Encyclopedia Of INFORMATION SYSTEMS
Encyclopedia ofINFORMATIONSYSTEMSE-JVolume 2Editor-in-ChiefHossein BidgoliCalifornia State UniversityBakersfield, CaliforniaACADEMIC PRESSAn imprint of Elsevier ScienceAmsterdamBostonLondonNew York OxfordParisSan DiegoSan FranciscoSingaporeSydneyTokyo
ContentsCompilersContents by Subject Area xvContributors xixPreface xxixGuide to the Encyclopedia xxxiii141Seth D. BergmannComputer-Aided Design171George Gustav SaviiComputer-Aided Manufacturing187Volume IAnita Lee-PostAccounting 1Computer Assisted Systems Engineering(CASE) 205Uday S. MurthyDonna Weaver McCloskeyAdvertising and Marketing in ElectronicCommerce 21Brenda J. Moscove and Robert G. FletcherArtificial Intelligence Programming31Günter NeumannComputer Hardware213Ata NahouraiiComputer-Integrated ManufacturingAsghar Sabbaghi and Ali R. MontazemiAutomata Theory 47Computer-Supported CooperativeWork 243Sergio de Agostino and Raymond GreenlawJudith S. Olson and Gary M. OlsonBenchmarking 65Computer VirusesBengt KarlöfRobert M. SladeBusiness-to-Business ElectronicCommerce 81Continuous Simulation 267Control and Auditing 287C and C 99Mary S. Doucet and Thomas A. DoucetJiang GuoCopyright Laws 307113Alisha D. Malloy, Kannan Mohan, Detmar Straub,and Amrit TiwanaMohammed B. KhanCohesion, Coupling, and AbstractionDak Shaffer255Stanislaw RaczynskiJae Kyu LeeCOBOL229127Corporate Planning 319Robert J. Thieraufvii
ContentsviiiCost/Benefit AnalysisDecision Theory 567333David L. OlsonHerbert A. SimonCrime, Use of Computers in 345Desktop Publishing 583M. E. KabayReza AzarmsaCybernetics 365Developing Nations 603Asterios G. KefalasElia ChepaitisDatabase AdministrationDigital Divide, The 615379Randal D. PinkettMing WangDatabase Development ProcessMing Wang and Russell K. ChanDatabase MachinesCatherine M. RicardoDigital Goods: An EconomicPerspective 635389Claudia Loebbecke403Disaster Recovery Planning 649Database Systems 411Abraham Silberschatz, Henry F. Korth, and S. SudarshanData CompressionDiscrete Event Simulation 663Jerry Banks423Distributed DatabasesKhalid SayoodData Envelopment Analysis673M. Tamer Özsu445Documentation for Software and ISDevelopment 683Timothy AndersonData Flow DiagramsAta Nahouraii, Trevor H. Jones, and Donald Robbins455Thomas T. BarkerSangjin YooData, Information, and Knowledge469Eduardo GelbsteinVolume IIData Mining 477Marietta J. TretterData Modeling: Entity-RelationshipData Model 489Economic Impacts of InformationTechnology 1Kevin J. StirohSalvatore T. MarchElectronic CommerceData Modeling: Object-OrientedData Model 505Hossein Bidgoli15Michalis VazirgiannisElectronic Commerce, Infrastructurefor 29Data Warehousing and Data Marts 521Manish Agrawal, Chun-Jen Kuo, Kichan Nam,and H. R. RaoZhengxin ChenDecision-Making Approaches535Theodor J. StewartDecision Support SystemsClyde W. Holsapple551Electronic Data Interchange 47Izak Benbasat, Paul Chwelos, Albert S. Dexter,and Clive D. WrigleyElectronic Mail 57Michael Sampson
ContentsixElectronic Payment SystemsFirewalls 31371Jane K. WinnEncryptionKaushal ChariFlowcharting Techniques87Jeff Gilchrist331K. B. Lloyd and J. SolakEnd-User Computing Concepts101Forensics 345Joseph B. O'Donnell and G. Lawrence SandersDonna Wielbo and Kevin L. LothridgeEnd-User Computing, ManagingFORTRAN 357115Eduardo GelbsteinMichael MetcalfEnd-User Computing Tools127Frame Relay 371Jose Stigliano and Marco BruniRay HuntEngineering, Artificial Intelligence in141Future of Information SystemsPeter G. Y. Chen and Aun-Neow PooMarlei PozzebonEnterprise ComputingGame Theory 403157Mark P. Sena391Theodore L. Turocy and Bernhard von StengelEnterprise Resource Planning169Geographic Information SystemsSowmyanarayanan Sadagopan421Peter KeenanErgonomics 185Waldemar Karwowski, Francesca Rizzo,and David RodrickGeographic Information Systems inReal Estate 433Robert G. FletcherError Detecting and Correcting Codes203Patrick VerlindeGlobal Information SystemsEthical Issues 229Effy OzGlobalization 459Ethical Issues in Artificial IntelligenceJennifer DeCampRichard O. MasonEvolutionary Algorithms443Magid Igbaria, Murugan Anandarajan,and Charlie Chien-Hung Chen239Globalization and InformationManagement Strategy 475259Zbigniew Michalewicz and Marc SchoenauerJatinder N. D. Gupta and Sushil K. SharmaExecutive Information SystemsGoal Programming 489269Raymond McLeod, Jr.James P. Ignizio and Carlos RomeroExpert Systems 277Group Support Systems 501Jay E. AronsonMarshall Scott PooleExpert Systems Construction291Groupware 509Victoria Y. Yoon and Monica AdyaJoey F. GeorgeExtranets 301Health Care, Information Systems in 519Deborah Bayles KalmanJoseph K. Tan
ContentsXHuman Resource Information Systems537Knowledge Management13John H. Heinrichs, honnie J. Hudspeth,and Jeen S. LimMichael BedellHuman Side of Information, Managingthe Systems 551Knowledge RepresentationCarmen de PablosAmit DasHybrid Systems 563Law Firms 43Imre J. RudasBrian McNamara and William GoHyper-Media DatabasesLibrary Applications 55571Johanna Olson AlexanderWilliam I. GroskyIndustry, Artificial Intelligence in583Linux 77Bryan PfaffenbergerLakhmi C. Jain and Zhengxin ChenInformation Measurement Theory (IMT) 599Local Area Networks 91Dean KashiwagiJudy WynekoopInformation Theory33Machine Learning 103611Patrick VerlindeK. Yoshida and A. SakuraiIntegrated Services Digital Network(Broadband and Narrowband ISDN)Management Information SystemsGene MesherWilliam R. KingManual Data ProcessingIntelligent Agents 639Rahul SinghInternet Homepages627129Kenny K. F. LeeMarketing Information Systems649Michael L. Rodgers, William E. Snell, Jr.,and David A. StarrettInternet, Overview 667Raymond Greenlaw and Ellen M. Hepp115137Robert R. HarmonMedicine, Artificial Intelligence in153Horia-Nicolai Teodorescu and Abraham KandelMobile and Wireless Networks165Dong-Wan TchaIntranets 683Deborah Bayles KaimanModel Building Process181Robert BlanningJava 693Andrew F. Seila, John A. Miller,and Senthilanand ChandrasekaranMonte Carlo SimulationJavascript 715MultimediaBlaine T. GarfoloJ. P. Shim193Krishnamurty Muralidhar203Multiplexing 213Volume IIICurt M. WhiteKnowledge Acquisition 1National and Regional Economic Impactsof Silicon Valley 225William P. WagnerDaniel Felsenstein
ContentsxiNatural Resource Management239H. Michael Rauscher and Keith M. ReynoldsProcurement505Michael RosemannNetwork Database Systems 267Productivity 517Frederick N. SpringsteelJaak JurisonNetwork Environments, Managing 279Program Design, Coding, and Testing 529Ray Hunt and John VargoRuth GuthrieNeural Networks 303Programming Languages ClassificationMelody Y. KiangCharles Shipley and Stephen JodisNumber Representation andComputer Arithmetic 317Project Management Techniques553Bennet P. Lientz and Kathryn ReaBehrooz ParhamiObject-Oriented DatabasesPrototyping 565335Merle P. MartinVladimir I. ZadorozhnyObject-Oriented Programming347Raymond Greenlaw and Y. Daniel LiangPseudocode575Lesley Anne RobertsonOn-Line Analytical Processing 363Psychology 589Robert]. ThieraufSean B. EomOperating Systems 377Public Accounting Firms 601Hossein Bidgoli and Andrew PrestageMary S. Doucet and Thomas A. DoucetOperations ManagementPublic Health 607391Chen H. ChungDenis J. ProttiOptimization Models 403Quality Information SystemsDavid L. OlsonFatemeh ZahediOrganizations, Information SystemsImpact on 413Reengineering for Business ProcessesGeorge P. Huber and C. Brad CrispRelational Database Systems 661Outsourcing 427Catherine M. RicardoEduardo GelbsteinResearch, Electronic 681Pascal 439Ulla K. Bunz and Howard E. SypherBill M. CatambayPattern Recognition631Vikram Sethi and Kevin DuffyResistance to Change, Managing 693459Sergios TheodoridisPeople, Information Systems Impact on 481Pedro David Pérez545Ken HultmanRobotics 707Minoru AsadaPrivacy 495RPG (Report Program GeneratorLanguage) 723Jin H. ImDouglas C. Pence647
ContentsxiiVolume IVStaffing the Information SystemsDepartment 197Sales 1Magid Igbaria and Conrad ShayoBrenda J. MoscoveStandards and Protocols in DataCommunications 205SAS (Statistical Analysis System) 13William ShayGeorge A. Marcoulides and Laura D. MarcoulidesSearch Engines 23Statistical Models (Non-OptimizationModels) 227Thomas M. ParksPandu Tadikamalla and Alexandra DurcikovaSearch Techniques 31Strategic Information SystemsRichard E. KorfYehia MortagySecurity Issues and Measures 45Strategic Planning for/of InformationSystems 253Elizabeth Rhodenizer243William R. KingServer Classifications57Structured Design MethodologiesShu Zhang and Ming Wang267Konrad MorganService Industries, ElectronicCommerce for 71Structured Query Language279Catherine M. RicardoChoon Seong LeemSuccess Measures of InformationSystems 299Service Industry 89Yong Jin Kim, Edward J. Garrity,and G. Lawrence SandersDennis GusemanSimulation Languages105Edward J. Dudewicz and Zaven A. KarianSociology 121Supply Chain Management 315Mo Adam Mahmood, Leopoldo A. Gemoets,and Adriano SolisKenneth Nyberg, Laura Hecht, and James RossSystem Development Life Cycle 329Software PiracyConstantinos J. Stefanou131A. Graham PeaceSystems Analysis 345Software Process Simulation143David L. OlsonSystems Approach 351Speech Recognition155Gordon B. DavisSystems Design 361John-Paul HosomSpreadsheetsTonya Barrier171Jeremy RasmussenShashidhar Kaparthi and Daniel J. PowerSystems Implementation 379SPSS (Statistical Package for theSocial Sciences) 187Merle P. MartinM. L. PlumeGeorge J. KlirSystems Science 391
ContentsxiiiTelecommunications Industry 403Virtual Learning Systems 561Amitava DuttaMaryam Alavi and Dorothy Elliott LeidnerTelecommuting 419Virtual OrganizationsSathiadev MaheshMagid Igbaria and Pruthikrai MahatanankoonTemporal Data Model andQuery Language Concepts 437Virtual Reality 589Michael H. Böhlen and Christian S. JensenVisual Basic 619Total Quality Management 455Rod StephensBengt KlefsjöVoice Communications 633Transaction Processing Systems 479John J. Vargo and Ray HuntSasan RahmatianWide Area Networks 649Transmission Control Protocol/InternetProtocol (TCP/IP) 489June S. ParkRay HuntAndrew PrestageUncertainty 511XML (Extensible Markup Language)George J. KlirJoseph C. OttoUnix Operating System 523Year 2000 (Y2K) Bug Problems 681Marc P. ThomasSteven H. GoldbergUser/System Interface Design573William R. Sherman and Alan B. CraigWord Processing 661535Theo MandelValue Chain Analysis 551Jamshid C. Hosseini and Richard J. BarnesReviewers 695Index 703673
Hossein Bidgoli and Andrew Prestage Operations Management 391 Chen H. Chung Optimization Models 403 David L. Olson Organizations, Information Systems Impact on 413 George P. Huber and C. Brad Crisp Outsourcing 427 Eduardo Gelbstein Pascal 439 Bill M. Catambay Pattern Recognition 459 Sergios Theodoridis Peopl
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