Study Guide And Reinforcement - Answer Key
Study Guide and ReinforcementAnswer Keygpscience.com
To the TeacherStudy Guide and Reinforcement booklet provides an additionalresource for reviewing the concepts of the chapter. There is one worksheet for each section, or lesson, of the chapter. The Study Guide worksheets are designed to focus primarily on science content and less onvocabulary, although knowledge of the section vocabulary supportsunderstanding of the content. The worksheets are designed for the fullrange of students.Copyright by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Except as permitted under the UnitedStates Copyright Act, no part of this publication may be reproduced or distributed in any form or by anymeans, or stored in a database or retrieval system, without the prior written permission of the publisher.Send all inquiries to:Glencoe/McGraw-Hill8787 Orion PlaceColumbus, OH 43240ISBN 0-07-866092-0Printed in the United States of America1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 045 09 08 07 06 05 04
Table of ContentsCopyright Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.To the Teacher . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171819202122232425The Nature of Science . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1Motion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1Forces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2Energy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3Work and Machines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4Thermal Energy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5Electricity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6Magnetism and Its Uses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7Energy Sources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8Waves . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9Sound . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .10Electromagnetic Waves . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .12Light . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .13Mirrors and Lenses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .14Classification of Matter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .15Solids, Liquids, and Gases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .16Properties of Atoms and the Periodic Table . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .18Radioactivity and Nuclear Reactions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .19Elements and Their Properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .20Chemical Bonds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .21Chemical Reactions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .22Solutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .23Acids, Bases, and Salts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .24Organic Compounds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .25New Materials Through Chemistry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .27iii
ANSWER KEY9. m3, cm3Chapter 121. b10. mL, cm3, L22. a1. scientia11. g/cm3, kg/m323. volume 6 cm32. knowledge12. K, CSection 1Answers 3 and 4 are interchangeable.3. observationSection 34. investigation1. line graph5. overlap2. temperature vs. time for heating of water6. explanations3. time7. technology4. horizontal or x-axis8. modified5. vertical or y-axisAnswers 9, 10, and 11 are interchangeable.9. life science; living things10. earth science; Earth and space11. physical science; matter and energy6. circle graph7. the percentage of elements making up livingthings8. oxygen9. bar graph12. investigations10. the height of students in Sarah’s class13. scientific method11. 168 cm14. dependent15. constantChapter 216. biasSection 1Section 21. length13. kg, mg2. time14. s3. kilogram15. km, m, cm4. kelvin16. a5. m17. a6. kg18. b7. s19. b8. K20. a1. the total number of m, km, or other distanceunits that are traveled in total; no; d st2. the distance from a start point to an endpoint, with a direction; yes; no formula3. the total distance traveled in a time intervaldivided by the time interval; no; s d/t4. the speed at a certain instant in time; no; noformula5. the speed with the direction of travel; yes;s d/t can be used, and a direction addedStudy Guide and Reinforcement1
ANSWER KEY6. the point from which the location of otherobjects is determined; it sets the direction forother things; no formulaAnswers 7–9 are interchangeable.7. the car can turn a corner8. the car can accelerate9. the car can brake10. If the object changes direction but stays at aconstant speed it will have a different velocity.Section 31. Force is a push or a pull that one objectexerts on another.2. Answers will vary. Examples might includefingers on pencil; body on chair; feet onfloor; atmosphere on body.3. The direction of the motion will change inthe direction of the force.4. It is the net force.11. The object is speeding up or slowing down(changing speed, because the slope of theline represents speed).5. The forces are balanced.Answers 12–14 are interchangeable and may vary.12. 11.2 km/s; rocket; km; s7. It is the tendency of an object to resist anychange in its motion.13. 100 km/h; car; km; h8. Velocity changes when the object speeds up,slows down, or changes direction.14. 5 cm/yr; geological plates; cm; years6. The forces acting on the rock are notbalanced; the net force is not zero.9. Its mass determines its inertia.Section 21. Acceleration is the rate of change of velocity.2. It accelerates when it changes its speedand/or direction.3. Positive acceleration occurs when an object’sspeed increases; negative acceleration occurswhen an object’s speed decreases.4. change in velocity (final velocity minusinitial velocity) divided by time5. meters/second/second; meters/second26. acceleration7. a (vf – vl)/t (9 m/s – 3 m/s)/3s 2 m/s28. positive9. negative10. zero2Answer Key10. An object moving at constant velocity continues to move at that velocity until a netforce acts on it.Chapter 3Section 11. a F/m2. F ma3. the kinds of surfaces and the forces pressingthe two together4. prevents two surfaces from sliding past eachother5. opposes the motion of two surfaces slidingpast each other; slows down moving objects6. frictional force between a rolling object andthe object it rolls on; slows down rollingobjects
ANSWER KEY7. opposes the motion of objects that movethrough the air, is affected by speed, size, andshapeSection 31.8. net force9. microwelds10. rolling11. air resistance12. acceleration2.13. sliding14. parachuteSection 21. Gravity is a force that every object in theuniverse exerts on every other object.2. their masses and the distance between them3. Earth has more mass than the Moon.4. No. The Moon exerts a smaller gravitationalforce than Earth. Weight is the measure ofthe force of gravity on an object; therefore,an object would weigh less on the Moon.3. reaction force4. action force5. The force also will be 500 N because actionreaction forces are equal and opposite.5. friction between the road and the car’s tires6. p m v 2 kg 10 m/s 20 kg m/s6.7. p m v 2000 kg 10 m/s 20,000 kg m/s8. the 2000-kg truck because it has a greatermassChapter 4Section 17. Acceleration is a change in the speed ordirection of a moving object. When the carchanges direction to round the curve, it isaccelerating.1. energy2. potential3. kinetic4. gravitational5. speedStudy Guide and Reinforcement3
ANSWER KEY6. chemical8. Chemical potential energy in the place kicker’sfood changes to mechanical energy in the legs,which changes to kinetic and potential energyin the football.7. mass8. height9. joule9. Kinetic energy changes to thermal energy asa result of friction between the runner andthe ground.10. natural gas11. elastic12. KE 1/2mv2; mass, velocity13. PE mgh; mass, gravity, heightSection 210. The mass of the fuel is changed into thermalenergy, which is converted to mechanicalenergy.Chapter 5Section 1Note: Students’ answers may be more or lesscomplex than those given.1. Electrical energy changes to thermal energy.2. Light energy changes to thermal energy.3. All of the energy used in the body comesfrom the food we eat.4. Chemical potential energy from the waiter’sfood changes into kinetic energy of motion,and electrical energy changes into light energy.5. Chemical potential energy from the swallow’s food changes to kinetic energy causingvibrations that result in sound. The soundenergy changed to kinetic energy in the listener’s eardrum, which changes to electricalenergy before reaching the listener’s brain.6. Chemical potential energy in the jet fuelchanges to thermal energy, which powers theengine. The thermal energy changes to bothkinetic and potential energy as the planetakes off.7. Gravitational potential energy becomeskinetic energy.4Answer Key1. For work to be done on an object, an appliedforce must make an object move in the samedirection as the applied force. An example ofwork being done is lifting a stack of books. Anexample of work not being done is carrying astack of books at a constant waist height.2. W F d3. P W/t4. P E/t5. distance6. power7. power8. work9. force10. work and energy11. power12. work13. power
ANSWER KEYSection 21. Fe the force applied to a machine2. Fr the force applied by the machine to overcome the resistance3. MA the number of times a machine multiplies the effort force (or MA Fr/Fe)4. efficiency (Wout/Win) 100% or efficiency (Fr/Fe) 100%9. wedge; screw; inclined plane10. IMA l/h 3m/1.5m 211. IMA Le/Lr 10 m/10 m 112. IMA rw/ra 4cm/1cm 4Chapter 6Section 11. temperature5. MA 500N/250NMA 22. faster6. Accept any two: Machines make work easierby increasing the effort force or by increasing the distance over which a force can beapplied or by changing the direction of theeffort force.4. potential energy7. Instead of pushing up on the box top toremove it, the crowbar allows the carpenterto push down.8. Ideal mechanical advantage is the mechanical advantage of a machine if none of thework input was lost to friction and changedinto heat energy.Section 31. d2. e3. f4. a5. b6. c7. g8. pulley; wheel and axle; lever; gear3. kinetic energy5. thermal energy6. collisions7. warmer8. cooler9. heatAnswers may vary as students may have combinedsteps differently.10. The mass of the material is measured.11. The initial temperature of water in thecalorimeter is measured.12. The material is heated and its temperatureis measured.13. The sample is placed in the water in theinner chamber of the calorimeter.14. The sample cools and transfers its heat to thewater, so the water increases in temperature.until the sample and the water are at thesame temperature.15. The final temperature of the water is measured, and the change in thermal energy ofthe water can be calculated.Study Guide and Reinforcement5
ANSWER KEYSection 27. by conduction8. It condenses into water.1. good9. by convection2. conduction3. radiationChapter 74. trueSection 15. true1. negative6. true2. positive7. convection3. created8. convection4. destroyed9. true5. neutral10. more6. electrons11. absorbed7. transferred12. more8. static electricity13. a silver spoon; Silver is a better conductor ofheat than wood.9. distance14. a red shirt; Darker-colored materials absorbmore heat than lighter-colored materials.10. amount of charge11. electric field15. a sidewalk in the sun; Dull materials absorbmore radiant energy than shiny materials.12. insulator16. single-pane window; Air between the twopanes of glass in the double-pane windowacts as insulation.14. electric force17. R-5 insulation; Materials with a lowerR-value are less resistant to heat flow.13. conductor15. grounding16. charging by induction17. lightningSection 2Section 31. steam-heating1. more2. by burning a fuel2. higher, lower3. external3. volts4. by conduction and convection4. lose5. to keep the steam from losing thermal energy5. varies6. by conduction6. amperes6Answer Key
ANSWER KEY7. electronsf. power current voltage difference8. positive, negativeg. P I V9. positiveChapter 810. 120 voltsSection 111. wetAnswers 1 and 2 are interchangeable.1. Students should draw or describe two magnetsend-to-end with north poles facing each other.12. ohms13. lower14. I V/R2. Students should draw or describe two magnetsend-to-end with south poles facing each other.15. Ω16. amperesAnswers 3 and 4 are interchangeable.3. Students should draw or describe two magnets end-to-end with the north pole on thefirst magnet facing the south pole on thesecond magnet.17. volts18. 19. lesser20. thinnerSection 31a. series circuitb. parallel circuitc. the current has only one loop to flowthroughd. the current has more than one branch2a. insulation to meltb. a firec. fusesd. circuit breakers3a. rate at which electrical energy is convertedto another form of energy4. Students should draw or describe two magnets end-to-end with the south pole on thefirst magnet facing the south pole on thesecond magnet.5. in Northern Canada, about 1,500 km fromthe geographic north pole6. by measuring magnetism in rocks7. circulation of molten iron and nickel inEarth’s outer core8. north9. south1
6 Answer Key ANSWER KEY 1. good 2. conduction 3. radiation 4. true 5. true 6. true 7. convection 8. convection 9. true 10. more 11. absorbed 12. more 13. a silver spoon; Silver is a better conductor of heat than wood. 14. a red shirt; Darker-colored materials absorb more heat than lighter-colored materials. 15. a sidewalk in the sun; Dull materials absorb more radiant energy than shiny materials.
Using a retaining wall as a case-study, the performance of two commonly used alternative reinforcement layouts (of which one is wrong) are studied and compared. Reinforcement Layout 1 had the main reinforcement (from the wall) bent towards the heel in the base slab. For Reinforcement Layout 2, the reinforcement was bent towards the toe.
Footing No. Footing Reinforcement Pedestal Reinforcement - Bottom Reinforcement(M z) x Top Reinforcement(M z x Main Steel Trans Steel 2 Ø8 @ 140 mm c/c Ø8 @ 140 mm c/c N/A N/A N/A N/A Footing No. Group ID Foundation Geometry - - Length Width Thickness 7 3 1.150m 1.150m 0.230m Footing No. Footing Reinforcement Pedestal Reinforcement
MYSTERY EXPRESSION GAME!!!!! i. Twice x Answer I: ii. 9 less than the Answer I Answer II: iii. The sum of Answer II and the product of 5 and t Answer III: iv. Answer III decreased by two-fifths the cube of another number Answer IV: v. Half of Answer IV Answer V: ANSWER V is E
In this section, we present related work and background concepts such as reinforcement learning and multi-objective reinforcement learning. 2.1 Reinforcement Learning A reinforcement learning (Sutton and Barto, 1998) environment is typically formalized by means of a Markov decision process (MDP). An MDP can be described as follows. Let S fs 1 .
IEOR 8100: Reinforcement learning Lecture 1: Introduction By Shipra Agrawal 1 Introduction to reinforcement learning What is reinforcement learning? Reinforcement learning is characterized by an agent continuously interacting and learning from a stochastic environment. Imagine a robot movin
learning techniques, such as reinforcement learning, in an attempt to build a more general solution. In the next section, we review the theory of reinforcement learning, and the current efforts on its use in other cooperative multi-agent domains. 3. Reinforcement Learning Reinforcement learning is often characterized as the
2.3 Deep Reinforcement Learning: Deep Q-Network 7 that the output computed is consistent with the training labels in the training set for a given image. [1] 2.3 Deep Reinforcement Learning: Deep Q-Network Deep Reinforcement Learning are implementations of Reinforcement Learning methods that use Deep Neural Networks to calculate the optimal policy.
Meta-reinforcement learning. Meta reinforcement learn-ing aims to solve a new reinforcement learning task by lever-aging the experience learned from a set of similar tasks. Currently, meta-reinforcement learning can be categorized into two different groups. The first group approaches (Duan et al. 2016; Wang et al. 2016; Mishra et al. 2018) use an
