi. Due to right atrial contraction (atrial systole)ii. It peaks just before the 1st heart soundc waveformi. Due to bulging of tricuspid valve into right atriumduring iso-volumetric contraction NEET’18 NEET’20ii. Occurs during the 1st heart soundx descenti. Denotes fall in right atrial pressure during atrialrelaxationii. Ends just before the 2nd heart soundy descentv waveformi. Due to rapid emptying of right atrium oncei. Due to right atrial filling (atrial diastole)tricuspid valve opensii. V wave peaks just after the 2nd heart soundii. Correlates with the 3rd heart sound
55Respiratory PhysiologyRespiratory distress syndromei. Also known as Hyaline membrane diseaseii. Caused due to deficiency of pulmonarysurfactants (Type II pneumocytes), NEET’20mainly dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine.iii. Seen in(a) Premature infants(b) Maternal diabetes(c) Delivery by Cesarean sectioniv. Characteristicspersistence of arterial O2 tension 50 mmHgand central cyanosisv. Microscopically- necrotic eosinophilichyaline membrane lining the alveoli withalternating atelectasis and dilation of alveoli.Reference : ute-respiratory-distress-syndrome-ardsLung volumes and capacitiesAIIMS’17Lung capacitiesInspiration capacity TV IRVFunctional residual capacity ERV RVVital capacity TV IRV ERVTotal lung capacity VC RV
64Neural regulation of respirationNormal patternSlow & deepSlow & Rhythm generationprebotzinger complex,medullaInitiation of inspirationInitiates inspiration, by driving phrenicdischarge and diaphragm contractionMaintenance of inspirationApenustic center- -DrgTermination of inspirationStretchvagal afferentsPneumotaxic centerExpirationi. Passive process (no neurons fired)ii. Brought by elastic recoil of lungsQ: Pacemaker generating rhythm for breathing isAnswer- Prebotzinger complexramp signals Inspiration Tidalvolume- 500 mLAIIMS’19
Reference : Ganong’s Review of Physiology, 24th edition, pg 606 Blood brain barrier - BBB is formed by tight junctions between capillary endothelial cells and astrocyte foot processes - Substances that crosses BBB easily are: i. Water (using carrier protein AQP-4) ii. Glucose (using GLUT
Ear Cough on scratching the external auditory canal is due to auricular branch of vagus nerve (Arnold’s nerve) Nerve responsible for referred otalgia:- Glossopharyngeal nerve Reference: Diseases of Ear, Nose and Throat, Dhingra (Pg 3, 15 ) Textbook of Ear, Nose and Throat, BS Tuli (Pg 3, 19) [NEET118T [MEET 2020]
CURRICULUM VITAE : ANN SUTHERLAND HARRIS EDUCATION B.A. Honors (First Class) University of London, Courtauld Institute 1961 European art and architecture, 1250-1700 PhD. University of London, Courtauld Institute 1965 Dissertation title: Andrea Sacchi, 1599-1661 EMPLOYMENT 1964-5 Assistant Lecturer, Art Dept., University of Leeds. 1965-6 Assistant Lecturer, Barnard and Columbia College. 1965-71 .
Connecting an ASP.NET-form to a database Connecting an ASP.NET form created with SpreadsheetConverter to a database is very easy. We will do it in 3 steps: 1. Calculate and save the form contents into a database. 2. Retrieve previous entered data from the database, show it in the form and let the user edit it and recalculated and save it again. 3. Show all submitted entries so that we can .
4 Chaminade Pierrette (Air de Ballet), Op. 41 Piano Music by Female Composers (4th revised edition 2011) (Schott) 5 Chen Peixun Thunder in Drought Season 100 Years of Chinese Piano Music: Vol. III Works in Traditional Style, Book II Instrumental Music (Shanghai Conservatory of Music Press) A B C. 36 Piano 2021 & 2022 Grade 8 Practical Grades (updated September 2020) COMPOSER PIECE / WORK .
The purpose of this tutorial is to familiarize the beginner to MATLAB, by introducing the basic features and commands of the program. It is in no way a complete reference and the reader is encouraged to further enhance his or her knowledge of MATLAB by reading some of the suggested references at the end of this guide. 1.1 MATLAB at Loyola College MATLAB runs from ANY networked computer (e.g .
Behavior Nicholas E. Newton‐Fisher Abstract The pursuit, capture and consumption of small- and medium-sized vertebrates, appears to be typical of all chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes) populations, although large variation exists. Red colobus monkeys (Piliocolobus sp.) appear to be the preferred prey but intensity and frequency of hunting varies from month to month and between populations. Hunting .
Buku ini ditulis sebagai salah satu sumber belajar siswa SMK Kelas XI untuk mempelajari dan memperdalam materi Produksi Pengolahan Komoditas Perkebunan dan Herbal. Buku Produksi Pengolahan Komoditas Perkebunan dan Herbal ini disajikan dalam sembilan bab, sebagai berikut. BAB 1 : Pengolahan Hasil Perkebunan Tanaman Rempah dan Bahan Penyegar BAB 2 : Pengolahan Hasil Perkebunan Kopi, Teh, Cokelat .
diagnosa keperawatan dan dalam memberikan asuhan keperawatan sesuai dengan respon individu. Data Dasar adalah kumpulan data yang berisikan mengenai status kesehatan klien, kemampuan klien untuk mengelola kesehatan terhadap dirinya sendiri, dan hasil konsultasi dari medis atau profesi kesehatan lainnya. Data Fokus adalah data tentang perubahan-perubahan atau respon klien terhadap kesehatan dan .
