DoD Considered Small Business Innovation Research .
Report No. DODIG-2014-049I nspec tor Ge ne ralU.S. Department of DefenseMARCH 27, 2014DoD Considered Small BusinessInnovation Research IntellectualProperty Protections in Phase IIIContracts, but ProgramImprovements Are NeededI N T E G R I T Y E F F I C I E N C Y A C C O U N TA B I L I T Y E X C E L L E N C E
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Results in BriefDoD Considered Small Business Innovation ResearchIntellectual Property Protections in Phase IIIContracts, but Program Improvements Are NeededMarch 27, 2014Finding ContinuedObjectiveHowever, DoD contracting and U.S. Army Medical Research andMateriel Command personnel inconsistently followed policies thatgoverned SBIR intellectual property protections because of unclearand inconsistent DoD and SBA requirements.In response to a requirement in House ArmedServices Committee Report 112-479, toaccompany the National Defense AuthorizationAct for FY 2013, we reviewed 22 Small BusinessInnovation Research (SBIR) Phase III contracts,with a combined base award value of about 244.9 million, to determine whether the Servicesproperly awarded SBIR Phase III contracts to otherthan small businesses. Specifically, we determinedwhether the Services considered small businessintellectual property rights and properly notifiedthe Small Business Administration (SBA) of thecontract award.FindingU.S. Army Medical Research Acquisition Activity,Naval Air Systems Command, Naval Sea SystemsCommand, and Air Force Research Laboratorycontracting personnel: properly awarded all 11 SBIR Phase IIIcontracts that were awarded to other thansmall businesses because the awardeeowned the SBIR data rights; and considered SBIR intellectual propertyrights when awarding 21 of 22 contracts byincluding the required contract clause.In addition, DoD organizations did not: have any documented instances of contractor intellectualproperty complaints within the SBIR Program because DoDpersonnel were not required to track complaints and believedthat none existed; and know the complete universe of SBIR Phase III contract awardsbecause no mechanism existed to fully track SBIR Phase IIIcontracts.DoD organizations’ inconsistent interpretation of unclearrequirements hinders program oversight and weakens protectionsover small business intellectual property. Without a clearinterpretation of existing policy, DoD organizations could faceobstacles in exercising their rights to SBIR data. DoD does nothave reliable data to report the success of the DoD SBIR Program.As a result, DoD’s program oversight and the protections oversmall business intellectual property within the SBIR Program isweakened, and information provided to Congress is not complete.RecommendationsDoD officials should: develop training and issue guidance that will allow for auniform interpretation of intellectual property protectionsacross DoD;Visit us on the web at www.dodig.milDODIG-2014-049 (Project No. D2013-D000CG-0066.000 ) i
Results in BriefDoD Considered Small Business Innovation ResearchIntellectual Property Protections in Phase IIIContracts, but Program Improvements Are NeededRecommendations Continued issue guidance to improve the accuracy of SBIRinformation being entered into existing databases; and address inconsistencies in DoD regulations regardingintellectual property protections.Management Comments andOur ResponseThe Deputy Director, Policy and Procurement, DoD Office ofSmall Business Programs, responding for the Administrator,DoD Office of Small Business Programs, SBIR Office, partiallyaddressed the recommendations to develop training andissue guidance. The deputy director agreed with therecommendations and stated the DoD Office of Small BusinessPrograms would address the following topics during theSBIR/Small Business Technology Transfer annual trainingworkshop planned for June 2014: standard intellectual property protections; use of the data assertions table; when the SBIR protection period begins and when itcan be extended;ii DODIG-2014-049 (Project No. D2013-D000CG-0066.000) timely SBA notification requirements; and accuracy and uniformity of SBIR database information.However, the deputy director did not fully address theactions needed to allow for a uniform interpretation ofintellectual property protections across DoD or thoseneeded to increase the accuracy of SBIR information beingentered into existing databases.Comments from the Director, Defense ProcurementAcquisition Policy addressed all specifics of therecommendation. He agreed to address inconsistencies inDoD regulations. The director stated DoD would work withSBA to address the inconsistencies regarding intellectualproperty and noted DoD has taken steps to clarify guidanceon the initiation and extension of the protection period ofSBIR generated data.We request that the Administrator, DoD Office of SmallBusiness Programs, SBIR Office, provide comments inresponse to this report. Please see the RecommendationsTable on the following page.
Recommendations TableManagementAdministrator, DoD Office of Small BusinessPrograms, Small Business Innovation ResearchOfficeDirector, Defense Procurement and AcquisitionPolicyRecommendationsRequiring CommentNo AdditionalComments Required1.a, 1.b, and 1.c.2.Please provide comments by April 25, 2014.DODIG-2014-049 (Project No. D2013-D000CG-0066.000 ) iii
INSPECTOR GENERALDEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE4800 MARK CENTER DRIVEALEXANDRIA, VIRGINIA 22350-1500March 27, 2014MEMORANDUM FOR UNDER SECRETARY OF DEFENSE FOR ACQUISITION,TECHNOLOGY, AND LOGISTICSASSISTANT SECRETARY OF THE AIR FORCE (FINANCIAL MANAGEMENTAND COMPTROLLER)NAVAL INSPECTOR GENERALAUDITOR GENERAL, DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMYSUBJECT: DoD Considered Small Business Innovation Research Intellectual Property Pr otectionsin Phase III Contracts, but Program Improvements Are Needed(Report No. DODIG-2014-049)We are providing this report for review and comment. We performed this audit in response to theHouse Armed Services Committee Report 112-479 that accompanied the FY 2013 National DefenseAuthorization Act. DoD organizations properly awarded Small Business Innovation Research (SBIR)Phase III contracts to other than small businesses and considered SBIR intellectual property rightsduring the award. However, inconsistent guidance and tracking efforts hinder the program. Weconsidered comments from the Deputy Director, Policy and Procurement, DoD Office of SmallBusiness Programs, responding for the Administrator, DoD Office of Small Business Programs,SBIR Office and the Director, Defense Procurement and Acquisition Policy, on a draft of this reportwhen preparing the final report.DoD Directive 7650.3 requires that all recommendations be resolved promptly. Comments fromthe Administrator, DoD Office of Small Business Programs, SBIR Office partially addressed therecommendations. The deputy director's comments did not fully address the actions needed toallow for a uniform interpretation of intellectual property protections across DoD or those neededto increase the accuracy of SBIR information being entered into existing databases. Therefore, werequest that the Administrator, DoD Office of Small Business Programs, SBIR Office comment onRecommendations l.a, l.b, and l.c by April 25, 2014. Comments from the Director, DefenseProcurement and Acquisition Policy addressed all specifics of the recommendation an:d conformedto the requirements of DoD Directive 7650.3; therefore, we do not require additional comments.Please send a PDF file containing your comments to audapi@dodig.mil. Copies of your commentsmust have the actual signature of the authorizing official for your organization. We cannot acceptthe /Signed/ symbol in place of the actual signature. If you arrange to send classified ommentselectronically, you must send them over the SECRET Internet Protocol Router Network (SIPRNET).We appreciate the courtesies extended to the staff. Please direct questions to me at (703) 604-9077(DSN-664 9077).(\chacv· /.()) eline L. WicecarverAssistant Inspector GeneralAcquisition, Parts, and InventoryivI DODIG-2014-049
ContentsIntroductionObjective 1Background 1Review of Internal Controls 4Finding. Inconsistent Guidance and TrackingEfforts May Hinder SBIR Program 5Phase III Contracts Were Properly Awarded to Other Than Small Businesses 6Contracting Personnel Considered Intellectual Property Protections 7Personnel Interpreted Intellectual Property Protections Differently8Personnel Did Not Report To SBA On Proposed Phase III ContractsAwarded To Other Than the SBIR Awardee 9Personnel Relied on Inconsistent Policies 10No Documentation of Contractor Intellectual Property Complaints 11Accurate Tracking Mechanisms Are Needed 12Conclusion 16Recommendations, Management Comments, and Our Response 16AppendixesAppendix A. Scope and Methodology 21Universe and Sample Information 21Review of Documentation and Interviews 22Use of Computer-Processed Data 24Appendix B. Prior Coverage 25Appendix C. Criteria 27Appendix D. Contracts Reviewed 31Management Comments 34DoD Office of Small Business Programs 34Defense Procurement and Acquisition Policy 36Acronyms and Abbreviations 37DODIG-2014-049 v
IntroductionIntroductionObjectiveOur objective was to determine whether the Services properly awarded Phase IIISmall Business Innovation Research (SBIR) contracts to other than small businesses.Specifically, we determined whether the Services considered small business intellectualproperty rights and properly notified the Small Business Administration (SBA) ofthe contract award. See Appendix A for scope and methodology and Appendix B forprior coverage.BackgroundThe House Armed Services Committee was concerned with protecting small businessintellectual property rights when doing business with DoD. As noted in the Panel onBusiness Challenges in the Defense Industry’s March 2012 report, “Challenges to DoingBusiness with the Department of Defense,” “smaller businesses can experience particulardifficulties in protecting their rights because of their size and the comparatively limitedresources available to them.” The report also discussed contractors’ concerns withthe breadth of technical data rights the Government acquired and the Government’scompliance with restrictions over those rights. As a result, the House Armed ServicesCommittee Report 112-479, which accompanied the FY 2013 National DefenseAuthorization Act, directed the DoD Inspector General to review the treatment of smallbusiness intellectual property in DoD contract awards.The Small Business Innovation Research ProgramThe SBIR Program is a three-phase program that encourages domestic small businessesto engage in Federal research and development with the potential for commercialization.Phase I (project feasibility) determines the scientific and technical merit and feasibilityof the ideas submitted.Phase II (project development) further develops Phase Iresearch and development efforts. Phase III (commercialization) is oriented towardscommercialization of SBIR research in the private sector, or in the Government sectorusing non-SBIR funds. Participating agencies must use SBIR funds to award SBIRPhase I and II contracts to eligible small businesses. SBIR Phase III awards can bemade to businesses of any size; however, SBIR policies and regulations intend thatagencies generally award SBIR Phase III contracts to the SBIR developer. For example,Section 638, title 15, United States Code (15 U.S.C. § 638 [2012]),1 subsection r(4) states,1Section 638, title 15, United States Code (2007) was updated in 2012 during the scope of our review. We generically referto both versions of 15 U.S.C. § 638 unless noted otherwise.DODIG-2014-049 1
Introductionto the greatest extent practicable, Federal agencies and Federal prime contractors shallissue Phase III awards relating to technology, including sole-source awards, to the SBIRaward recipient that developed the technology.The SBIR Program was established under the Small Business Innovation DevelopmentAct of 1982 to stimulate technological innovation; to use small business to meet Federalresearch and development needs; to foster and encourage participation by minorityand disadvantaged persons in technological innovations; and to increase private sectorcommercialization innovations derived from Federal research and development.The SBA serves as the coordinating agency. The SBIR Program is mandatory for certainagencies. DoD was one of 11 Federal agencies required to participate in the program.SBIR GuidanceMultiple regulations and guidance govern the SBIR Program. The FY 2012 NationalDefense Authorization Act, sections 5101 to 5168, “SBIR and STTR [Small BusinessTechnology Transfer] Reauthorization,” requires agencies to track SBIR Phase IIIawards. Section 638, title 15, United States Code, provides the minimum requirementsfor the SBIR Program and directs SBA to issue policy directives for the general conductof the SBIR Program within the Federal Government, including providing for theretention of rights in data generated in the performance of the contract by the smallbusiness concern. The SBA Office of Technology issued policy through the SBA SBIRPolicy Directive as the overall program administrator. The SBA SBIR Policy Directivewas updated in the Federal Register on August 6, 2012.2 Furthermore, SBA SBIR PolicyDirective section 4(c)(5) states, “there is no limit on the number, duration, type, ordollar value of Phase III awards made to a business concern” and SBA SBIR PolicyDirective section 4(c)(6) states, “the small business size limits for Phase I and II awardsdo not apply to Phase III awards.”DoD agencies participating in the SBIR Program are required to include the DefenseFederal Acquisition Regulation Supplement (DFARS) contract clause 252.227-7018,“Rights in Noncommercial Technical Data and Computer Software—SBIR Program,”in all SBIR contracts. The clause provides for intellectual property protections suchas the use of an assertions table3 that specifically identifies contractor intellectualproperty provided to the Government. Proposed updates to DFARS 252.227-7018 areincluded in open DFARS case 2010-D001, “Patents, Data, and Copyrights.” Open DFARS232 DODIG-2014-049The 2002 SBA SBIR Policy Directive was updated in the Federal Register, Volume 77, No. 151, on August 6, 2012.We generically refer to both versions of the directive as the SBA SBIR Policy Directive, unless noted otherwise.The assertions table identifies the data the contractor or subcontractor will furnish to the Government with restrictions,the basis for assertion, the type of rights being asserted, and who is making the assertion. The assertions table is notunique to the SBIR Program and is used throughout DoD contracting to identify contractor rights.
Introductioncase 2010-D001 was proposed on September 27, 2010, by the Defense ProcurementAcquisition and Policy Directorate in the Office of the Under Secretary of Defense forAcquisition, Technology, and Logistics. As of January 12, 2014, this open DFARS case is onhold. Appendix C provides additional information on criteria.DoD Participation in SBIR ProgramDuring our review, DoD was the largest participant in the Federal SBIR Program. TheDoD Office of Small Business Programs, SBIR Office (DoD OSBP SBIR) provides thehighest level of oversight over the DoD SBIR Program and issues the DoD SBIR DeskReference for Contracting and Payment, which mirrors much of the SBA SBIR PolicyDirective. Each Service has a program office that oversees SBIR-related efforts. Eachorganization reviewed has designated personnel to administer the SBIR Program on anorganizational level, with the exception of the Air Force Research Laboratory (AFRL).The Air Force SBIR Program Office oversees SBIR efforts throughout the Air Force.Services and organizations issue overall guidance or policy on the SBIR Program,but none provided a detailed discussion on intellectual property considerations overSBIR Phase III contracting.Contracts ReviewedIn total, we reviewed 22 contracts coded in the Federal Procurement Data System-NextGeneration (FPDS-NG) as SBIR Phase III contracts, with a combined base value of about 244.9 million.4 See Appendix A for contract selection. DoD contracting personnelawarded 11 of the 22 contracts to other than small businesses. The following organizationsawarded the 22 contracts reviewed: U.S. Army Medical Research Acquisition Activity (USAMRAA),5 Fort Detrick,Maryland, 4 contracts, valued at about 6.2 million. Naval Air Systems Command (NAVAIR), Patuxent River, Maryland, 5 contracts,valued at about 161.6 million. Naval Sea Systems Command (NAVSEA), Washington Navy Yard, D.C.,5 contracts, valued at about 32.7 million. AFRL, Wright Patterson Air Force Base, Ohio, 8 contracts, valued at about 44.3 million.See Appendix D for specific contracts reviewed.45The combined base award-value excludes any amounts for option periods and includes the maximum allowable amount fordelivery order-type contracts and basic ordering agreements.USAMRAA is the contracting element of U.S. Army Medical Research and Materiel Command and provides support to theCommand headquarters and its worldwide network of laboratories and medical logistics organizations.DODIG-2014-049 3
IntroductionReview of Internal ControlsDoD Instruction 5010.40, “Managers’ Internal Control Program Procedures,” May 30,2013, requires DoD organizations to implement a comprehensive system of internalcontrols that provides reasonable assurance that programs are operating as intendedand to evaluate the effectiveness of the controls. We identified an internal controlweakness. DoD OSBP SBIR used reporting systems that did not fully track SBIR Phase IIIawards to support the success of a congressionally authorized program. However, DoDOSBP SBIR officials were aware of each system’s limitations and were taking steps toimprove reporting of DoD SBIR Program accomplishments. We will provide a copy ofthe final report to the senior official responsible for internal controls in the DoD OSBP.4 DODIG-2014-049
FindingFindingInconsistent Guidanc
Mar 27, 2014 · Small Business Innovation Research (SBIR) contracts to other than small businesses. Specifically, we determined whether the Services considered small business intellectual property rights and properly notified the Small Business Administration (SBA) of the contract award. See Appendix A for scope and
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