SURVEYING – I
SURVEYING – ILABORATORY MANUALCIVIL ENGINEERINGII – B. TECH (I Semester)AURORA’S TECHNOLOGICAL AND RESEARCH INSTITUTEUppal, Parvathapur1
PREFACEFor any Civil Engineering project like building a house, constructing a dam, laying out aroad, setting up of an industry etc., the first requirement is to have a plan/map of the area. Tohave a plan/map of any area, it is required to collect information and data about the terrain aswell as the objects present in the area by taking necessary measurements using different typesof instruments. Data thus collected are being subsequently used to prepare the plan/map ofthe area. The domain of engineering which involves the collection of field data andsubsequently preparation of plan/map of the area is termed as ‘Surveying’. Surveying isdefined as the science of making measurements of the earth specifically the surface of theearth. This is being carried out by finding the spatial location (relative/absolute) of points onor near the surface of the earth. Different methods and instruments are being used to facilitatethe work of surveying.Surveying is primarily utilised to fix the national and state boundaries, chart coastlines,navigable streams and lakes, establishing control points, execute hydrographic andoceanographic charting and mapping, prepare topographic map of land surface of the earth,prepare plan or map of the area surveyed, collect field data, analyse and to calculate the fieldparameters for setting out operation of actual engineering works. Moreover, during execution,project of any magnitude is constructed along the lines and points established by surveying.Thus, surveying is a basic requirement for all Civil Engineering projects.Based upon the consideration of the shape of the earth, surveying is broadly classified asgeodetic surveying and plane surveying. Most of the civil engineering works, concern onlywith a small portion of the earth which seems to be a plane surface. Based on the purpose forwhich surveying is being conducted, surveying has been classified into: control surveying,land surveying, topographic surveys, engineering surveys, route surveys, constructionsurveys, astronomic surveys and mine surveys. Engineering survey is of prime importanceconsisting of three broad steps: reconnaissance survey, preliminary survey, location survey;which helps in collecting requisite data for planning, design and execution of engineeringprojects such as construction of highways, bridges, tunnels, dams etc. The primary aims offield surveying are to measure horizontal distance, vertical elevation and relative direction oflines by measuring horizontal angles. In the present day scenario, it has become mandatoryfor every civil engineer to have the basic awareness of surveying. Identifying this need, the
university has introduced this practice based course for core branch of Civil Engineering atthe second year level for undergraduate students.The main objective of this study is to help students in gaining the practical experience byexposing them to various techniques of field surveying. The students will have anunderstanding of the concepts involved in the preparation of layouts, plans, maps etc.At this juncture, the present course on Surveying Lab - II plays a vital roll for enhancing theknowledge of an aspiring civil engineer. This lab course comprises of twelve experimentswhich are intended to make the students to understand and gain familiarity with latestsurveying techniques. The study consists of Principles of Survey, Theodolite Survey,Tacheometric Survey, Setting Out Works and Total Station Survey.Further, differentmethods of curve setting have been emphasized.At the end of this course, a student should be able to appreciate the role of thesurveyor inthe civil engineering industry: to plan and execute a topographical survey for engineeringdevelopment; plan, design and set out engineering works; manage, organise andexecute a given task to meet specifications within a strict deadline; work in groups.
CONTENTS1.EVALUATION OF LABORATORY MARKS FOR II YEAR(INTERNAL EXAMS)12.EVALUATION OF LABORATORY MARKS(END EXAMS)33.PRINCIPLES OF SURVEYING54.CHAIN SURVEYIntroduction5.6.7.7Exercise No. 1: Instruments and Techniques14Exercise No. 2: Closed Traverse16Exercise No. 3: Chaining Across Obstacles18COMPASS SURVEYIntroduction21Exercise No. 4: Distance between Two Inaccessible Points26Exercise No. 5: Closed Traverse28PLANE TABLEIntroduction32Exercise 6: Radiation Method37Exercise 7: Intersection Method39Exercise 8: Two-Point Problem41Exercise 9: Three-Point Problem43Exercise 10: Traversing46LEVELLINGIntroduction49Exercise 11: Fly Levelling57Exercise 12: Longitudinal and Cross Sectioning59Exercise 13: Contouring61
Surveying Lab- I ManualEvaluation of Laboratory Marks for II Year (Internal Exams)1.The internal lab examination schedules will be given by the Examination Branch.2.During a year there will be three lab exams and each exam will be evaluated for 25marks.3.Average of three lab exams will be the final internal lab exam marks.4.First laboratory exam will be conducted on First 1/3 of the total number ofexperiments, Second Laboratory Exam will be conducted on the Second 1/3 ofexperiments and the Third Laboratory Exam will be conducted on the last 1/3 ofexperiments.The evaluation is as followsI.Continuous evaluationII.Internal Laboratory Exam-15 marks10 marksI.Continuous Evaluationa)Day to day evaluation10 marksEach experiment / program will be evaluated for 10 marks.The splitting of marks is as followsb)i)Attendance2 marksThe student should attend the lab regularly; if he/she is absent he/she will belosing 2 marks.ii)Experiments / program and observationThe student should complete the program / experiment within the assignedtime otherwise he / she will be losing 2 marks.iii)Experiment result will carry 4 marks.iv)Record 2 marksStudent must submit the record in the next lab session.v)Average marks of the Half of the experiments will be considered for day today evaluation for 10 marks separately for lab examination one and two.Lab knowledge Test (Quiz) 5 marks A quiz will be conducted along with the internal lab exam and schedule willbe given separately. The quiz will be conducted for 20 minutes. The quiz contains 20 questions oftype multiple choice. Each question carrying 0.25 marks.1
Surveying Lab- I ManualII.Internal laboratory examination-10 marksa)ExamThe Splitting of marks as followsi) Experiments / Program write upii) Result and Graphs-7 marks-4 marks3 marksViva Voce-3 marks The internal lab examination duration-2 hours Every student will be given programs / experiments in the internal labexam. In case the student wishes to change the programs / experiments 1mark will be deducted. A time slot of 45 minutes is given for write up ofprograms / experiments. The student is expected to complete the assigned program / experimentwithin 1 hour and the remaining 15 minutes will be utilized for viva voceexamination.b)5.There shall be no supplementary exams in case the student fails to attend internal laband quiz exam as per schedule.2
Surveying Lab- I ManualEvaluation of Laboratory Marks (End exams)1.The external lab examination schedules will be given by the Examination Branch.2.Duration of External lab examinations3.Exam will be evaluated for 50 Marks-3 HoursThe Splitting of marks is as followsI.Experiment write-up / Program with algorithm-10 marksII.Experiment Setup / Program execution-10 marksIII.Result-10 marksIV.Viva –Vocea) Written Vivab) Oral Viva-20 marks10 marks10 marksWritten Viva–Voce Exam will be consisting of 10 questions of short answer type andfill in the blanks. Each question will carry equal marks and allotted time is 15minutes.3
Surveying Lab- I ManualLAB CODE1.Students should report to the labs concerned as per the timetable.2.Students who turn up late to the labs will in no case be permitted to perform theexperiment scheduled for the day.3.After completion of the experiment, certification of the staff in-charge concerned inthe observation book is necessary.4.Students should bring a notebook of about 100 pages and should enter thereadings/observations/results into the notebook while performing the experiment.5.The record of observations along with the detailed experimental procedure of theexperiment performed in the immediate previous session should be submitted andcertified by the staff member in-charge.6.Not more than three students in a group are permitted to perform the experiment on aset up.7.The group-wise division made in the beginning should be adhered to, and no mix upof student among different groups will be permitted later.8.The components required pertaining to the experiment should be collected from Labin-charge after duly filling in the requisition form.9.When the experiment is completed, students should disconnect the setup made bythem, and should return all the components/instruments taken for the purpose.10.Any damage of the equipment or burnout of components will be viewed seriouslyeither by putting penalty or by dismissing the total group of students from the lab forthe semester/year.11.Students should be present in the labs for the total scheduled duration.12.Students are expected to prepare thoroughly to perform the experiment before comingto Laboratory.13.Procedure sheets/data sheets provided to the students’ groups should be maintainedneatly and are to be returned after the experiment.14.DRESS CODE:Boys - Formal white shirt neatly tucked in, and white trousers, white / black / brown /tan shoes and belt, I-cards worn round neckGirls - Formal white Salwar Kameez, white / black / brown / tan shoes, I-cards wornround neck4
Surveying Lab- I ManualPRINCIPLES OF SURVEYINGThe fundamental principles upon which the surveying is being carried out are working from whole to part.after deciding the position of any point, its reference must be kept from at least twopermanent objects or stations whose position have already been well defined.The purpose of working from whole to part is to localise the errors andto control the accumulation of errors.This is being achieved by establishing a hierarchy of networks of control points(Stations having known position). The less precise networks are established within thehigher precise network and thus restrict the errors. To minimise the error limit,highest precise network (primary network) Fig.1 of control points are establishedusing the most accurate / precise instruments for collection of data and rigorousmethods of analysis are employed to find network parameters. This also involvesmost skilled manpower and costly resources which are rare and cost intensive.Fig.1 Network of control points5
Surveying Lab- I ManualCHAIN SURVEY6
Surveying Lab- I ManualINTRODUCTIONThis method of surveying derives its name from the fact that the principal item of equipmentused in is the measuring chain. The equipment used in this type of survey are simple inconstruction. However work of a sufficiently high order of accuracy to cover therequirements of much ordinary engineering work is possible, especially when large-scaleplans of relatively small area are required. In addition to being a complete method ofsurveying, some operations of chain surveying occur in other methods of surveying. A goodknowledge of chain surveying is therefore essential to a proper knowledge of surveying as awhole.1) EQUIPMENT AND ACCESSORIES:ChainA chain is mainly used in chain surveying to measure the distances. A chain may be metric ornon-metric. Generally a chain consists of 100 or 150 links each 300 mm or 200 mm length.The link is made of galvanized mild steel wire 4 mm to 6mm diameter. The ends of each linkare bent into a loop and connected together by means of three oval rings. The ends of thechain are provided with handles for dragging the chain on the ground, each wire with aswivel joint so that the chain can be turned without twisting. The length of the chain ismeasured from the outside of one handle to the outside of another handle.Fig.2 ChainTypes of chainsi. Metric chainsMetric chains of length 20m, 30m, 50m and 100m are used now-a-days for measuring thedistances in metres and its fractions.7
Surveying Lab- I Manualii. Non-metric chainsThe following are the non metric chains in which the unit of measurement is foot.a) Engineers chainIt is 100 feet long and consists of 100 links, each of 1 foot length.b) Gunter’s chain or surveyor’s chainIt is 66 feet in length, consists of 100 links each being 0.66 foot longc) Revenue chainIt is 33 feet long and consists of 16 links. It is used in cadastral survey.iii. Steel band or Band chainIt is made of steel ribbon 16 mm wide and is available in 20 and 30m lengths. It is woundon an open steel cross in a closed case.Fig.3. Steel band or band chainTapesTapes are used for measuring the distances in precise work. Following are the various typesof tapes.8
Surveying Lab- I ManualFig.4 Tapei)ii)iii)iv)Cloth or linen tapeMetallic tapeSteel tapeInvar tapea) Cloth or linen tapeIt is made of woven linen strip 5 mm to 15 mm wide and varnished. It is easilyaffected by damp.b) Metallic tapeIt is made of linen strip inserted with metallic wires.c) Steel tapeIt is made of thin steel strip and is available in 10, 20, 30 and 50 metre lengths. It iswidely used for measurements.d) Invar tapeIt is made of an alloy of steel and nickel. It is used for the work of highest precision.ArrowsArrows are made of good quality hardened steel wire of 4 mm diameter.The arrows are made400 mm in length, are pointed at one and the other end is bent into a loop or circle.Fig.5 ArrowRanging rods9
Surveying Lab- I ManualRanging rods are used to range some intermediate points in the survey line. The length of theranging rod is either 2m or 3m. They are shod at bottom with a heavy iron point. Rangingrods are divided into equal parts 0.2m long and they are painted alternately black and whiteor red and white or red, white and black. When they are at considerable distance, red andwhite or white and yellow flags about 25 cm square should be fastened at the top.Fig.6 Ranging rod and offset rodOffset RodAn offset rod is similar to ranging rod, but it is provided with a hook at the top for pulling orpushing the chain through a hedge. It is divided into metres and decimeters with alternatebonds of paints. Offset rods are mainly used for measuring offsets.Cross staffThe simplest instrument used for setting out a right angle. The common forms of cross staffare: Open cross staff, French cross staff, Adjustable cross staff.PegsThese are rods made from hard timber and tapered at one end, generally 25mm or 30mm squareand 150mm long wooden pegs are used to mark the position of the stations on the ground.10
Surveying Lab- I ManualFig.7 Peg11
Surveying Lab- I ManualPlumb BobIt is a solid cone attached to a thread. It is used when measuring distances along slopes totransfer points to the ground.2) TERMINOLOGY:Main StationMain station is a point in chain survey where the two sides of a traverse or triangle meet.These stations command the boundaries of the survey and are designated by capital letterssuch as A, B, C etc.Tie Station or Subsidiary StationTie station is a station on a survey line joining two main stations. These are helpful inlocating the interior details of the area to be surveyed and are designated by small letters suchas a, b, c etc.Main Survey LineThe chain line joining two main survey stations is called main survey line. AB, BC areexamples of main survey lines.Tie Line or Subsidiary LineA chain line joining two tie stations is called tie line such as ab or cd. It is also calledauxiliary line. These are provided to locate the interior details which are far away from themain lines.Base LineIt is the longest main survey line on a fairly level ground and passing through centre of thearea. It is most important line as the direction of all other survey lines are fixed with respectto this line.Check LineCheck line or proof line is a line which is provided to check the accuracy of the field work.The measured length of the check line and computed (scaled off the plan) must be the same.AD is an example of check line.OffsetIt is the distance of the object from the survey line. It may be perpendicular or oblique.ChainageIt is the distance of a well defined point from the starting point. In chain surveying it isnormally referred to as the distance of the foot of the offset from the starting point on thechain line.12
Surveying Lab- I Manual3) ERRORS IN CHAINING:Errors in chaining are classified as followsa) Compensating errorsb) Cumulative errorsc) Gross errorsCompensating errorsThese errors are liable to occur in both the directions and tend to compensate. These errorsoccur due to:1) Incorrect holding and marking of the arrows.2) Fractional parts of the chain may not be correct, that is, the chain may not be calibrateduniformly.3) Plumbing may be incorrect while chaining by stepping on slopes.4) In setting chain angles with a chain.Cumulative errorsThese errors are liable to occur in the same direction and tend to accumulate. The error thusconsiderably increase or decrease the actual measurements. The cumulative errors areproportional to the length of line and may be positive or negative.Positive cumulative errors: These are the errors which make the measured lengths more thanthe actual. Therefore, the actual length can be found by subtracting the error from themeasured length.1) The length of the chain is shorter than the standard length.2) Bending of links, knots in links, removal of rings during adjustment of the chain,clogging of rings with mud etc.3) Not applying slope correction to the length measured along slopes.4) Not applying sag correction.5) Not applying temperature correction when temperature during measurements is less thanthe standard temperature.6) Bad ranging, bad straightening and wrong alignment.Negative cumulative errors: These are the errors which make the measured length less thanthe actual. Therefore the actual length can be found by adding the error to the measuredlength.1) Length of chain is more than the standard length, which may be due to flattening of rings,opening of joints etc.2) Not applying the temperature correction when temperature during measurements is morethan the standard temperature.13
Surveying Lab- I ManualGross errorsThe four sources of mistakes are the following1)2)3)4)Displacements of arrows or station marks.Miscounting tape lengthsMisreading the tapeWrong booking4) PRECAUTIONS:In every fieldwork exercise relevant precautions have to be taken to minimize the errors thatare mentioned in the previous paragraphs.5) APPLICATIONS:This surveying method can be used to measure distances between two survey stations andalso to prepare topographic maps of small parcel of land.14
Surveying Lab- I ManualEXERCISE 1INSTRUMENTS AND TECHNIQUES - CHAIN SURVEYINGAim:Study of various instruments used in chain surveying.Equipment and Accessories:Chain, Tape, Arrows, Ranging rods, Cross- staff and Pegs.Principle:Chain and Tape are used for linear measurement in horizontal plane. Metric chains are madein lengths 20m and 30m.The chain is composed of 100 pieces of links of galvanized mildsteel wire of 4mm diameter. The ends of each link are bent into a loop and connected togetherby means of three oval rings. The ends of the chain are provided with handles for draggingthe chain on the ground, each wire with a swivel joint so that the chain can be turned withouttwisting. The length of the chain is measured from the outside of one handle to the outside ofanother handle. In chain surveying along with chain or tape, arrows, ranging rods, crossstaff, pegs and plumb bob are employed.Procedure:Unfolding of Chain1) Remove the strap of the folded chain and take both the handles in the left hand and holdthe remaining portion of the chain in the right hand.2) Holding
Surveying Lab-I Manual 7 INTRODUCTION This method of surveying derives its name from the fact that the principal item of equipment used in is the measuring chain. The equipment used in this type of survey are simple in construction. However w
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