Kerala Sustainable Urban Development Project
Government of KeralaLocal Self Government DepartmentKerala Sustainable UrbanDevelopment Project(PPTA 4106 – IND)FINAL REPORTVOLUME 2 - CITY REPORTKOZHIKODEMAY 2005COPYRIGHT: The concepts and information contained in this document are the property of ADB &Government of Kerala. Use or copying of this document in whole or in part without the writtenpermission of either ADB or Government of Kerala constitutes an infringement of copyright.
TA 4106 –IND: Kerala Sustainable Urban Development ProjectProject PreparationFINAL REPORTVOLUME 2 – CITY REPORTKOZHIKODEContents1.2.3.4.5.BACKGROUND AND SCOPE11.1Introduction11.2Project Goal and Objectives11.3Study Outputs11.4Scope of the Report1CITY CONTEXT22.1Geography and Climate22.2Population Trends and Urbanization22.3Economic Development2.3.1 Sectoral Growth2.3.2 Industrial Development2.3.3 Tourism Growth and Potential2.3.4 Growth Trends and Projections22566SOCIO-ECONOMIC PROFILE73.17Introduction3.2Household Profile3.2.1 Employment3.2.2 Income and Expenditure3.2.3 Land and Housing3.2.4 Social Capital3.2.5 Health3.2.6 Education3.3 Access to Services3.3.1 Water Supply3.3.2 Sanitation3.3.3 Drainage3.3.4 Solid Waste Disposal3.3.5 Roads, Street Lighting & Access to Public Transport788991010101010111112POVERTY AND VULNERABILITY134.113131414Overview4.1.1 Employment4.1.2 Financial Capital4.1.3 Perceptions of Poverty in KozhikodeINSTITUTIONS, MANAGEMENT AND CAPACITY165.1Decentralization165.2Service Delivery and Inter-Agency Coordination16FR Volume 2 - City Report - KozhikodePAGE i
TA 4106 –IND: Kerala Sustainable Urban Development ProjectProject Preparation6.5.3Organization Structure of the Municipal Corporation5.3.1 Deliberative/Executive Wing5.3.2 Administrative Wing5.4 Capacity Building18181921MUNICIPAL FINANCE256.125Municipal Fund6.27.8.9.Revenue Account6.2.1 Revenue Receipts6.2.2 Revenue Expenditures6.3 Capital Account6.3.1 Overall Account6.3.2 Capital Receipts6.3.3 Capital Expenditures6.4 Key Financial Issues25273334343636366.53737384040Kerala Water Authority Finance6.5.1 Mandate and Sources of Finance6.5.2 Cost Recovery6.5.3 KWA Financial Performance in Kozhikode6.5.4 Key KWA Financial IssuesURBAN PLANNING AND LAND USE MANAGEMENT427.142Planning Efforts in the Past7.2Land Use Management7.2.1 Land Use Pattern7.2.2 Development Pattern7.3 Key Urban Development Issues44444445SUBPROJECT RATIONALE - NEED AND DEMAND468.1Approach to Subproject Selection8.1.1 Municipal Corporation Priorities8.1.2 Community Priorities8.2 Subproject Objectives and Component Selection Criteria46464646URBAN INFRASTRUCTURE SERVICES479.147474848505151515255555659596266Water Supply9.1.1 Review of Existing System9.1.2 Water Demand9.1.3 Water Supply Improvements Scheme9.1.4 Analysis of Existing Situation and Needs9.2 Sanitation and Sewerage9.2.1 Existing Sewerage and Sanitation System9.2.2 Key Issues / Service Adequacy9.2.3 Project Identification9.3 Stormwater Drainage9.3.1 Existing Drainage9.3.2 Drainage Component Identification9.4 Solid Waste Management9.4.1 Present Situation Analysis – Municipal Solid Waste9.4.2 Proposed Solid Waste Management Component9.5 Roads and TransportationFR Volume 2 - City Report - KozhikodePAGE ii
TA 4106 –IND: Kerala Sustainable Urban Development ProjectProject viewExisting RoadsUrban Travel Demand and Traffic CharacteristicsRoad SafetyExisting Street LightingExisting Access to Public TransportRoads and Transportation Scheme Selection10. THE PROPOSED SUB-PROJECT666871757576777910.1 Project Purpose7910.2 Part A: Urban Infrastructure Improvement10.2.1 Water Supply Component10.2.2 Sewerage and Sanitation Component10.2.3 Urban Drainage Component10.2.4 Solid Waste Management Component10.2.5 Roads and Transportation Component10.3 Part B: Urban Management and Institutional Development10.3.1 State Level Institutional Development10.3.2 Municipal Corporation Institutional Development10.3.3 Municipal Staff Training10.3.4 Poverty Alleviation10.4 Part C: Implementation Assistance79797981848686888888898911. CITY SUB-PROJECT IMPLEMENTATION9011.1 Executing and Implementing Agencies11.1.1 Executing Agency11.1.2 Implementing Agencies11.2 Project Management11.2.1 Project Management Office11.2.2 Project Implementation Units11.2.3 Project Management and Design Consulting Services11.3 Procurement and Disbursement Procedure11.3.1 Procurement of Goods and Works11.3.2 Disbursement Procedures11.4 Procurement Packages and Implementation11.4.1 Procurement Packages11.4.2 Implementation Schedule11.5 Reports, Accounting and Auditing Requirement11.5.1 Reporting Requirement11.5.2 Accounting11.5.3 Auditing11.6 Project Review90909091919191949494959595969696969611.7 Project Performance Monitoring System9711.8 Long-Term Sustainability9712. COST ESTIMATES AND FINANCING PLAN9812.1 Cost Estimates9812.2 Financing Plan9913. FINANCIAL ANALYSIS13.1 GeneralFR Volume 2 - City Report - Kozhikode100100PAGE iii
TA 4106 –IND: Kerala Sustainable Urban Development ProjectProject Preparation13.2 Assumptions Used in Financial Projections10013.3 Cost Recovery10213.4 Financial Internal Rate of Return10313.5 Average Incremental Financial Cost and Subsidy10513.6 Beneficiary Affordability10613.7 Project Sustainability10714. SUB-PROJECT RISKS AND ASSUMPTIONS10814.1 Physical Component Risks10814.2 Policy Risks10814.3 Institutional Risks10814.4 Social Risks10914.5 Financial Risks10914.6 Economic Risks109FR Volume 2 - City Report - KozhikodePAGE iv
TA 4106 –IND: Kerala Sustainable Urban Development ProjectProject PreparationList of AnnexesAnnex AProposed Procurement PackagesAnnex BSub-Project Implementation ScheduleAnnex CSub-Project Cost Estimates and Financing PlanAnnex DFinancial Improvement and Action PlanAnnex EFinancial AnalysisFR Volume 2 - City Report - KozhikodePAGE v
TA 4106 –IND: Kerala Sustainable Urban Development ProjectProject PreparationList of TablesTable 2-1: Kozhikode District Sectoral Growth of Net Domestic Product5Table 2-2: Population Growth and Projections6Table 5-1: Staffing Pattern of Kozhikode Municipal Corporation21Table 6-1: Revenue Account (Rs. Million)26Table 6-2: Property Tax – Rate Schedule30Table 6-3: Property Tax – Demand & Collection (Rs. Million)30Table 6-4: Profession Tax – Demand & Collection (Rs. Million)31Table 6-5: Capital Account (Rs. Million)35Table 6-6: KWA Water Tariff Schedule39Table 6-7: KWA Sewerage Connection Fee39Table 6-8: Kozhikode Water Operations – Income and Expenditure (Rs. Million)40Table 7-1: Proposals and Status of Development Plan (2001)42Table 7-2: Existing Land Use in Kozhikode44Table 8-1: Kozhikode Municipal Corporation Priorities46Table 8-2: Kozhikode - Community Municipal Service Priorities46Table 9-1: Water Supply Design Parameters48Table 9-2: Water Supply Demand and Phased Development48Table 9-3: Zone wise details of STP54Table 9-4: Drainage Categorization55Table 9-5: Physical Composition of Solid Waste in Kozhikode (2003)59Table 9-6: Details of Storage Bins61Table 9-7: Preliminary Requirement for Integrated SWM System65Table 9-8: Road Network in Kozhikode City68Table 9-9: Speed and Delay Characteristics at Selected Links70Table 9-10: Peak Hour Traffic at Selected Locations72Table 9-11: Projected Peak Hour Traffic Distribution at Selected Locations72Table 9-12: Capacity Utilization of Selected road Sections73Table 9-13: Peak Hour Traffic at Selected Major Junctions74Table 9-14: Peak-Hour Turning Traffic at Selected Junctions74Table 9-15: Mid-Block Pedestrian Count at Selected Locations75Table 9-16: Growth of Traffic Accidents in Kozhikode District75Table 9-17: Details of Street Lights Availability at Selected Road Sections76Table 9-18: List of Urban Transport Proposals for Kozhikode City77Table 11-1: Proposed Contract Packages - Kozhikode95Table 12-1: Summary of Subproject Cost Estimate98Table 12-2: City Level Financing Plan (Rs. Million)99Table 13-1: Weighted Average Cost of Capital (Sub-Loan Option)104Table 13-2: Summary of Financial Evaluation104Table 13-3: Average Incremental Financial Cost105Table 13-4: Subsidy Analysis105Table 13-5: Household Affordability Analysis106Table 13-6: Summary of Projected Financial Position107FR Volume 2 - City Report - KozhikodePAGE vi
TA 4106 –IND: Kerala Sustainable Urban Development ProjectProject PreparationList of FiguresFigure 2-1Geographical Location MapPg 3Figure 2-2Population Density MapPg 4Figure 5-1Organization Set-up of Kozhikode Municipal CorporationPg 24Figure 9-1Kerala Water Supply ProjectPg 49Figure 9-2Solid Waste Management SystemPg 63Figure 10-1Proposed Sewerage SystemPg 80Figure 10-2STP Site PlanPg 82Figure 10-3Urban Drainage ProposalsPg 83Figure 10-4Solid Waste Disposal and Landfill Site PlanPg 85Figure 10-5Urban Roads and Transport ProposalsPg 87Figure 11-1Proposed Project Management StructurePg 93FR Volume 2 - City Report - KozhikodePAGE vii
TA 4106 –IND: Kerala Sustainable Urban Development ProjectProject PreparationList of Abbreviations and AcronymsADBAsian Development BankADSArea Development SocietyBOTBuild Operate TransferBOOBuild Own OperateBOOTBuild Own Operate and TransferCBOCommunity Based OrganizationCDSCommunity Development SocietyDFIDDepartment for International DevelopmentDPCDistrict Planning CommitteeDWCUADevelopment of Women and Children in Urban AreasEIAEnvironmental Impact AssessmentEDIIEntrepreneurship Development Institute of IndiaGDPGross Domestic ProductGISGeographical Information SystemGoIGovernment of IndiaHRDHuman Resources DevelopmentHUDCOHousing and Urban Development CorporationIEEInitial Environmental ExaminationIKMInformation Kerala MissionIMAIndian Medical AssociationIMRInfant Mortality RateITInformation TechnologyJBICJapan Bank for International CooperationKocMCKochi Municipal CorporationKolMCKollam Municipal CorporationKozMCKozhikode Municipal CorporationKSEBKerala State Electricity BoardKSPCBKerala State Pollution Control BoardKSRTCKerala State Road Transport CorporationKSUDPKerala Sustainable Urban Development ProjectKUDFCKerala Urban Development Finance CorporationKUDPKerala Urban Development ProjectKWAKerala Water AuthorityLFSLand Fill SitelpcdLitre Per Capita Per DayLSGDLocal Self Government DepartmentMFIMicro Finance InstitutionsMGPModernizing Government ProgramMISManagement Information SystemMLDMillion Litre Per dayMSLMean Sea LevelNABARDNational Agricultural Bank for Rural DevelopmentNATPACNational Transportation Planning and Research CentreNGONon Government OrganizationNHNational HighwaysNHGNeighborhood GroupFR Volume 2 - City Report - KozhikodePAGE viii
TA 4106 –IND: Kerala Sustainable Urban Development ProjectProject PreparationNRYNehru Rojgar YojnaNSDPNational Slum Development ProgramO&MOperation and MaintenancePIUProject Implementation UnitPMOProject Management OfficePPPPublic Private PartnershipPPTAProject Preparation Technical AssistancePWDPublic Works DepartmentRISRepayment Information SystemSC/STSchedule Caste and Schedule TribeSHGSelf Help GroupsSJSRYSwarna Jayanti Shahari Rozgar YojnaSTPSewage Treatment PlantSWMSolid Waste ManagementTCPOTown and Country Planning OrganizationThMCThiruvananthapuram Municipal CorporationTMCThrissur Municipal CorporationTRIDAThiruvananthapuram Development AuthorityTUDPTrivandrum Urban Development ProjectUFWUnaccounted WaterUSEPUrban Self Employment ProgramUBSPUrban Services for the PoorVAMBAYValmiki Ambedkar Awaz YojnaWTPWillingness to PayFR Volume 2 - City Report - KozhikodePAGE ix
TA 4106 –IND: Kerala Sustainable Urban Development ProjectProject Preparation1.BACKGROUND AND SCOPE1.1IntroductionThe Final Report (FR) is the forth main output from the ADB TA4106-IND for the preparation of aproject to attract loan funding from the Asian Development Bank for improving infrastructure andmunicipal service delivery in the five municipal corporations of Kerala. The five cities areThiruvananthapuram, Kollam, Kochi, Thrissur, and Kozhikode. The project will include investment inphysical infrastructure at city level and with proposals for capacity building and institutionalstrengthening of municipal and state authorities.An Inception Report was submitted to the State Government and the ADB in April 2004 (revised June2004), a Mid Term Report (MTR) was prepared and submitted in November 2004 and the Draft FinalReport submitted in February 2005. Throughout the PPTA there has been a high level of participationfrom the stakeholders from the Project cities, GoK agencies and the private sector. Baseline socioeconomic surveys were conducted during the second stage of the PPTA which provided communityand business perceptions on municipal services delivery. Topic-specific questionnaires also solicitedspecific data from the cities. The design has learnt from ADB experiences in Karnataka, Rajasthanand Madhya Pradesh and other donor agencies in Kerala. The design has also capitalized on theGoK’s own initiatives in municipal decentralization and urban management reform.1.2Project Goal and ObjectivesThe project goal is to encourage sustainable economic growth and poverty reduction in urban Kerala.The objective of the Project is to provide sustainable growth and poverty reduction through theprovision of urban infrastructure services and the promotion of good urban governance to urban localbodies in Kerala.1.3Study OutputsThe outputs from the study are a series of components to improve city wide urban infrastructure serviceswith the integration of poor settlements within the overall urban development process. Specifically, theProject will provide (i) basic infrastructure services to increase economic opportunities and to reducevulnerability to environmental degradation and urban poverty, and (ii) improve urban governance andincrease capacity of the municipal corporations to undertake urban planning activities. The Projectwill also focus on improving the conditions of the poor through undertaking community infrastructuredevelopment and poverty alleviation activities at each municipal corporation.1.4Scope of the ReportThe FR is presented in 9 volumes. Volume 1, the Main Report, provides an overall view of the project andconcentrates on State level policy, social-economics and urban management plus issues that are commonto all the five project cities. Volume 2 provides separate reports for each individual project city coveringmainly technical and financial issues that are particular to that city. Volumes 3 to 7 provide comprehensivedetails on: Social Impacts and Poverty; Economic Analysis; Initial Environmental Examination; TechnicalAnalysis and, Urban Management and Institutional Development; Volume 8 provides support documentson social and environmental safeguard frameworks and Volume 9 provides the Project Resettlement Plan.FR Volume 2 - City Report - KozhikodePAGE 1
TA 4106 –IND: Kerala Sustainable Urban Development ProjectProject Preparation2.CITY CONTEXT2.1Geography and ClimateKozhikode is situated on the west coast of Kerala at Latitude 11 -15’ N and Longitude 75 -47’E. Thecity is 434 km to the north of Thiruvananthapuram, the State capital, and 215 km North of Kochi. Thecity is well connected by air, rail and road, and is approximately 678 km from the nearestmetropolitan city, Chennai.Kozhikode occupies a nodal position in the Malabar Coast and has an undisputed economic standingof its own being the trade centre for a large and resourceful hinterland. It is the market place of hillproducts like pepper, cardamom, etc. It also has large timber yards along the banks of the KallaiRiver. Figure 2-1 indicates the geographical location of the Kozhikode Municipal Corporation area.The city has a linear form bounded on the west by the Arabian Sea and on the east by gently rollinghills. The city is fairly flat, the average altitude above Mean Sea Level being four meters. The altitudevaries from one meter at the coast to about 16m in the east. The terrain east of Conolly Canal is dottedwith larger hills, many of which are too steep for urban development.Kozhikode has a mean annual temperature of 27.1 C. The mean annual rainfall is 3,100 mm. Thesouthwest monsoon occurs between May and October. On an average, 116 rainy days occur in a year.Excessive rainfall from June to August causes frequent floods in the rivers and canals in the area,submerging low-lying areas.2.2Population Trends and UrbanizationUrbanization along with urban population growth are pointers towards the change in the occupationalpattern of the community from agriculture and allied means of livelihood to industrial and other nonagriculture occupations.Kozhikode city alone accounts for 40% of the urban population in the District. KozhikodeDevelopment Authority (KDA) area encompasses the Municipal Corporation area and adjoining 11Gram Panchayats. The total area under the Municipal Corporation jurisdiction is 82.68 sq. km and thearea under the Panchayats is 196.39 sq. km. The KDA area cover 279.07 sq. km. with a totalpopulation of 924,815, includes 436,527 persons in the Municipal Corporation area (Census 2001).According to Census 2001, the average population density of KDA area is 3,314 persons per sq. km.In the city’s central area, the population density is as high as 5,280 persons per sq. km while it is2,486 persons per sq. km in the outer fringes of the city. Figure 2-2 indicates the population densitydistribution in Kozhikode.2.3Economic Development2.3.1Sectoral GrowthDue to non-availability of city-level data, district-level data has been considered for analysis.Kozhikode District with 8% of the State’s population makes a 12% contribution to the State’s income.FR Volume 2 - City Report - KozhikodePAGE 2
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TA 4106 –IND: Kerala Sustainable Urban Development ProjectProject PreparationTable 2-1: Kozhikode District Sectoral Growth of Net Domestic 5,3885,197NDP (Rs. Million at constant ry-11.09.29.8Total-2.94.16.524.719.816.915.4Growth NDP (% over preceding year)PrimaryComposition (% of NDP at current 157.959.360.2Total100100100100Source: Economic Review 2003, State Planning Board.Though the sectoral contribution and its changes in Kozhikode district during the period 2000-03were similar to the State trend, the following specific observations are inferred from Table 2-1. Declining trend in the primary sector is substantial; Average annual growth rate in the secondary sector for Kozhikode District is equal to that of theState AAGR (at 2.8%); average annual growth for the District’s tertiary sector is marginallygreater than for the State; Per capita NDP income for Kozhikode District (Rs.11,282) is less than that of the State(Rs.11,388) for the year 2002-03; and Tertiary sector contribution to the District economy is high at 60% of the total NDP for 2002-03,mainly due to the presence of the services sector in Kozhikode city; the corresponding figure forthe State is 58%.2.3.2Industrial DevelopmentIn the recent past, the State has made serious efforts to identify new opportunities and equip it to meetemerging challenges. While traditional industries like handlooms, coir and cashew are in a difficultphase of development with their inherent problems, the present Industrial Policy and other relatedpolicies of the State are aimed at enhancing investment opportunities, especially in the industrialsector. Emphasis is on information technology, which has started showing positive signs throughpromotion of IT enabled services. A wide range of initiatives by the State on IT includes “E-Literacyfor one member per family” and sophisticat
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3.22 Inland Fishing Villages in Kerala IN 2013-14 64 3.23 District Wise Fish Production in Kerala 2013-14 65 3.24 Inland Fishery Resources of Kerala 2013-14 66 3.25 Marine Fishery Resources of Kerala 2013-14 67 CHAPTER IV - ATMOSPHERE 4.1 Air Pollution Monitoring Cities in Kerala 70 4.2 District wise wind power installed capacity 73
23 NIT,Calicut Kerala NCA ARC B.Arch. 2 5 7 NIT,Calicut Kerala NCA BTE Biotechnology 1 3 4 NIT,Calicut Kerala NCA CHE Chemical Engineering 5 9 14 NIT,Calicut Kerala NCA CIV Civil 7 14 21 NIT,Calicut Kerala NCA CSE Computer Science & Engineering 7 14 21 NIT,Calicut Kerala NC
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