TAM AIR - TA Instruments
TAM AIRISOTHERMAL CALORIMETRY
HighSensitivityMulti-Sample3 or 8ChannelOptionTAM AIRThe best choicefor isothermalcalorimetry ofchemical reactionsand metabolic processesLong-TermTemperatureStabilityThe TAM Air isothermal calorimetry system provides the sampleflexibility and measurement sensitivity to accurately characterizeLowestBaselineDriftheat flow in a wide variety of materials. The 8-channelcalorimeters are widely recognized as the instrument of choicefor cement hydration analyses using ASTM C1702 and C1679.The 3-channel calorimeters have the required sensitivity to detectlow levels of metabolic activity required for applications such assoil remediation and food contamination analysis. Unmatchedbaseline stability and signal-to-noise performance makes theTAM Air the best choice for the analysis of medium to high heatproducing materials.
TAM AIRA VERSATILE ISOTHERMAL CALORIMETERwith HIGH PERFORMANCE& ROBUSTNESSThe TAM Air is a flexible, sensitive analytical platform that is an ideal tool for large-scaleisothermal calorimetry experiments. Capable of measuring several samples simultaneouslyunder isothermal conditions, the TAM Air with its air-based thermostat and easilyinterchangeable 8-channel standard volume or 3-channel large volume calorimeters, isespecially well-suited for characterizing processes that evolve or consume heat over thecourse of days and weeks. The TAM Air offers high sensitivity and long-term temperaturestability for detecting and characterizing heat production or consumption in a wide varietyof sample types and sizes.Applications include cement and concrete hydration, food spoilage, microbial activity,battery performance and more. Monitoring the thermal activity or heat flow of chemical,physical and biological processes provides information which cannot be generated withother techniques.TAM Air Thermostat with8-channel Calorimeter2TAM Air Thermostat with3-channel CalorimeterIsothermal calorimetry3
UNMATCHEDlong-term temperature stability withEasy OperationPrecise Temperature Control andIndustry-Proven Performance2507 day drift2005 day drift150Seven Day Baseline DriftCharacteristics for a TAM Airwith 3-channel Calorimeter.Red dashed lines representthe baseline drift specificationlimits.3 day drift100Heat Flow (μW)The TAM Air is an internationally recognized microcalorimetrytool that combines unmatched long-term temperature stabilityand time-tested robust operation for measuring characteristicheat signatures in samples ranging from material scienceto metabolism of biologicals. The TAM Air thermostat can beconfigured to accommodate eight 20 mL samples or three125 mL samples, each with an individual reference. Theperformance and reliability of the TAM Air thermostat, coupledwith the easy-swap calorimeter blocks, creates a powerfulanalytical platform suitable for any laboratory.501 day drift0-50-100-250-1012 Compatible with new TAM accessory box for more specific measurements Satisfies ASTM C1679, ASTM C1702, and EN 196-11 for characterization of cementhydration Proven versatility for measuring both reaction kinetics and temperature dependenceand an advanced regulating system to keep the temperature stable within 0.001 C.The high accuracy and stability of the thermostat makes the calorimeter well-suited for345678Time (days)TAM Air Thermostat Features and Benefits: Advanced thermoelectric elements for controlling the calorimeter environment Precision temperature control that enables stable long-term measurements, from daysto weeks Eight-channel standard volume calorimeter block for up to 20 mL sample size toaccommodating larger, complex and aggregate containing sampleschannels are grouped in a single removable block. The thermostat uses circulating air-200 Air regulated thermostat with high stability and low drift Three-channel large volume calorimeter block for up to 125 mL sample size forfrom the sample and effectively minimize outside temperature effects. The calorimeterheat flow measurements over extended periods of time, e.g. weeks.-150TAM Air Feature and Benefits:maximize sample throughputThe TAM Air is an air-based thermostat, utilizing a heat sink to conduct the heat away Wide temperature range for measurements: 5 C to 90 CRed arrows indicate direction of air flow within thethermostat. Air flows upward through a temperatureregulating heat sink and then through innerchamber directly around the calorimeter block.It then flows downward through the outer spacesurrounding the inner chamber, in effect isolatingthe inner chamber from external thermal noiseand ensuring greater long-term stability and lowerthermal noise. Dry gas envelope for conducting experiments below room dew point Easy access to facilitate easy changing between the 8- and 3-channel calorimeter TAM Air Assistant software, widely recognized for its ease of use and data analysisof these reactions Industry-proven reliability in the most challenging laboratory environmentsTAM Air 8-channel with admix ampoule4Isothermal calorimetry5
TAM AIR TECHNOLOGYVersatile and Robust Calorimeter PerformanceThe TAM Air calorimeter block is available in two versions, both employing twin-type calorimeters.The 3-channel large volume calorimeter block has three twin-type calorimeters that canaccommodate 3 samples of up to 125 mL volume. The 8-channel standard volume calorimetercan accommodate eight samples of up to 20 mL volume. In both calorimeter blocks, allthe samples can be measured simultaneously and independently of each other. The onlycharacteristic of each experiment in common is the thermostat temperature. The calorimeterblocks are interchangeable in the TAM Air thermostat and enable a high level of flexibilitydepending on the sample size and physical format.TAM Air Calorimeter Features: Designed for accurate and reproducible measurements of heat produced or consumed byany process in the sample Temperature differences between sample and reference generates potential Seebeck effect Voltage from sensor is proportional to the heat flow from the sample Continuous, real-time data collection Twin calorimeter design- Reduces baseline noise20 mL calorimeter channel- Eliminates small thermostat fluctuations from data6section title6Technology7
MULTI-SAMPLE Capacity forSIMULTANEOUS ANALYSIS3-Channel Large Volume Calorimeter8-Channel Standard Volume CalorimeterThe TAM Air 3-channel large volume calorimeter consists of a three-channel, twin-typeThe TAM Air 8-Channel Standard Volume Calorimeter consists of an eight-channel, twin-calorimeter block and data acquisition system. The calorimeters are designed for 125type calorimeter block and data acquisition system. The calorimeters are designed formL glass or stainless steel ampoules. This large volume calorimeter design is especially20 mL glass or plastic ampoules or the 20 mL Admix ampoules. This sample volume isimportant for heterogeneous samples and those that contain large particles, such asideal for measuring more homogeneous materials such as unfilled cement through itsconcrete with aggregate and soil samples.hydration process, foods, biological materials, and thermosets in curing.3-Channel Calorimeter Features:8-Channel Calorimeter Features: 3 individual samples with matching reference Eight individual samples for maximum throughput Low baseline noise and high baseline stability for the most accurate measurements Individual references for each sample for optimal signal resolution Compatible with 125 mL glass or stainless steel ampoules High baseline stability and low drift for the most accurate measurements Excellent capability for analyzing the hydration profile of concrete mixtures Compatible with 20 mL disposable plastic or glass ampoules Complete, easy-to-use TAM Air Assistant software for data acquisition and analysis Easy configuration with 20 mL admix ampoules3- Channel calorimeter block Industry-proven capability for analyzing cement hydration Compatible with TAM Accessory Box for simultaneous heat flow and optional userconfigured probe measurements Complete, easy-to-use TAM Air Assistant software for data acquisition and analysis8TAM Air 8-channelCalorimeters9
TAM AIR AMPOULES & FIXTURESADMIX AMPOULESample FLEXIBILITY with a choice ofAMPOULE CONFIGURATIONSSample Handling System – Admix AmpouleThe Admix ampoule is a 20 mL accessory available for the 8-channel standard volumeStirring motorcalorimeter. It is used for initiating reactions inside the calorimeter, and can be used formonitoring a reaction from the initial injection. The Admix Ampoule can be configuredwith or without a motor for stirring. For samples such as mixtures of cement and water,Manual stirring controlmanual stirring is recommended. For liquid systems, a motor may be used for stirring.The Admix Ampoule can only be used with 20 mL disposable glass ampoules.Admix Ampoule Features and Benefits:Sample Handling System - Static AmpoulesThe sample handling system for TAM Air includes static 20 mL and 125 mL ampoules, as wellas the 20 mL Admix ampoules. The ampoules available for use in the 8-channel calorimeterblock accommodate sample sizes up to 20 mL volumes. Both glass and plastic (HDPE)closed ampoules are available. These ampoules enable flexibility for sample management.The 3-channel large volume calorimeter block accommodates sample sizes of up to 125 mL.These 125 mL ampoules are available in both glass and stainless steel. In situ mixing gives information on the initial hydration reactionsManual sampleaddition system Disposable plastic stirrers for easy and quick experiment set-up and clean-up Possibility to inject up to 4 mL of liquid for optimization of each experiment Four individual syringes can be configured to deliver multiple components into asample, sequentially or simultaneously Choice of manual or motorized stirring for measurement optimizationAmpoule & Fixture Features and Benefits: Choice of 20 mL plastic or glass ampoules for 8-channel calorimeter Choice of 125 mL glass or stainless steel ampoules for 3-channel calorimeter Choice of two types of 125 glass ampoules; the glass ampoule for wet samples has ano-ring seal to ensure no vapor escapes 20 mL admixture ampoule for in situ cement mixing capability Battery fixtures available for 18650, C- and D-sized batteries to be used in the large volumeDisposable stirrercalorimeterAdmix Ampoule withmanual stirringAdmix Ampoule withstirring motorAdmix Ampoule10Ampoules11
TAM AIR ACCESSORIESCalorimetry is a non-specific technique as it measures everything that is occurring inthe sample. To increase the specificity of a calorimetric measurement it is possible toadd a probe to connect a chosen property to the heat flow signal. A user-configuredprobe can be connected to the Voltage In/Out module of the Accessory interface boxto log the voltage measured simultaneously with the calorimetric data.Features: Increased specificity of the measurement. Up to eight (8) identical or different accessories connected and controlled thru oneaccessory interface for measurement flexibility Can be configured with power for stirrer motors, and peristatic pumps. Three-channel voltage I/O accessory card for applying or measuring voltage fromuser configurable probes (pH, O2, etc.) Allows the measurement of the voltage of a battery under studyAccessory Interface Box CardsINCREASED MEASUREMENTspecificity withEXTERNAL PROBES12Accessories13
The Ultimate Choice forCEMENT & CONCRETEHYDRATION ANALYSISA powerful tool for the study of cement and concretehydration processesIsothermal calorimetry is an excellent tool to measure the total heat of hydration as well as tocontinuously follow the reaction rates in the different phases of the complex cement hydrationprocess.The heat flow profile from a hydrating cement orconcrete sample is information-rich and can give insightand knowledge for:stock photography - cement/concrete/construction The development of new cements and admixtures Dosing and formulation optimization The impact of temperature on the hydration process The detection of any incompatibility of materials Production and quality control.TAM Air features and benefits for the measurement of thehydration process: Application specific Cement Analysis software for acquisition and analysis Choice of two volumes, 20 and 125 mL, to allow measurements of either cement or concretewith optimal performancePhase 1: Rapid Intial process - Dissolution of ions and initial hydrationPhase 2: Dormant period - Associated with a low heat evolution andslow dissolution of silicatesPhase 3: Acceleration period - Silicate hydrationPhase 4: Retardation period - Sulphate depletion and slowing downof the slicate hydration process Availability of the admix ampoule for the study of the initial reaction directly when water isadded to the cement High sensitivity and signal stability making it possible to follow the hydration process for weeks Multi-sample capacity for simultaneous analysis Conforms to the standards ASTM C1702 and ASTM C167914Applications15
TAM AIR CEMENT & CONCRETE - INFLUENCE OF TEMPERATURE6-5.0Aas well as insight into the multiple chemical reactions and their individual temperaturedependencies.25 CA more advanced approach is to determine theactivation energy as a function of the extent ofhydration30 C2A. The directly measured output of a TAM Air measurement is heat flow over time and0system.will be essentially constant (isothermal) during the measurement. This is an advantageB. The integral of this heat flow over time, the total heat, is a measure of the extent of the-2of using heat flow calorimeters in contrast to adiabatic type of calorimeters. In a heat0flow calorimeter the heat produced by the hydration process will be exchanged with1020304050-7.0reaction.0.00328C. An Arrhenius plot of the reaction rate (heat flow) at several defined extents of reactionTime (h)the surroundings whereas it will be used to heat up the sample in an adiabatic type of0.003320.003360.003400.003441201601/T (1/K)(total heat) allows for the calculation of the apparent activation energy at each stagecalorimeter.of the process. A reaction with a single mechanism would show a constant activationenergy throughout the process.300With the TAM Air a number of experiments can be performed at different temperatures andsub processes realized by the multiple activation energies.One way is to fit a rate equation to the hydration curve and determine an overall rate200Heat (J)20 C10025 CD45Activation Energy(kJ/mol)constant. The rate constant can be plotted as a function of temperature according tothe Arrhenius equation. The slope of ln(rate constant) versus 1/T gives the apparent46D. As shown in this figure the cement hydration process is complex, going through severalBthe influence of temperature determined. This can be done using different approaches.44434230 C4100102030Time (h)16-6.0directly reflects the rate of reaction. This is shown for three temperatures of the sameWhen the TAM Air is used for studying the hydration process the temperature of the sampleArrhenius energy.ln (Heat Flow)Controlled studies at multiple temperatures provide setting profiles at each conditionHeat Flow (mW)The cement hydration process is temperature-dependent and mechanistically complex.30 J60 J90 J120 J150 J20 C4Complexity of Cement Hydration ProcessC405004080Heat (J)Applications17
TAM AIR CEMENT & CONCRETE - PERFORMANCE ENGINEERING7.0AType ll/Va5.0Type ll/Vb4.0Type lllaType lllb3.0A. Duplicate hydration curves of three cements with different particle size distribution over2.024 hours. In general, results for the two replicate specimens for each cement paste falldirectly on top of one another. For the three cements, the heat release during the first 24 h1.0Cement/Concrete property engineeringConcretes are designed to fulfill specific engineering properties and many include asurface area i.e. increased contact with water. Interestingly, for these cements based on a0performance by changing the water/cement ratio, adding admixtures or changing481216202425:75 Blend5.025:75 Estimated4.03.02.00.0single clinker, the peak in heat release rate always occurs at about 6 h, while by 24 h, the0heat release rate has diminished to a value close to 1 mW/g cement.48Time (h)cement paste content; however such changes will most likely also change transportproperties and potentially durability of the concrete. Hence in some cases it would beB. & C. Blended cements: The results imply that for the w/c 0.4 cement pastes examineddesirable to adjust the 28-day strength without changing these parameters. There is ain this study, the particles are likely hydrating independently of one another during the first24 h, such that the degree of hydration of blends of the fine and coarse cements can be5.0strength. The example described here demonstrates it is possible to engineer propertiesof the concrete by the controlled blending of a fine and a coarse cement from theHeat Flow (mW/g)hydration rates.75:25 Blend4.075:25 BlendD. The heat flow and calculated hydration for the 50:50 blend overlays with the Type II/V75:25 Estimated3.0cement, which has a similar particle size distribution as the resulting blend.2.01.01620247.0quite accurately computed simply as a weighted average of their (measured) individualB12Time (h)D6.0Heat Flow (mW/g)strong relationship between cement particle size distribution (PSD) and compressivesame clinker.25:75 Blend1.0increases with increasing cement fineness, as would be expected due to the increased0.0requirement for the 28-day compressive strength. Many ready-mix plants optimize thisC6.0Type l/lbHeat Flow (mW/g)Heat Flow (mW/g)6.07.0Type l/la50:50 Blend50:50 Estimated5.0Type ll/V4.03.02.01.00.004812Time (h)181620240.004812162024Time (h)Applications19
TAM AIR CEMENT & CONCRETE - ADMIXTURE EFFECTScombinations of admixtures in cement or concrete. Hardening retarders are admixturesthat will lower the rate of hydration by distributing the heat over time. A hardening retarderis used to lower the maximum temperature in a hydrating concrete construction to avoidthermal crack formation.20 ºC0.15% CA/1.5% CN200Reference31.5% CNIn situ addition and mixing with the admix ampoule2.5Identical samples of 2 g of calcium sulfate hemihydrate powder were mixed with a2hydrating agent at a liquid to solid ratio of 1:2 using an admix ampoule in the TAM Air. Theblue curve represents data for a sample hydrated with deionized water. The red curve is1.5for a sample hydrated with a 5% sodium chloride solution. It is demonstrated that sodium1chloride accelerates the calcium sulfate hydration reaction, but does not affect the initial0.5The example shows the synergistic effect of the combination of a minor amount of0.00a strong setting retarder like an organic acid (0.1-0.3 %) with the setting accelerator601218calcium nitrate (1-3%).2430364248Time (h)0.20.40.60.81.01.2Time (h)This cement suffers from early stiffening because of the aluminate reactions at 1–1.5 hB3.5Heat Flow (mW/g)Together they behave as a hardening retarder.semi-adiabatic case of massive concrete.00.0Setting time of cementright represents an industrial cement produced with too little soluble calcium sulfate.4although the heat of hydration is slightly reduced and CN is clearly a setting accelerator.heat data (not shown) indicate that the admixture combination may not function in the50to setting time and premature stiffening of cement. The blue curve in the figure to theprofile, measured at 20 C. CA is essentially a setting retarder relative to the reference,hardening retarder is reduced at higher temperature. This data along with the cumulative100The TAM Air calorimeter has been shown to be excellent for diagnosis of problems relatedA. The synergy of citric acid (CA) and calcium nitrate (CN) is clearly seen in the hydrationB. The rate of hydration heat for the same mixtures at 40 C shows that the function as150reactio
Satisfies ASTM C1679, ASTM C1702, and EN 196-11 for characterization of cement hydration Proven versatility for measuring both reaction kinetics and temperature dependence of these reactions Industry-proven reliability in the most challenging laboratory environments Precise Temperature Control and Industry-Proven Performance The TAM Air is an air-based thermostat, utilizing a heat .
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